NOMINATION DOSSIER

Trans-border Serial Nomination“Urban & Architectural Work of Le Corbusier”

“THE MODERNHISTORIC CORE OF

CHANDIGARH”

PART ONE

PREPARED BYDepartment of Tourism

Chandigarh AdministrationChandigarh

22 October 2007

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NOMINATION DOSSIER

Trans-border Serial Nomination“Urban & Architectural Work of Le Corbusier”

“THE MODERNHISTORIC CORE OF

CHANDIGARH”

PART ONE

PREPARED BYDepartment of Tourism

Chandigarh AdministrationChandigarh

22 October 2007

CHAPTER 1

IDENTIFICATION OFTHE PROPERTY

I (a) CountryIndia

I (b) State, Province or RegionUnion Territory of Chandigarh

I (c1) Name of Property

CHAPTER IIdentification of the Property

The Architectural and Urban Work of Le Corbusier

I (c1) Name of Property“The Modern Historic Centre of Chandigarh”

The nominated property comprises:1. Core Zone-I: The following Urban Spaces,

including Le Corbusier’s buildings and otherartefacts contained within each:a. The Capitol Park (comprising Rajendra

Park, Capitol Complex and Sukhna LakePrecinct)

b. The Cultural Complex (comprisingGovernment College of Art andGovernment Museum and Art Gallery)

c. The Leisure Valley2. Core Zone-II: Urbanism of “Phase One” of

Chandigarh

I (d) Geographical Coordinates to thenearest secondPostal Address:1. Core Zone-I, Urban Spaces:

a. Capitol Park: Sector 1, Chandigarhb. The Leisure Valley (Area in the sectoral

grid, stretching from Sector 3 in north-east to Sector 23 in south-west) andthe Cultural Complex (GovernmentCollege of Art and GovernmentMuseum and Art Gallery, Sector 10-C,Chandigarh).

I (e.1) Maps and Plans, showingboundaries of the nominated prop-erty and buffer zone

2. Core Zone-II, Urbanism: The area boundby Uttar Marg on north-east, DakshinMarg on south-west, Vidya Path onnorth-west, and the Industrial Area andSector 26 on south-east.

Geographic Coordinates:Latitude: 30°44’25’’NLongitude: 76°48’30’’E

The following Maps and Plans are attached:1. Location of Property within State Party2. Chandigarh -- Phases of Development3. Delimitation of Proposed Core and

Buffer Zones4. Zones of Legal and Special Protection5. Elements of Urbanism

I (e.2) Description of the nominatedproperty and buffer zone1. Nominated Property / Core Zone:

The boundaries of the “The Modern HistoricCore of Chandigarh”, as in the case of theother objects in the series, include only suchcomponents of the city’s urbanism; urbanspaces, architecture and artefactsindisputably designed by Le Corbusier, builtduring his lifetime, and, that continue to fulfillprescribed conditions of “Authenticity” and“Integrity”.

However, given the large scale, the complexnature and development needs of this livingproperty, the variety of Le Corbusier ’screations within it, and, the fact that a large

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proportion of its historic modern architectureis ascribed solely to Le Corbusier’s associates,the nominated property is deemed ascomprising two distinct layers, i.e., Core Zone-I and Core Zone-II, each representing a differentset of values and requiring differentmanagement policies.

a. Core Zone-I comprises “Urban Spaces”,together with the buildings and otherartefacts, ascribed exclusively to LeCorbusier. All components within thisZone will be subject to the highest levelof conservation and monitoring. Nochange will be permitted either to theexteriors or interiors, and the Zone willbe monitored by the high-level“Chandigarh heritage ConservationCommittee”.

The Core Zone-I, further, has threeinterrelated parts:

i. The “Capitol Parc”, comprising theNational/ Rajendra Park, CapitolComplex and the Sukhna LakePrecinct.

ii. The “Leisure Valley”, comprisingthe area in the sectoral grid,stretching from Sector 3 in north-east to Sector 23 in south-west,and,

iii. The “Cultural Complex”, includingthe Government College of Art andGovernment Museum and ArtGallery, Sector 10-C, Chandigarh.

b. Core Zone –II, relating to Le Corbusier’s“Urbanism” in Phase-I of Chandigarh. Thisis the area bound by Uttar Marg on north-east, Dakshin Marg on south-west, thePanjab University and Sector 25 on north-west, and, the Industrial Area and Sector26 on south-east. Areas of Phase-I that,though part of the Le Corbusier MasterPlan, do not fulfill prescribed conditions

of authenticity and integrity are notincluded.

The design elements ascribed to LeCorbusier within this Zone comprisethe “Urban Structure”, i.e., the systemof the 7Vs and the generic Sector, thefunctional disposition, the system ofplantation, architectural controls on theV2s, etc. It is these elements that willbe subject to the highest standardsof urban conservation and monitoring.

All development in Core Zone-II isgoverned by an extensive series ofregulations (described later) intendedto conserve its original urban andarchitectural character, and, ismonitored by the Chief Administrator,Chandigarh Administration.

2. Buffer Zone:The boundaries of the Buffer Zone have beendelimited as a balance betweenconsiderations of protecting the visualintegrity of the nominated property as wellthose of the future development needs ofthe city. The fact that the city is surroundedon three sides by a National Park andreserved forest areas is a natural advantagethat precludes the need to have extensivebuffer areas on these sides.

a. The north-east extent of the Bufferstretches upto the lower edge of the“Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary”, a NationalPark protected by the Wild Life(Protection) Act, 1972. It includes suchareas to the north-east of thenominated property where controlsare required to protect its naturalsetting.

b. The north-west as well as the south-east boundaries of the buffer are

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I (f) Are of nominated propert (ha.) andproposed buffer zone (ha.)

1. Area of nominated property: 3085 ha,comprised as undera. CORE ZONE-I : 1285 ha, includingi. Capitol Parc: 0600 haii. Leisure Valley

& Cultural Complex: 0685 hab. CORE ZONE-II: 1800 ha

2. Buffer zone: 2700 ha3. Total: 5785 ha

delimited by the internal edges of thePatiali-ki-Rao Forest and the SukhnaForest respectively. It also bearsmention that the Sukhna Lake andsurrounding area is a wetland ofNational importance notified as suchin 1988. In view of such protectionalready being available to safeguardthe visual integrity of the nominatedproperty, there is no need to extendthe buffer any further on the south-east.

c. The south-west extent of the Bufferstretches upto the lower edge ofPhase-II of Chandigarh city. Layout ofPhase-II follows Le Corbusier’s urbanstructure for Phase-I, and, is alsogoverned by similar set ofdevelopment regulations under thecontrol of the Chief Administrator. Theprotection of this area is, therefore,considered important in the context ofmaintaining the visual continuity andconsistency of the nominated property.

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MAPS & PLANS

Map 1

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Map 2

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Map 3

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Map 4

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Map 5

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CHAPTER 2

DESCRIPTION OFTHE PROPERTY

II (a) Description of Property:

LOCATION:The city of Chandigarh is situated at the base ofthe Shiwalik Range of the Himalayas, at 333mabove sea level, approximately 260 kmnorthwest of India’s capital, New Delhi. The siteis a gently sloping plain, with two seasonalrivulets – Patiali-ki-Rao and Sukhna Choe –marking its northwest and southeast boundaries.The city forms the urban core of the “UnionTerritory of Chandigarh”, which has a total area of114 sq km. All of the urban and architectural workof Le Corbusier listed in this document is locatedwithin Chandigarh’s “Phase One”, an area ofapproximately 70 sq. km. which can be regardedas the city’s “Historic Core.”

CHAPTER 2Description of the Property

Sukhna ChoePatiali-ki-Rao

HARYANA

HARYANA

PUNJAB

PUNJABThe Union Territory of Chandigarh

Phase One

Chandigarh’s “Historic Core”

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND:The idea of building Chandigarh was conceivedsoon after India’s independence in 1947, when thetragedy and chaos of Partition, and the loss of itshistoric capital Lahore, had crippled the state ofPunjab. A new city was needed to houseinnumerable refugees and to provide anadministrative seat for the newly formed governmentof re-defined Punjab. Beginning in early 1951, mostof Phase One had been completed by 1965.

Unlike the 14 other contemporaneous new Indiantowns, Chandigarh was regarded as a uniquesymbol of the progressive aspirations of the newrepublic and the ideology of its struggle forindependence. It was accordingly modeled as acity of prestige, as an aesthetic ideal, and, aboveall, as a social utopia. In the process, it became thefirst post-colonial city in India to provide a generouscultural and social infrastructure and equitableopportunities for a dignified, healthy living even tothe “poorest of the poor”.

The near vacuum of indigenous expertise neededto realize this dream prompted the search forWestern skill. Yet, conscious of the specificities oftheir situation, the search was narrowed to “…a goodmodern architect who was not severely bound byan established style and who would be capable ofdeveloping a new conception originating from theexigencies of the project itself and suited to theIndian climate, available materials and the functionsof the new capital.”

The Chandigarh Project was, at first, assignedto the American planner Albert Mayer, with hisassociate Matthew Nowicki working outarchitectural details. Le Corbusier’s associationwith the city was purely fortuitous, a result ofNowicki’s sudden death in August 1950.Beginning in 1951, he continued to beassociated with the city as the principal‘architectural and planning advisor’ till his deathin 1965. As it turned out, there was none elsewho could have matched Prime MinisterNehru’s lofty optimism and his progressive,modernist vision for an impoverished, politicallyunstable, newly independent nation.

1 2

Le Corbusier and his associate,Pierre Jeanneret, on the site inChandigarh.

Le Corbusier with Pandit Nehru onthe latter’s visit to Chandigarh in April1952

1.

2.

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THE URBAN FORM:The most significant role played by Le Corbusierin Chandigarh was in conceiving the city’s presenturban form. It is the well-ordered matrix of hisgeneric ‘neighborhood unit’ and the hierarchicalcirculation pattern of his ‘7Vs’ that has givenChandigarh its distinctive character.

The Matrix comprises a regular grid of the fast trafficV3 roads which define each neighbourhood unit,the ‘Sector’. The Sector itself was conceived as aself-sufficient and — in a radical departure from otherprecedents and contemporaneous concepts — acompletely introverted unit, but was connected withthe adjoining ones through its V4 – the shoppingstreet, as well as the bands of open space that cutacross in the opposite direction. Day-to-day facilitiesfor shopping, healthcare, recreation and the likewere arrayed along the V4 – all on the shady side.The vertical green belts, with the pedestrian V7,contained sites for schools and sports activities.

A city such as described above could be placedalmost anywhere. But what distinguishesCorbusier’s design for Chandigarh are the attributesof its response to the setting. The natural edgesformed by the hills and the two rivers, the gentlysloping plain with groves of mango trees, a streambed meandering across its length and the existingroads and rail lines – all were given dueconsideration in the distribution of functions,establishing the hierarchy of the roads and givingthe city its ultimate civic form.

V2 -- Dakshin Marg

V2 -- Madhya MargV2 -- Jan Marg

V3sV4s

The 7Vs

Conceptual Sketches

The V4, Sector 19 The V3, Sector 22-23

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Connecting the various accents of the city – theCapitol (the ‘head’), the City Centre (‘the heart’),the University and the Industrial Area (the two‘limbs’), etc. and, also scaling its seeminglyundifferentiating matrix, were the city’s V2s. Corb’s‘V2 Capitole’ or Jan Marg (People’s Avenue), wasdesigned as the ceremonial approach to theCapitol. His ‘V2 Station’, the Madhya Marg (MiddleAvenue), cut across the city, linking the railwaystation and the Industrial Area to the University.The third V2, Dakshin Marg (South Avenue)demarcates the first phase of the city.

Le Corbusier’s contribution to regulating the builtmass of the new city includes an extensive rangeof architectural controls covering volumes,façades, textures — especially for the majorcommercial and civic hubs such as the V2s.Recognizing the crucial role of trees as elementsof urban design, he also devised acomprehensive plantation scheme, specifying the

SukhnaPatiali-ki-Rao

Railway Line

URBAN STRUCTURE, CHANDIGARH -- MAY 1951

Buildings with architectural

Build

ings

with

arch

itect

ural

cont

rols

devis

ed by

Le

Architectural Controls along V2 Capitol,Jan Marg

shape of trees for each category of avenues, alsokeeping in view their potential for cutting off theharsh summer sun. A protected green belt, the‘Periphery’, which was given a legal backingthrough a legislative act, was introduced to set limitsto the built-mass of the city and as a measure againstunsolicited sprawl outside the plan area.

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The City Centre:Commensurate with its status as the cultural andcommercial hub of the city as well as the centrefor local governance, the City Centre, occupyingan entire sector at the junction of the two majorV2s, was given special attention in the urbanscheme. The sector was broadly divided into twozones; the southern reserved for districtadministration and, the northern — designed byLe Corbusier — for civic functions.

As in case of the Capitol, this zone is designedon the basis of complete segregation betweenthe vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The layout alsorespects the overall urban design of the city aswell as the Indian concept of a ‘Chowk’ — a centralnode at the crossing of the two pedestrian axesaround which were arrayed the major civicfunctions such as the Town Hall and the Library.The highlight was to be an 11-storey tower, withpublic amenities such as the post & telegraphoccupying the ground floor. Detailed plans for thisbuilding were made by Le Corbusier, but it is yetto be realized.

Since the realization of this area depended uponthe sale of individual sites over a long andindeterminate period of time, all constructions inthe City Centre were governed by the “System ofConstruction and Architectural Treatment of ExteriorControls” that, like the rest of the city, wasdetermined by limitations of economy andtechnology. A uniform four-story height wasestablished for all commercial buildings. A basicreinforced concrete frame of the most economicalbay size (17’-3") and capable of interiormodification was specified. Around the outsideof every building block would be a 12 feet widecompulsory verandah and a unifying exteriorpattern of columns and standardized concretebalustrades. A “Schematic Design” produced bythe Capital Project Office governed specialbuildings such as the cinema halls and petrolpumps that would not ordinarily fit in the abovepattern of building.

Peripheral blocksShop-cum-officesPTT BuildingThe ‘Chowk’

Layout, Sector 17

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ARCHITECTURAL CONTRIBUTION:Besides determining the city’s urban form, LeCorbusier, as the “Spiritual Director” of the entireChandigarh Capitol Project, was also responsiblefor designing the key ‘Special Areas’ of the city,each of which contains several individualbuildings.

The most significant of these is the ‘Capitol Parc’— the ‘head’ and la raison d’être of the entireenterprise. A parallel undertaking – one of almostequal significance as the Capitol, was LeCorbusier’s design of the city’s ‘heart’, the CityCentre. In time, the design of the ‘CulturalComplex’ along the ‘Leisure Valley’, including theGovernment Museum and Art Gallery and theCollege of Art (L-C’s Centre for Audio-visualTraining), as well as some other smaller works(such as the Boat Club and parts of the Sukhna

Lake, which essentially were seen as integralparts of the Capitol parc) were also undertakenby him.

THE CAPITOL PARC (SECTOR 1):The Capitol Parc is located at the ‘head’ of thecity against the backdrop of the Shiwalik Hills.Comprising the Capitol group of buildings,flanked by the ‘Rajendra Park’ and the ‘SukhnaLake’ on each end, it stretches across the entirewidth of the city.

Symbolizing celebration of democracy in anewly-independent nation-state, the Capitolgroup of buildings was built to a monumentalscale. The group represents Le Corbusier’slargest and most significant constructedarchitectural creation where the architect put in

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his heart and soul for over 13 years, painstakinglydesigning and monitoring the realization of itsingenious layout, its major ‘edifices’, its‘monuments’ as well as pieces of furniture, lightingfixtures and works of art, including the famedenamel door for the Legislative Assembly,monumental tapestries and low-relief sculpturescast in concrete.

Le Corbusier’s Capitol for Chandigarh comprisesfour ‘Edifices’ – the High Court, the LegislativeAssembly, the Secretariat and the Museum ofKnowledge – and six ‘Monuments’, all arranged

THE CAPITOL PARC

THE CAPITOL GROUP OF BUILDINGS

Legislative Assembly Open Hand Tower of Shadows High Court

within a profusely landscaped park-likeenvironment. The layout is based around aninvisible geometry of three interlocking squares,their corners and intersection-points marked by‘Obelisks’. The northern and western edges ofthe larger 800m-side square define the boundariesof the Capitol, while the two smaller, 400m-sidesquares determine relative placing of the four‘Edifices’ and proportions of the spaces inbetween. Harmonious relationship betweenvarious structures is further established thoughthe consistent use of exposed reinforcedconcrete.

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THE CAPITOL LAYOUT

Obelisk Obelisk

ObeliskGate

Artificial Hill

Artificial Hill

Obelisk

ObeliskObelisk

Vehicular AccessPedestrian Circulation

800m

400m 400m

400m

800m

Obelisk

Obelisk

The Esplanade

SecretariatAssemblyHigh CourtHigh Court ExtensionMuseum of Knowledge

Open HandThe Modulor24 Solar HoursMartyrs’ MemorialTower of ShadowsCourse of the Sun

EDIFICES1.2.3.4.5.

MONUMENTSa.b.c.d.e.f.

The most significant aspect of the layout, however,is the facilitation of uninterrupted pedestrianlinkages throughout the complex. A vast concreteesplanade between the High Court and theAssembly thus became the central design feature,along which were arrayed the six ‘Monuments’ andvarious pools of water. All vehicular circulation wasarranged, and dug out where necessary, at 5mbelow the esplanade. The large quantities of earththus obtained were used to create ‘artificial hills’,enabling partial enclosure of the Capitol group andemphasizing its careful orientation towards themagnificent view of the hills beyond.

The Edifices:The built ‘Edifices’ — the High Court, theLegislative Assembly, and the Secretariat —represent the three major functions of democracy.

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Considered as Le Corbusier’s most mature plasticcreations, each of these is a masterpiece in itself,representing the adaptation of EuropeanModernism, use of 20th century materials, and hispersonal directive principles to local conditionsof cost, climate and technology. The fourth ‘edifice’,originally the Governor’s Palace, but later replacedby the futuristic ‘Museum of Knowledge’, is yet tobe realized.

Though the form and design of each ‘Edifice’ isdistinctive, their commonalities reinforce theircollective role as a group. All designs exhibit themultifarious possibilities of deploying reinforcedconcrete and, the unique expression that wasachieved in this modern material throughapplication of indigenous techniques and respectfor local constraints. Also – in response to theclient’s brief – all buildings share a concern forcontrolling climate without aid of mechanicaldevices. This is evident in the orientation of thebuildings, the careful design of the brise-soleil aswell as intricate systems devised for trans-aeration.

The first of the buildings, the High Court housed9 law courts and their attendant spaces. LeCorbusier’s design included furniture, light fittings,and 9 large tapestries, one for each court.Completed by 1955, the building is significant asthe first demonstration and a major vehicle foracceptance of exposed reinforced concretesurfaces and modern aesthetics even for buildingsof power and prestige in India. In time, a low-rise‘Extension’ in exposed brickwork was also addedto the east.

The 240m long, 24m deep and 50 m highSecretariat, was seen as a solution to ‘problemsof modern offices’ such as adequate lighting,ventilation, economy and efficiency. The planincorporated two ramps for vertical pedestrianmovement. These bold vertical elements, alongwith the elaborately worked out Modulor-basedfaçade, multi-level interior spaces, and the terracegarden are the key design features.

The High Court -- North-west Facade

Tapestry in the Court of the Chief Justice

View from pedestrian connection

Sunbreakers of the South-east Facade

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The most elaborate structure of the group is theLegislative Assembly. The design of its top-litForum, the sickle-shaped Portico, and the thinhyperboloid shell of the immense, column-free,circular Assembly Hall, is a landmark achievementthat displays the immense plastic and structuralpotential of concrete. Le Corbusier’s creativegenius is also apparent in his use of light andcolour in the interior spaces, the tapestries as alsothe ceremonial Enamel Door.

Crowning the group, ‘at the summit of V2 Capitol’,the Museum of Knowledge was to serve a dualfunction as a place for state receptions as well asa research and data centre using the-then futuristicelectronic devices. Plans for realization of thisedifice are underway, albeit with a changedfunction.

3

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The Monuments:Set up around the central axis of the esplanade,Le Corbusier’s “Monuments” are sculpturalelements symbolic of his strongest designpreoccupations as well as the pride and the spiritof the new republic.

The Open Hand stands as the material symbol ofthe city’s ideology — …open to receive the createdriches …open to distribute them to its people…”The 12.50m wide and 8.86m Hand, is sculptedout of beaten iron sheets. A metal structure,designed to turn gently with wind, holds it 27.80mabove the “Trench of Consideration” at its base.

The Modulor represents the all-pervasive visualorder of Chandigarh. The monument was designedas a 5.3m high cube containing an iron ‘Modulor,partially enclosed by concrete walls with bas-reliefs showing principles of Le Corbusier’s‘harmonic measure to the human scale’.

The Martyrs’ Memorial honours all who had laiddown their lives in India’s long-drawn freedomstruggle. The structure comprises a ramp and agroup of sculptures – a 5m ‘martyr’, a ‘brokencolumn’ symbolizing fall of the British Empire, andmythological figures a ‘lion’ and a ‘serpent’symbolizing the rebirth of the spirit of Indianpeople.

Assembly

High Court

Governor’sPalace

Courseof the Sun

Geometric Hill &24 Solar Hours

TheModulor

OpenHand

Tower ofShadows Martyrs’

Memorial

The Open Hand & ‘Trench of Consideration’

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The 24 Solar Hours, the Tower of Shadows aswell as the Course of the Sun, grouped closely,underscore Le Corbusier’s pre-occupation with thesun’s influence on man’s daily life and thearchitectural challenges presented by the complexclimate of Chandigarh. The ‘24 Solar Hours’ wasto be inscribed on the 45m wide inclined face ofthe ‘Geometric Hill’. The ‘Tower of Shadows’occupies a square of 15.5m. Its facades givevarying sun-control solutions for the four cardinaldirections. The ‘Course of the Sun’, the preliminarydesign sketches for which indicate two tall parabolicarches of steel standing in a pool of water, was todepict the deviation between the summer andwinter solstice.

Right: Monuments along Central Piazza

The Tower of ShadowsAbove: Interior DetailRight: View towards east

Tower of Shadows Assembly Martyrs’ Memorial

Tower of Shadows Open Hand Geometric Hill

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THE LAKE PRECINCT:The Sukhna Lake, constructed by damming thefork of Sukhna Choe at the eastern end of Sector1, was designed to be “sufficiently large to createthe spectacle of the mountains and the skyreflected in the water”. Le Corbusier envisagedthe precinct as a completely noise-free, pedestrianenvironment that would provide relief from thedaily stresses of the urban environment. No motor-

Lake Promenande under construction. The High Court and the Secretariat are seen in the back-ground.

“The founders of Chandigarhhave offered this lake and this dam

to the population of the new cityto give them

the contact with beauty of nature,to enjoy the silenceand walk in peace

from the humdrum of city life.”

boats were to be plied on the water, norestaurants allowed on the promenade and noconstruction in front of it on the other side of thewater. His material contribution to this precinctincludes the total design of the 24m wide and 3miles long promenade, including the plantation,lighting, a sculptural concrete prism dedicationcube, and the ‘control gate’ in exposed brick.

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Adhering to his dictum of no additionalconstructions in the Capitol, “in order not to impedethe view of the open landscape and the foothillsof the Himalayas”, Le Corbusier designed the‘Boat Club’ to lie 3m below the road level. Tuckedaway into the earth, the building is scarcely visiblefrom the Lake promenade. The construction issimple and plain, its open spaces harmonizingwith the water and the landscape beyond.

Top Le Corbusier’s Schematic SketchCentre View from approach roadBottom View from the lake

THE BOAT CLUB

THE LEISURE VALLEY AND CULTURALCENTRE:The Leisure Valley, fashioned out of an existingstream site, is a continuous linear park meanderingthrough the length of the city. The area wasconceived by Le Corbusier as an informal culturaland recreational zone offering walking trails andamenities for youth clubs, popular street theatre,etc. Besides directing the layout of pedestrianpaths and landscaping, Le Corbusier alsodesigned the series of small-sized ‘spontaneous’open air theatres that were to be located in differentparts of the Leisure Valley.

The ‘Cultural Complex’ per se is located acrossthe City Centre, at the junction of the two main V2boulevards. It was to comprise a Museum(originally conceived as a ‘Museum ofKnowledge’), an Audio-visual Training Centre (nowthe Government College of Art), a pavilion fortemporary ‘Itinerant Exhibitions’ and, the ‘MiracleBox’.

GovernmentCollege of Art

Sector 3

10

GovernmentMuseum &Art Gallery

Sector 10

Sector 16

Sector 231 2

SpontaneousTheatre

SpontaneousTheatre

1. Plan, Leisure Valley2. Plan, Cultural Complex

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The College of Art was the first building to bedesigned and constructed at the Cultural Complex.Comprising a simple arrangement of flexible, top-lit studios and attendant spaces, the building isunique in the sense that it has no direct parallel toany of his other works. On the other hand, it islinked to Le Corbusier’s other contemporaneousdesigns in its play of two standardized modulesthat operate both horizontally and vertically. Thedesign was later repeated at the College ofArchitecture in Chandigarh.

The central building of the group, the GovernmentMuseum and Art Gallery, forms part of a seriesalong with his museum at Ahmedabad, India andTokyo, Japan. Based on Le Corbusier’s theme ofthe never-ending spiral, it is designed as anintroverted, top-lit cuboid, its various interlockingfloors accessed through ramps. Like the Collegeof Art, the Museum too is constructed out ofexposed burnt brick and raw concrete, withprominently displayed exposed concretegargoyles. Though the design of the Museum wasfinalized during his lifetime, the building wasconstructed after Le Corbusier’s death.

Aerial View of the Audio-visual Training Centre(Government College for Art), Sector 10

Courtyard, Government College of Art

South-west Facade, Government Museum & Art Gallery

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II (b) History and Development:

The Urban Structure: Core Zone -II:The decision to build Chandigarh, as an ex nihilocapital for the re-defined East Punjab, was takenimmediately after India’s independence andpartition in 1947. The process of site selection forthis historic venture started soon after the decision.The selected site various potentials—stability ofsite area, favourable ground water supply andground slope, close proximity of limestonedeposits for setting up a cement factory,occurrence of abundant building stone in thevicinity. A notification, dated 23 March 1948, placingthe selected area under prohibition for building andsale of land as it had to be utilised for establishingthe new capital. The entire land was acquired inone single operation under the Land AcquisitionAct of 1894 so as to check land speculationfollowing development.

From the outset it was clear that Chandigarh wouldbe no mere local venture. With New Delhi agreeingto cover one-third of the initial cost, the city wouldbe a visible and persuasive instrument of nationaleconomic and social development as also ashowpiece of liberal and enlightened patronage.Nehru best articulated this vision ‘let this be a newtown, symbolic of the freedom of India, unfetteredby the traditions of the past….an expression of anation’s faith in the future’. Raj Kumari Amrit Kaur,Minister of Health, wanted the “…new capital ofPunjab to be the last word in beauty, in simplicity,and in standards of such comfort as it is our duty toprovide to every human being,” while Gopi ChandBhargava, the then Chief Minister of East Punjabhoped that Chandigarh would be ‘the world’s mostcharming capital.’

By late December, 1949, the planning of the newcapital had been entrusted to Albert Mayer, anAmerican planner familiar with India. Mayer and hisarchitect-associate, Matthew Nowicki provided thebasic master plan and the detailed scheme for onesuper block. However, the death of Nowicki in an

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air crash in August 1950 necessitated anothersearch for a suitable designer. By 30 December1950, the two-member commission of ChiefAdministrator P.N.Thapar and Chief EngineerP.L.Varma, that toured Europe for this purpose,had finalized the selection of the second teamheaded by Le Corbusier, and including PierreJeanneret, Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew.

While Jeanneret, Fry and Drew would take up athree-year residency in Chandigarh, Le Corbusierwould make two annual visits, each of one-monthduration. Jeanneret, Fry and Drew wereresponsible for the other constructions in the city— government housing, schools, shoppingcentres, hospitals, and other civic structures ofthe city. Le Corbusier, besides being the ‘spiritualdirector’ of the project, would be responsible forthe master plan, the design of the Capitol, and itsstructures. However, even though each architectwas working separately, yet the commondisciplines of economy, climate, local material andthe ideology of CIAM (of which all four weremembers) was soon to create the unique“Chandigarh Style”.

The first set of engineers and administrators hadreached the site by 1949. By September 1950the government had selected the area to locatethe camp for the construction staff and godownsfor the construction material. The agreement withCorbusier’s team had included acceptance of theMayer Plan. However, beginning with the practicalnecessity of re-locating the Capitol, it was soonset aside.

Le Corbusier’s Master Plan had been determinedby early 1951, and work on laying out the roadsstarted soon after. Temporary constructions, suchas an officer’s colony, a provisional secretariat, athermal plant were also taken up and tube wellsbored for water supply. By 1952, when Nehruvisited the city, its outlines were clearly visible.The city was formally inaugurated by the thenpresident Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 7 October 1953

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when the Punjab Government shifted officially fromits camp at Simla to the provisional secretariat inChandigarh. Within a period of three years, a newcity had grown on an empty site

The earliest permanent constructions were thepockets of all categories of government housingfor government officials and their families. It wasduring these early years, when the Master Planwas being refined, that detailed concepts ofplantation and architectural controls were also putinto action through legislative means. The earliestact i.e. the Capital of Punjab (DevelopmentRegulation) Act was passed by the IndianParliament in 1952, followed by the PunjabLegislature passing it in 1953. Along with this camethe Punjab New Capital (Periphery Control) Act,1952. The Development and Regulation Act,Building Rules and Chandigarh (Sale and Site)Rules, were made in the same year and theChandigarh (Tree preservation) Order issued. Thusthe legislation for the modern city was well in placebefore the actual realisation of the city.

The early history of the town is divided into threebroad phases. The first five years whengovernment that was doing most of the constructionin town. During 1955-60 housing areas were furtherdeveloped, more schools, college and Universitydepartments were realised. Private constructionin the city also began to pick up. By the end of1961, when the first census report was published,the major public buildings like the Secretariat, Highcourt and Assembly were constructed and the cityhad attained a population of more than one lacpersons.

The end of the year 1966 saw most residentialareas of the First Phase of Chandigarh inhabited.This year also marks the end of the first phase ofChandigarh’s historic development in another way,as it saw the demise of the city’s key players –Pierre Jeanneret, Le Corbusier and Pandit Nehru.

A parallel major event that was to affect the growthof Chandigarh was an unforeseen, political one –

the re-organization of the state of Punjab with thenew states of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh wascarved out of it. Chandigarh was assigned the roleof an independently governed ‘union territory’.Though the city now became the seat ofgovernance of both Punjab and Haryana, as wellas for its own administrative set-up, it had lostcontrol over most of its ‘Periphery’. Of the total of1430 sq. km of the original Periphery Control Area,1021 sq. km. — or 71% — was included in thereconstituted state of Punjab and 295 sq. km. –i.e. 20% — in the newly constituted one of Haryana.The Union Territory of Chandigarh comprised the70 sq. km. of the city itself and another 44 sq. km.of the 26 villages adjoining it — making a total of114 sq. km. or just around 8% of its original domain.

In a bid to lay claim over Chandigarh, Punjabplanned the town of SAS Nagar, with a populationof 250,000 on the southwest. Haryana followed suitwith Panchkula on the east – a town of another150,000 people. Exploiting the resources ofChandigarh, a number of incentives were given fordeveloping industry in these townships. Numerous‘unauthorized’ constructions came up in the city’speriphery and along its entry routes, with large tractsof land on each side of the roads being taken upby the unplanned, ‘specialized’ activities. Evenwithin the planned commercial areas – for example,the neighborhood markets –there were many waysin which both the ‘Plan’ and its ‘Spirit’ had begun tobe challenged.

The city, now housing three governments,experienced an enormous influx of population andtremendous development pressure, leading to amuch denser development in the seventeensectors of the Second Phase. As compared to theplanned average density of 17 persons per acreof the First Phase, the new development was toaccommodate 60 persons per acre. The two-storied terraced development of the governmenthousing of the earlier years was replaced bycompact groups of four-storied apartments. Thesmall-scale architectural details of the ‘ChandigarhStyle’ gave way to balconies and staircases.

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Owners of private houses, no longer dependenton the ideology of local material and an austerestyle began a free use of varied forms and texture— a trend that now beginning to verge on visualanarchy and chaos.

In the wake of the city’s growth came the furtherenhancement of social infrastructure. Asenvisaged by its protagonists, Chandigarh,offering a quality of life unavailable in the stiflingmetropolises of India, has today become afavored locus of education, medical and culturalfacilities. In some ways, today’s Chandigarh canbe said to have fulfilled its utopian agenda. Asenvisaged by its protagonists, it has acquired thereputation of being the most livable city in Indiaand become a favored locus of education,medical, cultural and economic activities, bringingabout a 6000 fold escalation in land values overthe last 50 years.

With just about 1000 acres available at the turn ofthe century, the only way increased demand forhousing, commercial space, hotels, conventioncenters and the like can be met is by allowingadditional covered area, subdivision ofcommercial and residential premises, goingvertical and populating the existing low-densitysectors. Though the Administration is wary of theill-effect that increased densities could have onthe visual character and the ‘quality of life’ in the‘City Beautiful,’ various significant transformationsare underway, including consideration of a rapidmass transport system along the ‘V2 Station’ toabsorb peak hour traffic from surroundingsatellites.

In contrast to the low-height, low-density plotteddevelopment of the two original phases ofChandigarh, all of the recent Phase Three hasbeen sold for 4-storeyed group housing. In thesame way, commercial development along VikasMarg, the new V2 binding the southern edge ofPhase Two, would be 8-storeyed, dispensingalso with the characteristic architectural controlsof V2s of Corbusier’s Chandigarh. The most

significant change within Phase One, however, isthe ongoing large-scale conversion of plots withinthe Industrial Area to mega Shopping Malls-cum-Multiplexes. Giving way to the ubiquitousarchitectonics of the globalizing world, thesebuildings herald a sea change in the originalmodernist brick and concrete streetscape.

Originally, the city was to be financed partly byPunjab State, a small contribution from the CentralGovernment, but the bulk of the working capitalwas thought to be provided by the sale of land.Today, however, Chandigarh Administration hasalso to look for alternate means to fortify itseconomy, keeping in mind not just the city’scommercial potential, the needs of its people asalso its unmatched historic value. The series ofprojects on the anvil include strengthening theinfrastructure for specialized education, healthcare,improving transport and tourist infrastructure,increasing avenues for sports and recreation, andenhancing employment potential through settingup of Special Economic Zones such as theInformation Technology Park, which has alreadybegun operations in the city’s eastern periphery.

Urban Spaces and Buildings -- Core Zone -I:Capitole Parc: Corresponding to the city’s Capitalfunction and a visible symbol of democracy andindependent governance, the construction of theCapitole Parc was given an equal priority. Thedesign concept of the layout, together with itsgeometric basis, was finalized early in 1951. Thisfundamental lay, despite minor modificationsintroduced by Le Corbusier from time to time, wasto remain largely unchanged till the end. Followingthe re-organization of Punjab in 1967, and, the factthat the High Court is was serving three states,excessive demands for additional accommodationfor judges, lawyers and several other relatedactivities were made. A considerable number ofadditional structures, not envisaged in the originallayout, have thus been added behind the HighCourt. Several changes in the circulation structureand parking areas have also been necessitateddue to an unforeseen increase in vehicle

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population. Similarly, the division of the Secretariatand the Assembly into two parts each used by thePunjab and Haryana governments and legislatureshave also led to additional parking and roadrequirements. A parallel demand for space for theadditional security personnel stationed at theCapitol has resulted in several temporaryconstructions behind the Secretariat in the areareserved for its extension.

Design and construction of the High Court wastaken up as the first priority. The Secretariat andAssembly followed, the construction period of thethree overlapping. This also meant that variousmodifications to the original design of the High Courtand the Secretariat were made by Le Corbusierhimself even after these had been constructed,and, that several components of the design, suchas the tapestries and furniture could be addedlater. The fourth edifice – the Governor’s Place,later substituted by the Museum of Knowledge –could not be built during Le Corbusier’s lifetimedue to paucity of funds. Plans are on to take upthis project in consultation with the Fondation LeCorbusier.

Similarly, the central piazza, the landscape andthe monuments could not be completed duringLe Corbusier’s lifetime. Some of these – the Towerof Shadows, the Geometric Hill and the Open Handhave been added later, the last being the OpenHand, constructed in 1986. The sculptures on theMartyr’s Memorial and the Geometric Hill awaitcompletion while definitive drawings for theModulor and the Solstices of the Sun are notavailable.

The re-organization of Punjab had also causedcertain divisions of accommodation within theSecretariat and the Assembly buildings. Thegrowing requirements of these two governmentsover the last 40 years as also changing tastes andcomfort standards have led to several changessuch as covering of balconies, installation of airconditioners, new and more expensive finishes,etc.

The layout of the Rajendra Park, and the SukhnaPrecinct was finalized during the early years.Whereas the Rajendra Park is still unfinished, theLake Promenade, along with smaller structuressuch as the Gate, the Observation Tower, theMemorial Cube and the Lights were completedas per the original design. Another room has beenadded to the Gate at a later date. Structures sucha restaurant and a tower on an island within theLake are also later constructions. The design ofthe Boat Club was finalized by Le Corbusier, anddetailed out by Jeanneret. Additions have beenmade to the original structures, though completelyin tune with the original.

The Leisure Valley: The basic layout for the LeisureValley – stretching from the north-east edge ofSector 3 to the south-west edge of Sector 23 –was finalized under Le Corbusier during the earlyyears. The project has been completed in a stage-wise fashion, following the spirit of the original,though not strictly following the exact pattern ofpaths, etc. The last segment, the Bamboo Gardenin sector 23, was completed in March 2007. A “WarMemorial” was introduced into the Sector 3Segment in 2005-06. Plans for implementing thepedestrian link between its segments and foraugmenting the landscape value of the Valley arebeing considered.

The Cultural Centre: The Cultural Centre wasenvisaged as a complete unit, with functions ineach of its separate buildings being inter-dependent. Priority of demands and availability offunds were the two major factors determining itsdevelopment. The first building to be designedand constructed was the “Audio-visual TrainingCentre”, now called as the Government Collegeof Art. The College had become functional in the60s and, till now, has remained true to its originaldesign and spirit. No changes have been madeto the basic structure on the outside, except foraddition of a new mural around five years ago onthe porch wall. Several internal changes have,however, been made in response to new functionaldemands and additional spaces .

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The generic design for the GovernmentMuseum and Art Gallery was made duringthe 1960s. Unfortunately, Le Corbusierpassed away when the construction ofthe building was at the foundation stage.The building was thereby completed asfaithfully to Le Corbusier’s plans as waspossible, with certain details beingworked out by his Indian associates onthe project. The external form of thebuilding remains unchanged, thoughcertain modifications have been recentlymade to the interiors to facilitate air-conditioning and make space foradditional exhibits.

The building housing the “ChandigarhArchitecture Museum” was added afterLe Corbusier’s demise, and follows theform indicated in his generic sketches.The fourth building on the complex is anew addition, though respecting the spiritof exposed brickwork and concretebands seen in the two original buildings.Of recent, a small amphitheatre has beenadded in the complex for viewing the“Sound-and-Light Show” projected on thesouthwest wall of the GovernmentMuseum and Art Gallery.

CHAPTER 3

JUSTIFICATION FORINSCRIPTION

CHAPTER 3Justification for Inscription

III (a) Criteria under which inscriptionis proposed:

Criteria (i): Represent a masterpiece of humancreative genius

Le Corbusier’s urban plan for Chandigarh — withits integration of the functional and the efficientwith the aesthetic and the human — is a modernmasterpiece that has made an outstanding con-tribution to creation of the highest standards of20th century urbanism. The ingenuity of the vari-ous groups of buildings, individual monuments,and Le Corbusier’s works of art in Chandigarhlies in his outstanding sense of form, his plasticinventiveness as well as a successful synthesisof modern methods and materials with local cul-ture and constraints.

Criteria (ii): Exhibit an important interchangeof human values, over a span of time or withina cultural area of the world, on developmentsin architecture or technology, monumental arts,town-planning or landscape design

Le Corbusier’s work in Chandigarh — with regardto its town plan, landscape, and its architecturalcreations — represents a landmark integration ofthe social, aesthetic and technological concernsof the European Modern Movement with the pro-gressive, socio-political agenda of the Republicof India. This interchange of values, in turn, be-came a catalyst of post-colonial modernizationand exerted a powerful influence on subsequentcultural, societal, economic and technological de-velopment in India and South Asia.

Criteria (iv): To be an outstanding example of atype of building, architectural or technologicalensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) sig-nificant stage(s) in human history.The urban and architectural work of Le Corbusier

in Chandigarh contains outstanding examples ofcomprehensive civic design and buildingtypologies that were based on the CIAM prin-ciples. The properties also illustrate the pro-cesses of de-colonization and post-colonial mod-ernization of an Asian nation. The design, con-struction and technological systems of the townplan and various individual buildings represent asignificant developmental stage of Modern Indianand South Asian Architectural and Urban History.

III (b) Proposed Statement of Outstand-ing Universal Value of the Object in theSeries:

Representing the architect’s sole realized urbanscheme, as also his last and largest architecturalensemble, Le Corbusier’s urban and architecturalwork in Chandigarh forms a significant link forestablishing his incomparable, global contributionto the development of urban planning,architecture and building technology in the 20thcentury.

An exceptional example of a well-preserved,large-scale, and comprehensive civic design andpioneering architecture in exposed concrete, thework illustrates an ingenious amalgamation of thesocial, aesthetic and technological ideology ofEuropean Modernism, the architect’s personaldesign philosophy with the progressive agendaand the techno-cultural constraints of a new Asianrepublic.

These manifestations in ‘Le Corbusier’sChandigarh’, in turn, played a key role in theevolution of post-colonial, modern urbanism andarchitecture of India and South Asia

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III (c) Comparative Analysis:Le Corbusier’s work in Chandigarh is an essentiallink in the series formed by his other works inFrance, Switzerland, Belgium, etc. that are/ are tobe included in the proposed “Trans-border SerialNomination of Le Corbusier’s Work”. It is, however,unique as comprising the only realization of LeCorbusier’s urban precepts as well as his mostmature plastic work. The principles of CIAM andthe theories of modern town planning developedby Le Corbusier for postwar rebuilding as well asnew towns were applied completely to Chandigarh.The towns of St. Die, Algiers, Rio de Janeirio cityproject remained only concepts, while atChandigarh the 7Vs, and the Secteur based onthe studies of the Roman Quadra were built andcontinue to function (as envisaged) in their presentday state of use, even as Chandigarh continuesto grow and densities are on the rise.

In comparison to group of works by otherarchitects, e.g., “Works of Antoni Gaudi” and“Major Town Houses of the Architect Victor Horta”,both already inscribed on the World Heritage List,the “Urban and Architectural Work of Le Corbusierin Chandigarh” stands out on account of its vastrange of projects as well as its far-reachinginfluence on subsequent developments.

“Le Corbusier’s Chandigarh” is also comparablewith other 20th century cities such as “Brasilia”,“The White City of Tel Aviv” and “Le Havre – thecity rebuilt by August Perret”, all inscribed on theWorld Heritage List, but represents a different setof values and design criteria.

III (d) Integrity and/or Authenticity of theobject in the series:Information Sources:As already mentioned in Volume I, the authenticityand integrity of the series has been judged in thelight of the archived documents, drawings andoriginal photographs, descriptions, etc. preserved

by the Fondation Le Corbusier. In addition to theabove, the other major source of establishingauthenticity and integrity of nominated propertyin Chandigarh is the substantial cache of LeCorbusier’s sketches, thousands of architectural/working drawings executed under his care duringthe long period of his residence in India,numerous photographs of the construction siteand official records of design and constructionactivity which are preserved in the archives ofChandigarh Administration’s Department of UrbanPlanning, Department of Engineering and its“Museum of Architecture.” Considering that LeCorbusier spent a period of 60 days each yearfor over 13 years on the site at Chandigarh, thesignificance of these sources of information isundoubtedly paramount.

Integrity and/or Authenticity of the property:No change has been permitted in the ‘urban core’of Le Corbusier’s Master Plan, which retains theauthenticity of its original form & design, materials& substance, use & function as well as spirit &feeling. Changes in the setting and reduction ofPeriphery, which occurred following the politicaldivision of Punjab in 1966, and the growth of thecity have not compromised the integrity of thenominated area.Despite additions of some new structures and afew unsympathetic interventions to thearchitectural ensembles and individual buildingsdesigned by Le Corbusier, the authenticity of form& design, and material & substance remains high.The principle material, exposed concrete, isgenerally in a good state of repair. The authenticityof use & function as well as location & setting isunimpaired.All urban and architectural development inChandigarh continues to be regulated under aseries of Acts and Regulations contained in thePunjab Act No. XXVII of 1952 that was formulatedto accord with the concepts and ideas prescribedin Le Corbusier’s original Master Plan.

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CHAPTER 4

STATE OF CONSERVATIONAND FACTORS AFFECTING

THE PROPERTY

CHAPTER 4State of Conservation andFactors affecting the Property:

IV (a) Present state of Conservation:

1a. Core Zone - I, Capitole Parc:The Rajendra Park / National Park located at thenorth-west end of the Capitole Parc is generallyin a good state of maintenance, except that someof its design components, such as the path lay-out, await completion. Complete, fully-dimen-sioned original drawings are available to enableits completion as per the original design by LeCorbusier, and, the project is being taken up bythe department of urban Planning at an early date.The open space available in this area is beingused for temporary shelters for security person-nel. Plans for alternate location of these tempo-rary structures are also being prepared.

The Capitol Group of Buildings: Some of the de-sign components, as already mentioned in Chap-ter 1, remain un-built. These are the Museum ofKnowledge, the Modulor, and the sculptures forthe Geometric Hill and the Martyrs’ Memorial.Except for some minor damage to the thin mem-bers of exposed reinforced concrete, and minorroof leakages – all of which are taken care of asand when the need arises, the built structures arein a good state of preservation and maintenance.No major restoration work has been needed tilldate. However, the more fragile, movable objects,especially the tapestries demand more intensivecare. The three pieces in the Assembly buildinghave been replaced with replicas, whereas theones in the High Court are being cleaned andrepaired using scientific methods. The openspaces, roads and landscape elements are in agood state of maintenance.

The Sukhna Lake Precinct, including the Boat Cluband the other minor structures designed by LeCorbusier, is also in a good state of maintenance.

Minor repairs are envisaged for the ‘Lake Gate”,fully respecting its original design. However, thewater cover of the Lake itself is shrinking due todeforestation in the hilly forests to its north, alsoadversely affecting the Sukhna Wetland. Efforts arealso on to remedy this situation.

1b. Core Zone - I, Leisure Valley:The entire stretch of the Leisure Valley — from thenorth-eastern edge along the Uttar Marg in Sector3, down to the south-western edge along DakshinMarg in Sector 23 – together with its ground cover,trees and other plantation and the water course, isin an excellent state of maintenance, and consti-tutes the most significant spot for passive recre-ation and the pride of the city. Plans are beingprepared for constructing underpasses that wouldconnect various sector components, and, lend itthe continuity originally envisaged by Le Corbusier.

1c. Core Zone – I, Cultural Centre:Apart from occasional repairs needed to the ex-posed concrete members, the Government Mu-seum and Art Gallery and its precinct is in an ex-cellent state of maintenance. Regular maintenanceis also taken up for the Government College ofArt, especially of the roof structure and the ex-posed brickwork.

2. Core Zone – II, Urbanism of Phase One: (i.e.,the circulation structure, the generic sector, theplantation system, architectural controls along theV2s) are in the original state and well maintained.The major projects that are going on include theintroduction of cycle and pedestrian tracks alongroads, and greening of open areas, especiallywithin sectors. The other projects that are beingconsidered include widening of certain roads andthe introduction of a mass rapid transit systemalong the Madhya Marg.

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IV (b) Factors affecting the Property:

(i) Development Pressures:Chandigarh, like all living cities,is facing pressuresof development due to population growth, migra-tion from smaller, less-urbanized towns, internalurbanization of Chandigarh, rising affluence,changing lifestyles, social needs, etc.

Despite accommodating a population of over onemillion, Chandigarh is faced by population pres-sure due to rapid urbanisation and influx of mi-grants in search of better employment opportuni-ties and quality of living that Chandigarh can offer.Besides being an administrative capital for twostates and a UT and a host to numerous privatecompanies, Chandigarh’s infrastructure is bur-dened by the neighbouring towns of Panchkulaand Mohali, serving largely as satellites or dormi-tory settlements for persons employed inChandigarh, who depend on the educational andhealth facilities of Chandigarh.

Extensive urbanisation of the city’s original Pe-riphery, the protected agricultural belt, is also add-ing to the development pressure on Chandigarh.The city’s traffic system, medical and educationalfacilities, engineering infrastructure and commu-nity facilities are, thus, being stretched to theirmaximum capacities. The factor under maximumdevelopment pressure is that of circulation, withdemands for road widening, introduction of massrapid transport system, etc. being considered byChandigarh Administration.

Chandigarh is fast emerging as a regional centrefor trade and commerce for multinational and re-gional agencies , resulting in an economic growthof the city. Densification of the present two storeyhousing stock is needed to provide additionalhousing , a demand constantly put forth by citi-zens. Private investors, corporate houses are con-sistently finding Chandigarh a favourable destina-tion for establishing offices, resulting in a furtherdemand for office and residential buildings.

The effect of burgeoning population is also wit-nessed in the Capitol Area and the Cultural Com-plex, with the presently available accommoda-tion in all listed buildings falling short of that re-quired. There is thus a constant need for addi-tional office space and parking areas within theexisting Capitol Complex, including the buildingsfor the Secretariat, the High Court and the As-sembly.

The growing affluence of the new settlers in thecity supported by a growing construction mate-rial and technology industry, poses a counter-point to the modernist, egalitarian architecturalexpression that has led to the creation of the‘Chandigarh Style’.

(ii) Environmental Pressures:The major driving forces which affect the noiselevels and air quality of the city are increase invehicle population, use of personalized vehiclesand also, the high rate of floating vehicular popu-lation from neighboring states.

To combat air pollution, Chandigarh Administrationimplemented the Central Air (Prevention & Controlof Pollution) Act, 1981 with effect from 1st February1988, declaring Chandigarh as an “Air PollutionControl Area”. Air quality standards are prescribedto protect public health, vegetation and propertyand regular public awareness campaigns carriedout. Since 1991, the ambient air quality is beingmonitored by Chandigarh Pollution ControlCommittee.

The excessive silting of the Sukhna Lake due todeforestation in the hilly forest reserves to thenorth is causing a reduction in the Sukhna watercover. The Sukhna Wetland, which is a naturalhabitat to millions of Siberian migratory birds, isadversely affected by the silting and a reductionin its aviary species and their numbers.

No other environmental pressures are noted.

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iii) Natural Disasters and Risk Preparedness:The principal potential natural disasters that theproperty may suffer from are earthquakes and fires.Chandigarh being in Seismic Zone 4, the struc-tural design of all historic buildings in Chandigarhadequately safeguards the property against po-tential earthquakes. All private owners/architects/structural engineers in the city are also requiredby law to ensure safety of the constructions un-dertaken by them. Similarly, adequate safetymeasures have been introduced to preventoccurance and mitigation of fire hazards.

(iv) Visitor/tourism pressures:The case of a modern heritage property such asChandigarh differs from that of an archaeologicalsite, in that Chandigarh is a living and working citywhere, in addition to tourism pressures, one alsohas to contend with day-to-day user pressures.These also contribute to the wear and tear of build-ings, ensembles and public precincts and posea serious threat to the authenticity and integrity ofthe property. Secondly the properties within thecity i.e. buildings, public places etc. are livingsites as such that they are in active use by thepopulation of the city itself. Such categories in-clude office buildings, especially in the CapitolComplex, the principal V2 streets the Jan Margand the Madhya Marg, commercial and office es-tablishments in the City Centre, Banks, and simi-lar properties. The daily worker count of thesebuildings added to the visitor count creates a con-siderable population pressure. This aspect hasalready been dealt with above.

Besides becoming a favoured destination for cul-tural tourism, Chandigarh has also become a popu-lar host to national and international industrial, cor-porate, educational and other conventions, con-ferences, which is primarily due to its ease of com-munication, hospitable climate, and infrastructure.

At present, the numbers of tourist visiting the prop-erty are quite manageable. However, over the

past few years, it has been noticed that the num-bers of both domestic and international tourists isgrowing rapidly. With the potential inscription ofthe property on the World Heritage List, it is ex-pected that these numbers will grown even morerapidly. The Chandigarh Administration is gearedup for managing this possible influx through tour-ist information centres, generating awareness ofthe value of the property and guided tours.

(v) Number of Inhabitatnts within the propertyand the buffer zone:Estimated population located within:

Area of nominated property: 2,75,000 app.

Buffer Zone: 2, 95,000 app.

Total: 5,70,000 app.

Year: 2001 (Source: Census Authority of India)

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CHAPTER 5

PROTECTIONAND MANAGEMENTOF THE PROPERTY

CHAPTER 5Protection and Management ofthe Property:

V (a) Ownership:The entire property being nominated under CoreZone – I, i.e., the Capitol Park, the Leisure Valleyand the Cultural Complex, including all the build-ings and other artefacts within these is owned byChandigarh Administration. Around 30% of thestructures in Core Zone – II are also owned byvarious government agencies, the remaining be-longing to individuals or non-governmentalorganisations.

V (b) Protective Designation:1. In general, all urban development in “The

Modern Historic Centre of Chandigarh” isgoverned by Le Corbusier’s Master Plan of1964. Le Corbusier’s “Edict of Chandigarh”,though not a legislative act, also continues toact as a customary guiding force.

2. In addition, all private and governmentalconstructions in Core Zone – II are subject toan extensive set of regulations specifyingheights, building lines, materials, textures, etc.More detailed guidelines (Special AreaControls) are provided for structures sitedalong major roads, such as the V2s, V3s andV4s. Comprehensive Zoning Plans andArchitectural Control Sheets are available forthe development controls within eachsector.(Please refer Chapter 7). Theregulations in force include:

a. The Capital of Punjab (Developmentand Regulation) Act, 1952

b. The Capital of Punjab (Developmentand Regulation) Building Rules, 1952

c. The Chandigarh Trees PreservationOrder, 1952

d. The Chandigarh Advertisement ControlOrder, 1954

3. In addition to being covered by (a), (c) and(d) above, all buildings, open spaces and

artefacts located within the three componentsof the Core Zone –I, i.e., the Capitol Park, theLeisure Valley and the Cultural Complex, havebeen classified and protected as heritagebuildings and/or heritage precincts under “TheChandigarh Heritage ConservationRegulations, 2007”.

V (c) Means of Implementing ProtectiveMeasures:1. Core Zone – I:

A high-level “Chandigarh HeritageConservation Committee” (which is headedby the Adviser to the Administrator and, whichincludes representatives of the ArchaeologicalSurvey of India, UNESCO New Delhi Officeand the Fondation Le Corbusier) isresponsible for taking all steps necessary forprotection, conservation, presentation andtransmission of Heritage Buildings andHeritage Precincts within Core Zone – I. Thesesteps include consideration and approval ofspecial regulations, design guidelines andconservation principles for Heritage Buildingsand Heritage Precincts; review of requestsfor development permission under theHeritage Rules and tendering advice on theconditions, if any, on such permission;advising the Chief Architect, Department ofUrban Planning on any other issues as maybe required from time to time in overall interestof heritage conservation and sustainabledevelopment; review and evaluateperiodically the implementation of the“Architectural and Urban Heritage ofChandigarh Rules, 2007” to ensure that anynew threats placed on Chandigarh’s Urban andArchitectural Heritage are addressedeffectively; and monitoring the state of

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conservation of listed Heritage Buildings andHeritage Precincts through the process of“Reactive Monitoring” and offer assistance inexercises of “Periodic Reporting”, if any. Nodevelopment or redevelopment orengineering operation or additions,alterations, repairs, renovation including thepainting of buildings, replacement of specialfeatures or demolition of the whole or any partthereof or plastering of the said HeritageBuildings or Heritage Precincts is allowedexcept with the prior written permission of theChandigarh Heritage ConservationCommittee. In case of proven deliberateneglect of and / or damage to HeritageBuildings and Heritage Precincts, or if thebuilding/precinct is allowed to be defaced,damaged, harmed or modified in any mannerdue to neglect or any other reason, or if aheritage building or a building in a heritageprecinct is damaged or pulled down withoutappropriate permission of the Chief Architect,Department of Urban Planning and theHeritage Conservation Committee, in additionto penal action provided under the Act, nodevelopment permission to construct any newbuilding shall be granted on the site. Owner/lessees who are not interested in properupkeep of these Heritage Buildings /Precincts and as a result of which the dangerarises to the building, State shall take oversuch properties on the recommendation ofthe Heritage Conservation Committee.

2. Core Zone – II:The Chief Administrator, ChandigarhAdministration, is authorised to issuedirections and monitor urban development inrespect of any site or building including theuse of site and the number of buildings whichmay be erected on any site, architecturalcharacter of the buildings, elevationalfeatures, maintenance of height and positionof walls, fences, hedges or any otherstructural or architectural construction. The

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Chief Administrator shall refuse to sanction theerection or re-erection of any building incontravention of any of these rules. Furtherthe Chief Administrator may also revoke thesanction of any building if such a sanction isin contravention of any of the provisions ofthese rules, provided the building has notbeen completed

These are to be complied by all persons whoerect, re-erect or occupy any building withinChandigarh, which is intended to be used forresidential, commercial, industrial or otherpurposes, whether in actual use or not. Inaddition, all such constructions also complywith the restriction specified in the “ZoningPlans”, which define the layout of anynumbered sector of the Master plan ofChandigarh showing the streets, boundariesof building plots, open spaces, position ofprotected trees or other features as well asthe specified land-use, building lines,permissible heights of buildings, sitecoverage and such other restrictions on thedevelopment of land or buildings as may beprescribed. Buildings within the ‘SpecialAreas’ and ‘Frame Control Areas’, shown assuch on the Zoning Plans, also comply withthe restrictions given in the “ArchitecturalControl Sheets” and the “Frame ControlDrawings”. “Architectural Control Sheets” aresheets of drawing with directions, showing themeasure of architectural control which shallbe observed in the special areas. “FrameControl Drawings” are numbered sheets ofdrawing, defining boundaries of building plots,compulsory building lines, permissibleheights of buildings to be realised inprescribed stages, site and floor coverage,restrictions on treatment of external facadesincluding the permissible sizes of openingand such other restrictions on thedevelopment of sites as may be prescribed.The ‘Special Areas’ include areas along someV2 roads, areas of shops and terraced

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houses along some V4 roads, some otherareas of the City Centre, and, any other areasshown as Special Areas on the Zoning Plans.

No structure can carry an advertisementexcept in the areas shown on the Zoning Plan/Architectural Control Sheet/Standard Design.‘The Advertisement Control Order’, in general,restricts or regulates the display ofadvertisements in the city

Similarly, ‘The Trees Preservation Order’regulates, restricts or prohibits the cuttingdown, topping, lopping or willful destructionof trees, and monitors the planting andreplanting of any trees or kinds of trees inany site or location.

V (d) Existing Plans related to munici-pality and region in which the pro-posed property is located: (e.g., re-gional or local plan, conservation plan,tourism development plan):Chandigarh Administration plans to take up, onan urgent basis, conservation of the listedheritage buildings and open spaces in a scientificand systematic manner, identifying immediate,short-term and long-term measures. At the citylevel, i.e., within Core Zone –II, the valorisationof urban heritage and its intangible values isregarded is placed at the heart of plans for thearea’s future development. All efforts are beingmade to strengthen the aesthetic experience, thenatural surroundings, the quality of life and thesocial infrastructure the city offers to its residents.In order to boost tourism, the ChandigarhAdministration has approved ChandigarhTourism Action Plan (C-TAP) 2006 with focusedpriority areas, such as promoting Chandigarh asa tourist destination, printing booklets, brochuresand maps, highlighting tourist information relevantto foreign and Indian tourists, creating a worldclass website for Chandigarh Tourism, enablingonline booking of Hotel rooms, improving

signage to facilitate easy access to informationabout the city, participating in various national andinternational travel/tourism events, Organizing anannual Tourism Expo-cum-Conference inChandigarh, involving institutions to channelise theenergies of the youth, relaxing barriers andfacilitating access to architectural wonders of thecity, increasing the number of flights to Chandigarh,improving the taxi and auto services within thecity, promoting scenic and heritage walks andcycling tours, setting up information kiosks atvarious prominent locations and making CDs andfilms of Chandigarh Tourism.

V (e) Property Management Plan orOther Management System:At the series level, the property is to be managedby an international committee, with representativesof each of the partner countries. At the local level,the property will be managed by the “ChandigarhHeritage Conservation Committee”, the functioningof which is detailed out in Chapter 7.

Further, the Chandigarh Administration is alive tothe need to conserve the entire nominatedproperty in its original glory and necessaryinvestments/steps to that effect are being taken.Although the pressures for change are quitesevere, yet all efforts are being made to preservethe original tangible and intangible values of thesite. Chandigarh Administration is committed tothe conservation, maintenance, promotion as wellas necessary augmentation of all the immovableand the movable assets of this property. TheAdministration is also committed to theinvolvement of professionals and stakeholdersin this exercise. Efforts will be made to stimulatevisitor interest in, and garner support for themanagement and conservation of the property,and to influence visitor and user behaviour, so asto maximize benefits and minimize any adverseimpact of use and abuse, especially since theproperty is of vulnerable material and is in heavyuse.

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The preparation of a detailed Management Plan,addressing issues of conservation is envisaged.

V (f) Sources and Levels of Finance:The Chandigarh Administration has the means togenerate and set aside funds for maintenance,conservation, valorisation and cultural promotionof the nominated property. The basic source offinance is the consolidated fund of India. Themoney required for maintenance and operationsfor day-to-day working or for capital investment istaken from the consolidated fund of India after thesanction of the Budget by the Parliament. Theannual expenses, including expenses on capitalaccount and all other expenditure towardsimmovable and movable assets are sanctionedfor the various concerned departments of theChandigarh Administration.

V (g) Sources of Expertise and Train-ing in Conservation and ManagementTechniques:The responsibility for day-to-day maintenance andrepair of the nominated property lies with the En-gineering Department, the staff of which is wellacquainted with normal civil engineering, struc-tural engineering and horticultural skills. Of recent,the Engineering Department has also been in-volved in two restoration projects. The first of thesewas Le Corbusier’s 12m x 12m tapestry in theHigh Court, undertaken under the guidance ofexperts from the National Museum, New Delhi.The second project is the restoration of the OldArchitects’ Office, under the guidance of a localarchitectural firm.

With the growing awareness of the unique valueof Chandigarh’s heritage and the need for itsconservation, efforts are on to augment the levelof expertise and training in conservation andmanagement techniques. Besides the trainedconservation professionals within the cadres ofChandigarh Administration, who are working on

inventories, drafting of heritage legislation,preparation of the nomination dossier, etc., severalothers are being trained as per the requirementsof the city’s heritage. Chandigarh College ofArchitecture offers courses on “ArchitecturalConservation” and “Recent Heritage” to its studentsand regularly organises seminars and publiclectures, and, brings out publications to enhanceawareness of the city’s heritage. A Masters Level2-year course on Architectural and UrbanConservation is due to commence shortly.

In addition to this, technical assistance from trainedand experienced conservation professionals, bothfrom within India and abroad, is solicited as andwhen needed. As mentioned the NationalMuseum, New Delhi was invited to undertakerestoration of the High Court tapestry. A capacity-building workshop on “Conservation of LeCorbusier’s Exposed Concrete Structures” wasorganised in 2003 in collaboration with theFondation Le Corbusier for the architects andengineers of Chandigarh Administration. Yetanother capacity-building workshop on “UrbanConservation and Management of Historic Cities”,to be conducted by UNESCO’s World HeritageCentre, ICCROM and ICOMOS-CIVVVIH is plannedfor December 2007. The ChandigarhAdministration also plans to join the “Network ofIndian Cities of Living Heritage” managed byUNESCO New Delhi and also solicit their help intraining of guides.

V (h) Visitor facilities and Statistics:Visitor Facilities:Comprehensive online information about the city’sattractions and tourist facilities in Chandigarh isavailable on http://chandigarhtourism.gov.in.Among the major tourist facilities available on siteare included a large number of Tourist InformationCentres, located prominently at the main areas oftourist interest as well as the Railway Station andthe Interstate Bus Terminus. In addition to officialpersonnel available for help, the city also has alarge number of “Tourism Volunteers’ to guide

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visitors. Overnight accommodation, including staywith families, is available. Besides taxis, autorickshaws and the “Hop-on-hop-off” bus , facilitiesfor “Bicycle Tourism” are also available. A numberof attractive city maps and information brochuresare available for use of visitors. In order to caterto the growing number of visitors to Chandigarh,and the city’s potential inscription on the WorldHeritage List, all of the above facilities are beingaugmented and new ones being added throughthe Chandigarh Tourism Action Plan (C-TAP) 2006.

Statistics:There has been a steady increase in the numberof visitors over the last few years. In 2007 (Januaryto August), the average number of domestictourists per month has been approximately 78,000.The average number of foreign tourists per monthduring the same period is recorded asapproximately 2,750.

V (i) Policies and Programmes relatedto presentation and promotion of theproperty:There already exists a very comprehensivewebsite relating to promotion of Chandigarh’s his-tory, architectural heritage and other tourist attrac-tions for consumption of Chandigarh’s residentsas well as domestic and overseas visitors. Con-certed efforts are also being made by the Tour-ism Department to promote Chandigarh at nationaland international tourism events.

The Tourism Department also organizes a numberof year-round events to promote and presentvarious aspects / elements of Chandigarh’sheritage. For instance, a Heritage Walk, led by alocal dignitary, and various seminars, workshopsand debates on the theme of heritage conservationare organized during the ‘Chandigarh HeritageFestival’ on 7th October each year, commemoratingthe formal inauguration of the city on this day in1953. Regular features on Chandigarh are sent forpublication in national papers and travel journals.

Heritage Clubs have been established in severallocal schools in collaboration with the localINTACH (Indian National Trust for Art and CulturalHeritage) to ensure transmission of the city’sheritage. A special museum – ChandigarhArchitecture Museum – was set up in 1998 toshowcase the history of the city, while ‘Sound-and-Light Show’ has been introduced recently atthe Government Museum and Art Gallery.Proposals for creative lighting of all ‘Monuments’and key areas are on the anvil.

Keeping the unusual nature of Chandigarh’sModern Heritage, a number of new activities,creating a niched market, have been planned.Liaison is being established for cultural exchangewith other World Heritage Sites in India as wellBrasilia, Tel Aviv and Le Havre — the three 20th

Century cities already on the World Heritage List.

Unusual tourist activities such as crafts workshopson Corbusier style enamel painting, tapestryweaving, concrete sculpture, etc. are planned topromote and exploit the potential of Chandigarh’sunique heritage. It is also planned to organize aprogramme of “Heritage Walks” for residents andtourists alike on known and unknown heritage trailswith the help of trained guides and volunteers.

V (j) Staffing Levels (Professional, tech-nical, Maintenance):Philosophical & Ethical Input:The Chandigarh College of Architecture has in itspermanent employ three professionals trained/experienced in theoretical aspects ofconservation, including requirements of the WorldHeritage Convention. The Administration alsoproposes to augment this number as and whenthe Masters course in Architectural and UrbanConservation is started and the “ChandigarhHeritage Conservation Centre” becomes fullyfunctional. Non-technical staff, students and allresources of College of Architecture is deployedand temporary staff is hired whenever needed.

Technical and Maintenance Staff:The Engineering Department of ChandigarhAdministration has adequately staff to look afterthe day-to-day maintenance and repair of thenominated buildings and areas. The responsibilityof each such area/building is given to a dedicatedteam headed by a senior, qualified engineer.Similarly, a dedicated team, headed by a SeniorArchitect from the Department of Urban Planningis responsible for all architectural work that maybe required.

Tourism Staff:The Tourism Department has in its cadre about 25professionals who are responsible for manningits Information Centres, engaging in promotionactivities, organising events, running the website,and producing maps, brochures and mementoes.

Museums & Archives:The various museums of the city, including theChandigarh Museum of Architecture (City Museum)is looked after by a trained team, headed by theDirector. The Le Corbusier Archives, being set upin the “Old Architects’ Office”, is currently beingmanaged by the Department of Urban Planning.

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CHAPTER 6

MONITORING

VI (a) Key Indicators for MeasuringState of Conservation:See information in Volume I, Chapter VI (a):Given the diversity of the sites, the varyinglegislations and monitoring systems of thedifferent States Parties, likewise the diversity ofproperty rights, whether public or private,collective or individual, it is necessary to approachthe question of key indicators from several differentstandpoints: (a) The series taken as a whole andeach object that goes to make it up; (b) publicbuildings and private buildings; (c) individual orcollective properties.

While certain key indicators may be objectivelyobserved or even evaluated, others belong to amore flexible assessment of the specific qualitiesof Le Corbusier’s architectural and urban work.Such indicators are not transferable to a synoptictable.

The precise nature of the key indicators and theirrole as prerequisites are two priority questionsfor the work of the permanent Commission.Several options may however be stated

Photographic surveys: reference photographsMonitoring of the physical integrity of the exteriorof the building through a series of photographicviews, serving as documentary evidence andalways obtained from the same viewpoint and withthe same camera angle: (a) overall views; (b)views of certain details, to be determinedaccording to the objects concerned (examples:general volumetric estimates, door and windowframe contours, polychrome treatment of exteriors,respect for unoccupied space below the pilotis,state of exterior facings etc.); (b) for buildingswhere both interior and exterior are protected,these dispositions are extended to cover certain

CHAPTER 6 Monitoring

qualities that are specific to Le Corbusier’s works:respect for interior volumes, for existingsightlines, for interior polychrome work, etc.

For “The Modern Historic Core of Chandigarh”,the indicators are:

Core Zone –I:Indicator Periodi-

city Location of Records

Buildings and outdoor sculptures requiring major repair

1 year

Furniture and fittings requiring repair and restoration

1 year

Open spaces, roads, etc. requiring major repair

1 year

Engg. & Urban Planning Deptts., Chd. Adm.

Core Zone –II:

VI (b) Adminstrative Arrangements forMonitoring Property:See general information given in Volume I, Chap-ter VI(b): Monitoring of the property is carried outin accordance with the legal procedures in forcein each country and/or with the cooperation ofexisting specialist bodies. The specific legalframework operating in each country was referredto in Chapter V. The subsidiary files relating toeach property in the Series included in Volume IIdetail the administrative provisions for the moni-toring of each of the properties.

Indicator Periodi-city

Location of Records

Number of trees along roads and in open areas

1 year

Rate at which violations of architectural controls and skyline has increased or decreased

1 year

State of roads 1 year Violations in original circulation structure and generic sector

1 year

Engg. & Urban Planning Deptts., Estate Office, Chd. Adm.

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Core Zone –II:So far as the Core Zone-II is concerned, theexisting sets of urban development laws preventundue change or damage to the historic andcultural value of Le Corbusier’s urbanism,especially the circulation structure, the genericsector, the architectural controls and the plantation.The Department of Urban Planning, under thedirection of the Finance Secretary-cum-SecretaryUrban Planning and Engineering is responsiblefor monitoring this zone.

Contact Information:

VI (c) Results of Previous ReportingExercises:Not applicable, as none held.

For “The Modern Historic Core of Chandigarh”:

Core Zone - I:In Chandigarh, the Department of Culture andTourism is charged with the responsibility ofconserving the nominated areas in Core Zone-I.The high-powered “Chandigarh HeritageConservation Committee” (constituted of seniorofficials of Chandigarh Administration,representative of the Archaeological Survey ofIndia, New Delhi UNESCO Office and FondationLe Corbusier) will monitor the state of conservationof historic buildings and conservation areas fallingwithin the two parts of Core Zone - I.

Contact Information:Name:

Title:

Address:

City, Province/State, Country:Tel:Fax:E-mail:

Department of Urban PlanningChandigarh Administration Finance Secretary-cum-Secretary Urban Planning;U.T.Secretariat, DeluxeBuilding, Sector 9-DChandigarh 160010, India+91 172 27400236+91 172 2740236fs@utchd.nic.in,

Name:

Title:

Address:

City, Province/State, Country:Tel:Fax:E-mail:

Department of Tourism,Chandigarh AdministrationHome Secretary-cum-Secretary Tourism;U.T.Secretariat, DeluxeBuilding, Sector 9-DChandigarh 160010, India+91 172 2740008+91 172 2740337hs@utchd.nic.in,

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CHAPTER 7

DOCUMENTATION

CHAPTER 7Documentation

VII (a) Photographs, slides, image inventory and authorization table and other au-dio-visual materials:

IMAGE FOLDER A -- URBANISMURBANISM 1: AERIAL VIEWS OF CITY

Id. No. Format Caption Date of Photo

Photo-grapher

Copyright owner

Contact details of copyright owner (name, address, tel/fax, and e-mail)

Non-ex ces. of rts

Chd 1 JPEG Sukhna Lake and Forest

Aug. 2005

Chd 2 JPEG Sukhna Lake and Forest

Aug. 2005

Chd 3 JPEG Capitol Group of Buildings from NE

Nov. 1998

Uttam Chand, Sr.Photo-grapher, Chd. College of Arch., Chandi-garh

Coordinator, Chandigarh Heritage Project, Chd. College of Architecture, Sector 12, Chandigarh

Chd. College of Architecture, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012 India Tel: +91 172 2740685 Fax: +91 172 2740686 cca@chd.nic.in

Chd 4 JPEG Capitol Group of Buildings from Jan Marg

1995 unknown Kiran Joshi Address: 403, Sector 35-A, Chandigarh 160022, India Email: kiranjoshi2020@yahoo.com

Chd 5 JPEG View towards NE from Sector 16-A

Nov. 1998

Chd 6 JPEG Urban Grain – Sectors 10, 3, 11, 2

Nov. 1998

Chd 7 JPEG Type 13 Housing, Sector 10

Nov. 1998

Chd 8 JPEG Type 9 Housing, Sector 22

Nov. 1998

Uttam Chand, Sr.Photo-grapher, Chd. College of Arch., Chandi-garh

Coordinator, Chandigarh Heritage Project, Chd. College of Architecture, Sector 12, Chandigarh

Chd. College of Architecture, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012 India Tel: +91 172 2740685 Fax: +91 172 2740686 cca@chd.nic.in

URBANISM 2 - URBAN STRUCTURE AND AESTHETIC CONTROL

Id. No. Format Caption Date of Photo

Photo-grapher

Copyright owner

Contact details of copyright owner (name, address, tel/fax, and e-mail)

Non-ex ces. of rts

Chd 9 JPEG V2 Capitol, Jan Marg, view towards NE

Dec. 2006

Chd 10

JPEG Arch. Control – Office Bldgs, Jan Marg

Dec. 2006

Chd 11

JPEG Madhya Marg, view towards NW

Dec. 2006

Chd 12

JPEG Architectural Control – Comm. Bldgs, Madhya Marg

Dec. 2006

Chd 13

JPEG Plantation, Madhya Marg

August 2006

Uttam Chand, Sr.Photo-grapher, Chd. College of Arch., Chandi-garh

Coordinator, Chandigarh Heritage Project, Chd. College of Architecture, Sector 12, Chandigarh

Chd. College of Architecture, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012 India Tel: +91 172 2740685 Fax: +91 172 2740686 cca@chd.nic.in

- 52 -

Chd 14

JPEG V3 – Sectors 22-23

Dec. 2006

Chd 15

JPEG Detail, V3 – Sectors 22-23

Dec. 2006

Kiran Joshi

Kiran Joshi 403, Sector 35-A, Chandigarh 160022, India kiranjoshi2020@yahoo.com

Chd 16

JPEG Junction V3 & V4, Sectors 18-19

Nov. 2000

Chd 17

JPEG V4, Sector 15 Dec. 2006

Chd 18

JPEG “Frame Control” houses on V5, Sector 16

Dec. 2006

Uttam Chand, Sr.Photo-grapher, Chd. College of Arch., Chandi-garh

Coordinator, Chandigarh Heritage Project, Chd. College of Architecture, Sector 12, Chandigarh

Chd. College of Architecture, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012 India Tel: +91 172 2740685 Fax: +91 172 2740686 cca@chd.nic.in

URBANISM 3 – LEISURE VALLEY Id. No. Format Caption Date of

Photo Photo-grapher

Copyright owner

Contact details of copyright owner (name, address, tel/fax, and e-mail)

Non-ex ces. of rts

Chd 19

JPEG Leisure Valley, Sector 3

Nov. 2000

Chd 20

JPEG Leisure Valley, Sector 10-C

Nov. 2006

Chd 21

JPEG Leisure Valley, Sector 16

Nov. 2006

Chd 22

JPEG Leisure Valley, Sector 16

Nov. 2006

Uttam Chand, Sr.Photo-grapher, Chd. College of Arch., Chandi-garh

Coordinator, Chandigarh Heritage Project, Chd. College of Architecture, Sector 12, Chandigarh

Chd. College of Architecture, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012 India Tel: +91 172 2740685 Fax: +91 172 2740686 cca@chd.nic.in

URBANISM 4 – CITY CENTRE Id. No. Format Caption Date of

Photo Photo-grapher

Copyright owner

Contact details of copyright owner (name, address, tel/fax, and e-mail)

Non-ex ces. of rts

Chd 23

JPEG Aerial View Nov. 1998

Chd 24

JPEG Arch. Controls, Office bldgs on periphery.

Nov. 2006

Chd 25

JPEG Arch. Controls, �omm... bldgs,

Nov. 2006

Chd 26

JPEG Central, piazza. Nov. 2006

Uttam Chand, Sr.Photo-grapher, Chd. College of Arch., Chandi-garh

Coordinator, Chandigarh Heritage Project, Chd. College of Architecture, Sector 12, Chandigarh

Chd. College of Architecture, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012 India Tel: +91 172 2740685 Fax: +91 172 2740686 cca@chd.nic.in

CAPITOL PARC 1 – RAJENDRA (NATIONAL) PARK Id. No. Format Caption Date of

Photo Photo-grapher

Copyright owner

Contact details of copyright owner (name, address, tel/fax, and e-mail)

Non-ex ces. of rts

Chd 27

JPEG Working Layout, Rajendra Park

Nov. 2006

Chd 28

JPEG Entrance, view towards NE

Nov. 2006

Uttam Chand, Sr.Photo-grapher, Chd. College of Arch., Chandi-garh

Coordinator, Chandigarh Heritage Project, Chd. College of Architecture, Sector 12, Chandigarh

Chd. College of Architecture, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012 India Tel: +91 172 2740685 Fax: +91 172 2740686 cca@chd.nic.in

IMAGE FOLDER B — CAPITOL PARC

- 53 -

CAPITOL PARC 2 – CAPITOL GROUP OF BUILDINGS Id. No. Format Caption Date of

Photo Photo-grapher

Copyright owner

Contact details of copyright owner (name, address, tel/fax, and e-mail)

Non-ex ces. of rts

Chd 29

JPEG Aerial View – Capitol & Sector 3

Nov. 1998

Chd 30

JPEG General view Oct. 2000

Chd 31

JPEG Assmb., High Court & main Piazza

Aug. 2006

Chd 32

JPEG Monuments, main piazza

Aug. 2006

Chd 33

JPEG Assembly Porch & Sectt.

July 2004

Chd 34

JPEG Assembly & Sectt. From High Court

Aug. 2006

Uttam Chand, Sr.Photo-grapher, Chd. College of Arch., Chandi-garh

Coordinator, Chandigarh Heritage Project, Chd. College of Architecture, Sector 12, Chandigarh

Chd. College of Architecture, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012 India Tel: +91 172 2740685 Fax: +91 172 2740686 cca@chd.nic.in

CAPITOL PARC 3 – HIGH COURT Id. No. Format Caption Date of

Photo Photo-grapher

Copyright owner

Contact details of copyright owner (name, address, tel/fax, and e-mail)

Non-ex ces. of rts

Chd 35

JPEG NE façade Aug. 2004

Chd 36

JPEG Entrance portico

Aug. 2005

Chd 37

JPEG Detail, NE façade

Nov. 2006

Chd 38

JPEG Detail, RCC ramp

Aug. 2005

Chd 39

JPEG Tapestry, Main Court

Nov. 2004

Chd 40

JPEG Tapestry, Small Court

Nov. 2004

Chd 41

JPEG Tapestry, Small Court

Nov. 2004

Chd 42

JPEG High Court Extension

Nov. 2006

Uttam Chand, Sr.Photo-grapher, Chd. College of Arch., Chandi-garh

Coordinator, Chandigarh Heritage Project, Chd. College of Architecture, Sector 12, Chandigarh

Chd. College of Architecture, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012 India Tel: +91 172 2740685 Fax: +91 172 2740686 cca@chd.nic.in

CAPITOL PARC 4 – THE SECRETARIAT Id. No. Format Caption Date of

Photo Photo-grapher

Copyright owner

Contact details of copyright owner (name, address, tel/fax, and e-mail)

Non-ex ces. of rts

Chd 43

JPEG Sectt, view from ped. Link

March 2004

Chd 44

JPEG Sectt, Approach

August 2006

Chd 45

JPEG SE Façade August 2006

Chd 46

JPEG Façade detail

August 2006

Chd 47

JPEG Ramp detail August 2006

Chd 48

JPEG Rear Façade March 2004

Kiran Joshi

Kiran Joshi 403, Sector 35-A, Chandigarh 160022, India kiranjoshi2020@yahoo.com

- 54 -

CAPITOL PARC 5 – LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY Id. No. Format Caption Date of

Photo Photo-grapher

Copyright owner

Chd 49

JPEG Aerial view from west

August 2006

Chd 50

JPEG Main porch August 2006

Kiran Joshi

Kiran Joshi

Chd 51

JPEG View from south

Nov. 2005

Chd 52

JPEG Garages below piazza

Nov. 2005

Chd 53

JPEG Porch detail Nov. 2005

Chd 54

JPEG Rooftop, Assembly

Nov. 2005

Chd 55

JPEG Roof-terrace Nov. 2006

Chd 56

JPEG Legislators’ lounge

Nov. 2005

Chd 57

JPEG Assembly Chamber

Nov. 2005

Chd 58

JPEG Ceiling detail, Assembly Chamber

Nov. 2005

Chd 59

JPEG Ladies’ Gallery Nov. 2005

Chd 60

JPEG Council Chamber

Nov. 2006

Chd 61

JPEG Enamel Door, external face

Nov. 2005

Chd 62

JPEG Enamel Door, internal face

Nov. 2005

Uttam Chand, Sr.Photo-grapher, Chd. College of Arch., Chandi-garh

Coordinator, Chandigarh Heritage Project, Chd. College of Architecture, Sector 12, Chandigarh

CAPITOL PARC 6 – MONUMENTS Id. No. Format Caption Date of

Photo Photo-grapher

Copyright owner

Contact details of copyright owner (name, address, tel/fax, and e-mail)

Non-ex ces. of rts

Chd 63

JPEG Open Hand, view from west

Jan. 2007

Chd 64

JPEG Open Hand, Fosse

Jan. 2007

Chd 65

JPEG Open Hand, detail

Jan. 2007

Uttam Chand, Sr.Photo-grapher, Chd. College of Arch., Chandi-garh

Coordinator, Chandigarh Heritage Project, Chd. College of Architecture, Sector 12, Chandigarh

Chd. College of Architecture, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012 India Tel: +91 172 2740685 Fax: +91 172 2740686 cca@chd.nic.in

Chd 66

JPEG Open Hand, from H. Court

Jan. 2007

Chd 67

JPEG Tower of Shad., from N

Feb. 2007

Kiran Joshi

Kiran Joshi 403, Sector 35-A, Chandigarh 160022, India kiranjoshi2020@yahoo.com

Chd 68

JPEG Tower of Shad, from south

Nov. 2005

Chd 69

JPEG Martyrs’ Memorial

Jan. 2007

Chd 70

JPEG Martyrs’ Mem, view from west

Jan. 2007

Uttam Chand, Sr.Photo, Chd. Coll of Arch., Chandi-garh

Coordinator, Chand. Heritage Proj., Chd. College of Architecture, Sector 12, Chandigarh

Chd. College of Architecture, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012,India Tel: +91 172 2740685 Fax: +91 172 2740686 cca@chd.nic.in

- 55 -

CAPITOL PARC 6 – MONUMENTS Id. No. Format Caption Date of

Photo Photo-grapher

Copyright owner

Contact details of copyright owner (name, address, tel/fax, and e-mail)

Non-ex ces. of rts

Chd 63

JPEG Open Hand, view from west

Jan. 2007

Chd 64

JPEG Open Hand, Fosse

Jan. 2007

Chd 65

JPEG Open Hand, detail

Jan. 2007

Uttam Chand, Sr.Photo-grapher, Chd. College of Arch., Chandi-garh

Coordinator, Chandigarh Heritage Project, Chd. College of Architecture, Sector 12, Chandigarh

Chd. College of Architecture, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012 India Tel: +91 172 2740685 Fax: +91 172 2740686 cca@chd.nic.in

Chd 66

JPEG Open Hand, from H. Court

Jan. 2007

Chd 67

JPEG Tower of Shad., from N

Feb. 2007

Kiran Joshi

Kiran Joshi 403, Sector 35-A, Chandigarh 160022, India kiranjoshi2020@yahoo.com

Chd 68

JPEG Tower of Shad, from south

Nov. 2005

Chd 69

JPEG Martyrs’ Memorial

Jan. 2007

Chd 70

JPEG Martyrs’ Mem, view from west

Jan. 2007

Uttam Chand, Sr.Photo, Chd. Coll of Arch., Chandi-garh

Coordinator, Chand. Heritage Proj., Chd. College of Architecture, Sector 12, Chandigarh

Chd. College of Architecture, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012,India Tel: +91 172 2740685 Fax: +91 172 2740686 cca@chd.nic.in

IMAGE FOLDER C - CULTURAL CENTRECULTURAL CENTRE

Id. No. Format Caption Date of Photo

Photo-grapher

Copyright owner

Contact details of copyright owner (name, address, tel/fax, and e-mail)

Non-ex ces. of rts

Chd 77

JPEG Approach road, Cultural Centre

Jan. 2007

Chd 78

JPEG Aerial View, GCA

Jan. 2005

Uttam Chand, Sr.Photo-grapher, Chd. College of Arch., Chandi-garh

Coordinator, Chandigarh Heritage Project, Chd. College of Architecture, Sector 12, Chandigarh

Chd. College of Architecture, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012 India Tel: +91 172 2740685 Fax: +91 172 2740686 cca@chd.nic.in

Chd 79

JPEG South facade, GCA

August 2006

Chd 80

JPEG Claustra, South facade, GCA

August 2006

Chd 81

JPEG Courtyrd, GCA August 2006

Chd 82

JPEG Modulor & Chd. Arch. Museum

August 2006

Chd 83

JPEG Gov’t Museum, View from west

August 2006

Chd 83

JPEG Gov’t Museum, South facade

August 2006

Kiran Joshi

Kiran Joshi 403, Sector 35-A, Chandigarh 160022, India kiranjoshi2020@yahoo.com

Chd 85

JPEG Interior, Gov’t Museum

Jan. 2005

Uttam Chand, Sr.Photo-grapher, Chd. College of Arch., Chandi-garh

Coordinator, Chandigarh Heritage Project, Chd. College of Architecture, Sector 12, Chandigarh

Chd. College of Architecture, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012 India Tel: +91 172 2740685 Fax: +91 172 2740686 cca@chd.nic.in

- 56 -

VII (b) Texts relating to protective desig-nation, copies of property managementplans or documented managementsysytems and extracts of other plansrelevant to the property:

See Volume I for the entire series.

The following texts and drawings/maps relating toDevelopment Controls and other protectivemeasures used currently in the nominated propertyare attached:

1. Text documents:a. The Capital of Punjab

(Development and Regulation) Act,1952

b. The Capital of Punjab(Development and Regulation)Building Rules, 1952

c. The Chandigarh Trees PreservationOrder, 1952

d. The Chandigarh AdvertisementControl Order, 1954

e. Le Corbusier’s ‘Edict ofChandigarh’

f. Chandigarh Heritage ConservationRegulations, 2007

2. Drawings and Maps: (Except wherechanges have been instituted, drawings andmaps listed below are the original, or faithfulcopies of the original, prepared during LeCorbusier tenure)

a. Master Plan:i) Master Plan 1964

b. Zoning Plans:i) Sector 5ii) Sector 9-Aiii) Sector 15-Biv) Sector 15-Cv) Sector 18-Bvi) Sector 19-A

c. Architectural Control Sheetsi) V2 Capitol – Jan Marg,

Sector 9 &17

ii) V2 Station – MadhyaMarg, Sector 18-B, Plans

iii) V2 Station – MadhyaMarg, Sector 18-B,Elevations & Sections

iv) V2 University – MadhyaMarg, Sector 15-A

v) V2 University – MadhyaMarg, Sector 15-B

vi) “Special Area” – Plotsalong V3, Sector 4

vii) Houses on V4viii) Shops-cum-flats on V4,

Plansix) Shops-cum-flats on V4,

Elevations & Sectionsx) Standard Design, 1-Kanal

Housesxi) Frame Control, Marla

Type Housesxii) Shop-cum-offices, City

Centre, Sector 17

VII (c) Form and date of the most recentrecords or inventory of the property:

See Volume I for the entire series.

“The Modern Historic Centre of Chandigarh,India, 1951-1965A well-catalogued collection of Le Corbusier’soriginal sketches, drawings, text documents, oldphotographs and models relating to the design andconstruction of “The Modern Historic Centre ofChandigarh” are available at the Fondation LeCorbusier.

The erstwhile Punjab Government’s Capital ProjectOffice’s collection of drawings, sketches, models,files and records about the history and developmentof Chandigarh and its buildings was passed on tothe Department of Urban Planning and theEngineering Department of ChandigarhAdministration in 1967. The archive of these twodepartments, today, contain the bulk of all such

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records, including copies of the original drawingsmade at Le Corbusier’s atelier, modificationsintroduced by Le Corbusier during his visits toChandigarh, detailed working drawings, structuraldrawings and all documents containing other detailsof construction. Due to age, many of these originalpaper documents are in a fragile condition. Anexercise in preserving this extensive collectionthrough digitization is underway.

The “Museum of Architecture”, set up in 1998,displays a small, representative collection of originalsketches, drawings, documents, photographs andmodels related to the architectural and urbanheritage of Chandigarh. In addition, it also “TheRandhawa Collection” — several text documentsrelated to the early history of the Chandigarh projectand its development upto 1967.

An exercise of preparing an inventory has been inprocess at the “Chandigarh Heritage Cell”,Chandigarh College of Architecture, since 1996. The“Chandigarh Heritage Cell” has drawn largely fromthe archives of the Fondation Le Corbusier as wellas the Urban Planning and EngineeringDepartments of Chandigarh Administration, and hascreated the most comprehensive record of all ofLe Corbusier’s art, architecture and urbanism work(both built and unrealized) in Chandigarh, as wellas an exhaustive photographic record of the same.

As already stated, a large-scale exercise ofdigitizing the records of the Department of UrbanPlanning and the Engineering Department isunderway. These will be housed in a new archivethat is being generated at the “Old Architects’ Office”,a temporary building which served as the Office ofLe Corbusier and his team till 1965. This newarchives will include records of drawings, sketches,photographs, letters, etc. and act as an extensionof the existing Museum of Architecture.

VII (d) Address where inventory, recordsand archives are held:

See Volume I for the entire series.

The Modern Historic Centre of Chandigarh,India, 1951-1965

1. Fondation Le Corbusier,8-10 square du Docteur Blanche,75016 – Paris, FranceTelephone: 01 42 88 41 53Web: http://www.fondationlecorbusier.fr

2. Office of the Chief Architect, ChandigarhAdministration,Department of Urban Planning,U.T. Secretariat, Deluxe Building,Sector 9-D,Chandigarh 160012, IndiaTelephone: +91 172 2740260Web: http://www.chandigarh.nic.in

3. Office of the Chief Engineer, ChandigarhAdministration,Engineering Department,U.T. Secretariat, Deluxe Building,Sector 9-D,Chandigarh 160010, IndiaTelephone: +91 172 2740029Web: http://www.chandigarh.nic.in

4. Museum of Architecture,(Next to Government Museum and ArtGallery),Sector 10-C,Chandigarh 160010, IndiaTelephone: +91 172 2740261Web: http://www.chandigarh.nic.in

5. Chandigarh Heritage Cell,Chandigarh College of Architecture,Sector 12,Chandigarh 160012, IndiaTelephone: +91 172 2740572Web: http://www.cca.nic.in

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6. Chandigarh Archives (Under process ofbeing set up),Old Architects’ Office,Madhya Marg, Sector 19-B,Chandigarh 160019India

VII (e) Bibliography:See Volume I for the entire series.

The Modern Historic Centre of Chandigarh, India,1951-1965In addition to the large number of unpublishedsources, official files of the Department of UrbanPlanning, Chandigarh Administration and newreports and articles published in The Tribune, themajor sources of information are as under:CORBUSIER, Le, Le Corbusier Sketchbooks, Vols.1- 4, Pref. André Wogensky ; Intro. Maurice Besset ;Notes Françoise de Franclieu, New York andCambridge, MA, The Architectural HistoryFoundation and MIT Press, in collaboration with theFondation Le Corbusier, 1981.“Chandigarh Revisted –II”, The Indian Architect,September 1983, pp. 200-203.DREW, Jane, “Sector 22”, Marg, Vol. XV, No. 1,Dec. 1961, pp. 22-25.LAMBA, N.S., “Industrial Area”, Marg, Vol. XV, No.1, Dec. 1961, p.47.“Report of the Seminar”, Seminar on Architecture –March 1959 – Inaugurated by Shri Jawaharlal Nehru,Prime Minister of India, New Delhi, Lalit KalaAkademi, 1959, pp. 10-11.CORBUSIER, Le, “Urbanism”, Marg, June 1953, p.10.DREW, Jane, “On the Chandigarh Scheme”, Marg,Vol. 6, No. 4, 1953, pp. 19-25.“Chandigarh Revisited: Sector SeventeenAnanlysed”, The Indian Architect, July/August 1983,pp. 177-181.“The Changing Face of Chandigarh”, Design, Vol.VII, no. 7, pp. 81-91.“The Open Hand”, Architecture in India, Paris, ElectaMoniteur, 1985, pp. 103-104.

BAGGA, Sangeeta Mehta, “Chandigarh Revisited:Cultural Challenges of a City of Modernity”,Conference proceedings: Nation, City, and Place:Rethinking Nationalism, Melbourne, 2006. BAGGA, Sangeeta Mehta, “Ecological Landscapeof a Planned Modern City-Chandigarh”, inLandscapes of Water, ed. Atillio Petrucioli, Vol. II,Politechnico Di Bari-Facolta Di Architecttura, Italy,2002, pp. 330-342.BAGGA, Sangeeta Mehta, “Identifiable CityStructure through Reordered Open Space Matrix-case Chandigarh”, in Celebrating Chandigarh, ed.Jaspreet Takhar, Chandigarh, ChandigarhPerspectives, 2001, pp.318 -321.BAGGA, Sangeeta Mehta, “The Reception of Post-Modernism in Chandigarh: Its Changing ResidentialLandscape”, Proceedings of 4th mAAN InternationalConference, Shanghai, 2004, pp. 300-310.BAHGA, Sarbjit and Surinder Bahga, Le Corbusierand Pierre Jeanneret: Footprints on the Sands ofIndian Architecture, New Delhi, Galgotia PublishingCompany, 2000.BAKSHI, Inderjit Singh, Ed., Aesthetic Legislation:Documentation of Urban Controls in Chandigarh(1951-2001), Chandigarh, Chandigarh College ofArchitecture, 2002.BESSET, Maurice, Le Corbusier, London, TheArchitectural Press, 1987.BHATT, Vikram and Peter Scriver, After the Masters:Contemporary Indian Architecture, Ahmedabad,Mapin Publications, 1990.CASCIATO, Maristella and Stanislaus von Moos,eds., Twilight of the Plan: Chandigarh and Brasilia,Mendrisio, Mendrisio Academy press, 2007.CASCIATO, Maristella, Ed., Le Corbusier andChandigarh - Ritratto di una citta moderna, Rome,Edizioni Kappa, 2003.Chandigarh Informograph, Pref. Inderjit SinghBakshi, Chandigarh, Chandigarh College ofArchitecture, 1999.Chandigarh: Forty Years after Le Corbusier, ANQDocument, Amsterdam, Guus Kemme, 1991.Chandigarh: La Ville Indienne De Le Corbusier –Le Capitole, une œuvre inachevée…, ville deBoulogne-Billancourt, Musée des Années 30 andParis, Somogy éditions d’art, 2002.

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Chandigarh: Le Corbusier and After, Proceedingsof Seminar organized by ChandigarhAdministration, February 1989.CHANDRA, Bipin, Mridula Mukherjee, et al. India’sStruggle for Independence. New Delhi: PenguinBooks, 1989.CHANDRA, Bipan, Mridula Mukherjee and AdityaMukherjee. India After Independence 1947–2000.New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2000.CHATTERJI, Malay, “The Evolution ofContemporary Indian Architecture”, Architecture inIndia, Paris, Electa Moniteur, 1985, pp. 124-172.Chowdhury, U.E., “Construction en pays chauds –Inde: Chandigarh”, L’Architecture d’aujourd’hui, No.67, October 1956, pp. 172-97.Chowdhury, U.E., “Corbu in India”, ArchitecturalForum, Vol. 106, April 1957, pp. 142-47.Chowdhury, U.E., “High Cost Housing andInteriors”, Marg, Vol. XV, No. 1, December 1961,p.28.CHOWDHURY, U.E., “Le Corbusier in Chandigarh:Creator and Generator”, Architectural Design, Vol.135, Oct. 1965, pp. 504-13.CHOWDHURY, U.E., “Punjab’s New Capital”, TheHindustan Times – Chandigarh Supplement, NewDelhi, October 7, 1953.CHOWDHURY, U.E., “Recent works of PierreJeanneret”, Progressive Architecture, Vol. 45, Feb.1964, pp.148-153.Construction of a New Capital at Chandigarh,Punjab Government Project Report, u.d.CORBUSIER, Le, “1. The Master Plan, 2. TheCapitol”, Marg, Vol. XV, No. 1, December 1961,pp. 5 -19.CORBUSIER, Le, “Chandigarh – The New Capitalof the Punjab”, The Architect and Building News,Vol. 204, Nov. 26, 1953, pp. 669-671.CORBUSIER, Le, “Chandigarh – Ville Radieuse desIndes”, L’Architecture d’aujourd’hui, Vol. 22, Feb.-Mar. 1953, pp. 102-03.CORBUSIER, Le, “Chandigarh: The New AssemblyBuilding”, Design Annual, Vol. 6, July 1962, pp.109 - 14.CORBUSIER, Le, “Chandigarh: The Secretariat, theAssembly Building, the Civic Centre”, Architectural

Design,, Vol. 31, Feb. 1961, pp. 60-63.CORBUSIER, Le, “Notes on Town Planning”, Marg,Vol. 6, No. 3, 1953.CORBUSIER, Le, For the Establishment of anImmediate Statute of the Land, Chandigarh, 17December, 1959.CORBUSIER, Le, Last Works, Ed. Willy Boesiger;Tr. Henry A. Frey, London, Thames and Hudson,1970.CORBUSIER, Le, Le Corbusier Archives I – XXXII,Intro Maurice Besset, New York and London,Garland ; Paris, Fondation Le Corbusier, 1983.CORBUSIER, Le, Œuvre Complète 1946-52, Ed.Willy Boesiger; Tr. William B. Gleckman, Zurich,Verlag für Architektur (Artemis), 1953.CORBUSIER, Le, Œuvre Complète 1952-57, Ed.Willy Boesiger; Tr. William B. Gleckman, Zurich,Verlag für Architektur (Artemis), 1958.CORBUSIER, Le, Œuvre Complète 1957-65, Ed.Willy Boesiger; Tr. William B. Gleckman, Zurich,Verlag für Architektur (Artemis), 1966.CORBUSIER, Le, The Three HumanEstablishments, Tr. Eulie Chowdhury, Chandigarh,Government of Punjab, 1976.CORREA, Charles, “Chandigarh: The View fromBenaras”, in Le Corbusier, ed. Allen H. Brooks,Priceton, Princeton University Press, 1987, pp. 197-202.CORREA, Charles, “The Assembly, Chandigarh”,Architectural Review, Vol. 135, June 1964, pp. 404-12.CURTIS, William J.R., “The Ancient in the Modern”,Architecture in India, Paris, Electa Moniteur, 1985,pp. 81-90.CURTIS, William J.R., Le Corbusier: Ideas andForms, New York, Rizzoli, 1986.CURTIS, William J.R., Modern Architecture Since1900, Oxford, Phaidon, 1982.D’SOUZA, Victor, S., “People Prevail Over Plan”,Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. IX, No. 38,Sept. 18, 1976, pp. 1526-1528.DHAR, D.N., “Current Trends in Indian ArchitectureToday”, Journal of the Indian Institute of Architects,Vol. 20, No. 3, July-Sept. 1954, pp.9-10.

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DOSHI, Balkrishna, “Modern Movement in India”,Back From Utopia: The Challenge of the ModernMovement, Eds. Hubert-Jan Henket and HildeHeynen, Rotterdam, 010 Publishers, 2002, pp.190-197.DOSHI, Balkrishna, Le Corbusier and Louis I Kahn:the Acrobat and the Yogi in Architecture,Ahmedabad, VAstu Shilpa Foundation, 1992.DREW, Jane, “Capital City Project”, Architects YearBook, London, Elek Books Ltd., 1953, pp. 56-63.DREW, Jane, “Le Corbusier as I Knew Him”, TheOpen Hand: Essays on Le Corbusier, ed. RusselWalden, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 1977, pp.364-373.DREW, Jane, “Sector 22 – Chandigarh”, Urban andRural Planning Thought, Volume 12, No. 1, January1959, pp. 126-131DUNNET, James, “Le Corbusier and the city withoutstreets”, The Modern City Revisited, Ed., ThomasDeckker, London and New York, Spon Press, 2000,pp. 56-79.EVENSON, Norma), The Indian Metropolis: TheView towards the West, Delhi, Oxford UniversityPress, 1989.EVENSON, Norma, Chandigarh, Berkeley,California Architectural Press, 1966.FRAMPTON, Kenneth and Rahul Mehrotra (eds.).World Architecture – A Critical Mosaic 1900–2000Vol. 8 South Asia. New York: Springer-Verlag WienNew York, 2000.FRAMPTON, Kenneth, Modern Architecture – ACritical History, New York, Thames and Hudson,Ltd., London, 1992.FRY, E Maxwell and DREW, Jane Beverly, Townand Country Planning Summer School, Preparatorypaper ‘Planning and Development of Chandigarh’,Cambridge, 1963.p.5.FRY, E. Maxwell, “Chandigarh – Birth of a Capital”,The Hindustan Times – Chandigarh Supplement,New Delhi, Oct. 7, 1953.FRY, E. Maxwell, “Chandigarh – New Capital City”,Architectural Record, June 1955, pp. 139-148.FRY, E. Maxwell, “Chandigarh – The Capital of EastPunjab”, RIBA, 3rd ser., Vol. 62, No. 3, Jan. 1955,pp. 87-97.

FRY, E. Maxwell, “Chandigarh Architecture”, Urbanand Rural Planning Thought, 11 (Oct. 1959), pp.117-127.FRY, E. Maxwell, “Chandigarh: A New Town in India”,Town and Country Planning, vol.21. no. 109, 1953,p.21.FRY, E. Maxwell, “Houses at Chandigarh, India”,Architects’ Journal, Vo. 119, Feb. 4, 1954, pp. 159-168.FRY, E. Maxwell, “Le Corbusier at Chandigarh,” TheOpen Hand: Essays on Le Corbusier, ed. RusselWalden, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 1977, pp.350-363.FRY, E. Maxwell, “Problems of a City Builder”,Sunday Statesman, New Delhi, May 6, 1951.FRY, E. Maxwell, “Problems of ChandigarhArchitecture,” Marg, Vol. XV, No. 1, December 1961,p. 28.FRY, E. Maxwell, with Jane Drew, “Planning andDevelopment of Chandigarh”, advance proof of thepaper presented at the Town and Country Planningsummer School, Overseas Section, Cambridge,Augusts 1963.FUTAGAWA, Yukio, Ed., Text by TakamasaYosizaka, Global Architecture (G.A.) Vol. 30: LeCorbusier: Chandigarh, The New Capital of India.1951 —, Tokyo, A.D.A. Edita.GANS, Deborah, The Le Corbusier Guide,(Introductory Note by Alan Plattus), New York,Princeton Architectural Press, 2000.GAST, Klaus-Peter, Le Corbusier: Paris –Chandigarh, Basel – Berlin - Boston, Birkhäuser,2000.GOPALKRISHAN, S., Inner Spaces Outer Spaces:A Thematic Atlas of Chandigarh, ChandigarhPerspectives, 1999.GORDON, Kris and Kist Kilian, “Cahndigarh FortyYears after Le Corbusier”, Architectura & NaturaQuarterly, Amsterdam, 1990.Government of India, Ministry of External Affairs,“Chandigarh – The New Capital of the Punjab”, TheArchitect and Building News, 26 November 1953,pp. 669-671.GROVER, Satish, Building Beyond Borders: Storyof Contemporary Indian Architecture, National BookTrust. New Delhi, India, 1995.

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GUPTA, S.P., The Chandigarh: An Overview,Chandigarh, ESS Pee Publication, 2005.GUPTA, Sehdev K., “A Study of SociologicalIssues in Chandigarh”, Ekistics, Vol. 39, No. 235,June 1975, pp. 411- 416.HENKET, Hubert-Jan & HEYDEN Hilde, Back fromUtopia: The Challenge of the Modern Movement,(ed) 010Publishers, Rotterdam, 2002.HURTT, Steven, “Le Corbusier – Symbolic Themesat Chandigarh”, in Celebrating Chandigarh, ed.Jaspreet Takhar, Chandigarh, ChandigarhPerspectives, 2001, pp. 305- 317.JEANNERET, Pierre, “City of Tomorrow”, HindustanTimes- Chandigarh Supplement, New Delhi, Oct.7, 1953.JEANNERET, Pierre, “Houses at Chandigarh”,Architects’ Journal, Vol. 119, Feb. 4, 1954, pp.159- 168.JEANNERET, Pierre, “The Changing Face ofChandigarh”, Design Annual, Vol. 7, July 1963, pp.81-100.JENCKS, Charles, “The Legacy”, Proceedings of‘Celebrating Chandigarh – 50 years of the Idea’,Chandigarh, Chandigarh Perspectives, January1999JENGER, Jean, and Roger Aujame, “A DoubleLesson in Gratitude: To a State and to anArchitecture”, Architecture in India, Paris, ElectaMoniteur, 1985, pp.70-80.JOSHI, Kiran, “Icon of The Modern Movement inIndia”, Le Corbusier and Chandigarh: Ritratto diuna citta moderna, ed. Maristella Casciato, Rome,Edizioni Kappa, 2003, pp. 83-98.JOSHI, Kiran, “The Reception of ModernMovement Architecture and its Aesthetic Control”,Le Corbusier and Chandigarh: Ritratto di una cittamoderna, ed. Maristella Casciato, Rome, EdizioniKappa, 2003, pp. 139-153.JOSHI, Kiran (Ed.), Corbusier’s Concrete:Challenges of Conserving Modern Heritage,Chandigarh, Chandigarh Perspectives, 2005.JOSHI, Kiran, “Birth and Evolution of a ModernCity in India”, Le Corbusier and Chandigarh: Ritrattodi una citta moderna, ed. Maristella Casciato,Rome, Edizioni Kappa, 2003, pp. 55-66.

JOSHI, Kiran, “Chandigarh and Le Corbusier – TheIcon and the Architect”, Le Corbusier Art andArchitecture – A Life of Creativity, Tokyo, Mori ArtMuseum, 2007.JOSHI, Kiran, “Conservation in Chandigarh:Prospects and Issues”, Proceedings of IIA-UIAInternational Meet on Architectural Heritage,Aurangabad, 1998.JOSHI, Kiran, “Conserving Modern Heritage,Concrete and Chandigarh” in Architecture + Design(A + D), Vol XXII, No. 11, November 2005, NewDelhi.JOSHI, Kiran, “Rediscovering Chandigarh” in Folio,The Hindu, August 1999.JOSHI, Kiran, Documenting Chandigarh –The IndianArchitecture of Pierre Jeanneret, Edwin MaxwellFry and Jane Beverley Drew. Vol.1. Mapin, India,Chandigarh College of Architecture, Chandigarh1999.JOSHI, Kiran, Le Corbusier ’s Tapestries forChandigarh, Chandigarh, Chandigarh Perspectives,2005.KALIA, Ravi, Chandigarh: The Making of an IndianCity, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1999.KHAN, Hasan Uddin, International Style- ModernistArchitecture 1925-1965, Italy, Taschen (Series EditorPhilip Jodidio), 2002.KHOSLA, Romi, “Current Architecture in India”,Mimar, 41 (December): Vol.20, No.5. 1991.KING, Anthony D, Urbanism, Colonialism and theWorld Economy, Routledge, London 1990.KING, Anthony D., Colonial Urban Development,Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, Boston, 1976.KISHO, Kuokawa, “Urbanist Le Corbusier”, LeCorbusier Art and Architecture – A Life of Creativity,Tr. Julian Worrall, Tokyo, Mori Art Museum, 2007.KOENIGSBERGER, Otto, “Chandigarh – the Firstand the Revised Projects”, Marg, Vol. 6, No. 4,1953, pp. 24-25.KOENIGSBERGER, Otto, “New Towns in India”,Town Planning Review, Vol. 23, No. 2, July 1952,pp. 92 - 132.KRUSTRUP, Mogens, Porte Email/Emaljeporten/La porte émaillée/ The enamel door : Le Corbusier,Palais de l’Assemblée de Chandigarh, Kobenhavn,Arkitektens Forlag, 1991.

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LAMBA, N.S., “Emerging Capitals and New Towns”,Journal of Institute of Town Planners, No. 63, June1971.LANG Jon, A Concise History of ModernArchitecture In India, New Delhi, Permanent Black,2002.LANG, Jon, Madhavi Desai and Miki Desai.Architecture and Independence – The Search forIdentity – India 1880–1980. Delhi: Oxford UniversityPress, 1997.Le Corbusier : La Ville, L’Urbanisme – Rencontresdes 9 et 10 Juin 1995, Paris, Fondation le Corbusier,1995.Le Corbusier: Œuvre Tissé, Pref. François Mathey,Intro. Annick Davy and Martine Mathias, Paris,Philippe Sers Editeur, 1987.LOCHAN, Rajiv, with Meeta LOCHAN, KavitaSHARMA , Chitleen, K. SETHI, ChandigarhLifescape — A Brief Social History of a PlannedCity, Chandigarh, Chandigarh Perspectives, 1999.MAYER, Albert, “New Capital of Punjab”, TheJournal of the American Institute of Architects, 14(4), 1950, pp. 166-75.MEHROTRA, Rahul, World Architecture 1900-2000:A critical Mosaic, Volume 6, South Asia,SpringerWien New York, China Architecture Press,2000.MIDHA, S.K., “Past, Present and Future”,Chandigarh Plus, The Times of India, Aug. 14, 1997.MIDHA, S.K., Chandigarh: Existing Scenario –Original Plan and Changes Therein, Aug. 1998, n.p.MOOS, Stanislaus von, “The Politics of the OpenHand: Notes on Le Corbusier and Nehru atChandigarh”, The Open Hand: Essays on LeCorbusier, ed. Russel Walden, Cambridge, MA,MIT Press, 1977, pp.412-457.MOULIS, Antony, “Le Corbusier, The MuseumProjects and the Spiral Figured Plan”, in CelebratingChandigarh, ed. Jaspreet Takhar, Chandigarh,Chandigarh Perspectives, 2001, pp. 348 - 362.MUMFORD, Eric, The CIAM Discourse on Urbanism1928-1960, MIT Press, Cambridge 2000.MUMFORD, Lewis, Nowiscki’s Work in India’,Architectural Record 116 (3): 153-9., 1954.NEHRU, Jawaharlal, “Inaugural Address”, Seminaron Architecture –March 1959 – Inaugurated by Shri

Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of India, NewDelhi, Lalit Kala Akademi, 1959, pp. 5-9.NEHRU, Jawaharlal, “Mr. Nehru on Architecture”,Urban and Rural Planning Thought, Vol 2, No. 2,April 1959, pp.46-49.NILSSON, Sten A., The New Capitals of India,Pakistan and Bangladesh, Tr. ElisabethAndreasson, London and Malmo, Curzon PressLtd., 1973.PANDIT, Sneh, Chandigarh, Chandigarh, SterlingPrinters, 1969.PAPILLAULT, Rémi, “Temporal Dimensions in theUrban Projects of Le Corbusier”, in CelebratingChandigarh, ed. Jaspreet Takhar, Chandigarh,Chandigarh Perspectives, 2001, pp. 322-330.PAPILLAULT, Rémi, Portrait de Ville: Chandigarh,Paris, Cité de l’architecure et du patriomoine, 2007.PERERA, Nihal, “Competing Imaginations: Theauthorship of the Chandigarh Plan”, Architecture +Design, Vol. XXII, No. 1, January 2005, pp.38-46.PEREZ DE ARCE, Rodrigo, “The Re-urbanizationof Chandigarh: A Critical Fantasy”, Architecture +Design, Vol. 3, No. 6, Sept.-Oct. 1987, pp. 38-41Physical Planning and Development of a GreaterChandigarh Urban Complex, ChandigarhAdministration, August 1998, u.p.PICARD, Dominique, “A Few Notes on Chandigarh”,Architecture in India, Paris, Electa Moniteur, 1985.PRABHAWALKER, A.R., “The City Centre”, Marg,vol.15, no.1, December 1961, p.55PRAKASH, Aditya, “Architectural Controls, Shops,Flats, etc…”, Marg, vol. 15, no. 1, December 1961,p.40.PRAKASH, Aditya, “Civic Design: The CityBeautiful”, Seminar on Architecture –March 1959 –Inaugurated by Shri Jawaharlal Nehru, PrimeMinister of India, New Delhi, Lalit Kala Akademi,1959, pp. 193-200.PRAKASH, Aditya, Vikramaditya Prakash, andNavneet Saxena (Photos), Chandigarh: The CityBeautiful, Chandigarh, Abhishek Publications, 1999.PRAKASH, Ved, New Towns in India, MonographNo. 8, Monographs and Occasional Paper Series,Durham, N.C., Duke University, 1969.PRAKASH, Vikramaditya, Chandigarh’s LeCorbusier: The Struggle for Modernity in Post-

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Colonial India, Ahmedabad, Mapin Publishing,2002.PRASAD, Sunand, “Le Corbusier in India”,Architecture + Design, Vol. 3, No. 6, Sept.-Oct.1987, pp.14-19.RANDHAWA, M.S., “Green City against Blue Hills”,The Hindustan Times – Chandigarh Supplement,New Delhi, Oct. 1953.RANDHAWA, M.S., “Landscape and Gardening”,Marg, Vol. XV, no. 1, December 1961, p.28.REWAL, Raj, “The Relevance of Tradition in IndianArchitecture”, Architecture in India, Paris, ElectaMoniteur, 1985, pp.12-23.RIBIERO, E.F.N., Draft plan for ’Chandigarh Inter-state Metropolitan Region – 2021’, prepared forChandigarh Administration, 2001.RIBOULET, Pierre, “Concerning the Compositionof the Capitol at Chandigarh”, Architecture in India,Paris, Electa Moniteur, 1985, pp. 91-98.SABHIKI, Ranjit, “The City of the Future”, Architecture+ Design, Vol. 3, No. 6, Sept.-Oct. 1987, pp.42-45.SAGAR, Jagdish, “Revisiting Chandigarh”, Backfrom Utopia: The Challenge of the ModernMovement, Eds. Hubert-Jan Henket and HildeHeynen, Rotterdam, 010 Publishers, 2002, pp.368-375.SARIN, Madhu, Urban Planning in the Third World.Alexandrine Press, Oxford, 1982.SCHMETZER, Hartmut, Patrick I. Wakely andSehdev Kumar Gupta, “Chandigarh”, ArchitecturalDesign, Vol. XLIV, 6, 1974, pp. 349 – 368.SERENYI, Peter, “Timeless but of its Time: LeCorbusier’s Architecture in India”, ArchitecturalDesign, (Special Issue “Drawings from the LeCorbusier Archive”, guest ed., Alexander Tzonis),Vol. 55, July-August 1985, pp. 55-87.SHARMA, Ram, “the Search for Roots andRelevance”, Architecture in India, Paris, ElectaMoniteur, 1985, pp. 112-123.SINGH, Chhattar, Rajnish Wattas and Harjit SinghDhillon, Trees of Chandigarh, Chandigarh,Department of Environment, ChandigarhAdministration; Delhi, B.R.Publishing Corporation,1998.

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CHAPTER 8

CONTACT INFORMATION OFRESPONSIBLE AUTHORITIES

CHAPTER 8Contact Information ofResponsible Authorities

VII (a.1) Preparer -- The Institutions:Name:

Title:

Address:City, Province/State, Country:Tel:Fax:E-mail:

Name:

Title:

Address:City, Province/State, Country:Tel:Fax:E-mail:

Ministry of Culture, Government ofIndiaDirector-General, ArchaeologicalSurvey of India,Janpath,New Delhi 110011,India+91 11 23013574+91 11 23019487dgasi@vsnl.net

Department of Tourism,Chandigarh Administration1. Krishna Mohan, HomeSecretary-cum-Secretary Tourism;2. Vivek Atray, Director PublicRelations and TourismU.T.Secretariat, Deluxe Building,Sector 9-DChandigarh 160010, India+91 172 2740008, 2740056+91 172 2740337hs@utchd.nic.in, dt@utchd.nic.in

VII (a.2) Preparer -- Expert responsible for preparation of the dossier:

Kiran JoshiProfessor, Chandigarh College ofArchitecture & Nodal Officer,Chandigarh Heritage Project403, Sector 35-AChandigarh 160022India+91 172 2605098, 9814636529kiranjoshi2020@yahoo.com

Name:Title:

Address:City, Province/State, CountryTel.E-mail:

VII (b) Official Local Institution/Agency:

1. Archaeological Survey of India,Ministry of Culture, Government of India,Janpath,New Delhi 110011, IndiaTel: +91 11 23013574Fax: +91 11 23019487E-mail: dgasi@vsnl.net

2. Department of Tourism,U.T. Secretariat, Deluxe Building,Sector 9-D,Chandigarh 160010, IndiaTel: +91 172 2740008, 2740056Fax: +91 172 2740337, +91 172E-mail: hs@utchd.nic.in, dt@utchd.nic.in

VII (c) Other Local Institutions:1. Finance Secretary-cum-Secretary Urban

Planning and Engineering, U.T. Secretariat,Deluxe Building, Sector 9-D, Chandigarh160010, India

2. Chief Architect, Department of Urban Planning,U.T. Secretariat, Deluxe Building, Sector 9-D,Chandigarh 160010, India

3. Principal, Chandigarh College of Architecture,Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India

4. Director, Government Museum and Art Galleryand Architecture Museum, Sector 10-C,Chandigarh 160010, India

VII (d) Official Web Address:1. Existing websites:

a. chandigarh.nic.inb. http:// chandigarhtourism.gov.in

Contact names:Mr. Krishna Mohan, Home Secretary -cum - SecretaryTourisme-mail: hs@chdut.nic.in

Mr. Vivek Atray, Director Tourisme-mail: dtour@chd.nic.in

2. Another website being launched shortlyfor promotion of the nominated property.

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Signature on behalf of the State Party

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Department of TourismChandigarh Administration

Chandigarh