AP and AdvP

PRACTICE CLASS #4 (#52012-03-20/21

First, let’s really…

…finish off ADVs and As!

SYNTACTIC FUNCTION OF ADVERBS (pg. 99)

SYNTACTIC FUNCTION OF ADVERBS

INDEPENDENTDEPENDENT (PART

OF OTHER PHRASES)

ADVERBIAL:He speaks slowly.

MODIFIER:extremely slowvery slowlyrather a messstraight through the wallover ten victims

COMPLEMENT OF PREPOSITION:over heretill thenfrom inside

INDEPENDENT ADVERBS = ADVERBIALS

ADVERBIALS

INTEGRATED into the CLAUSE STRUCTURE

Primarily NON-LINKING:

Provide speaker’s comment

PERIPHERAL in the CLAUSE STRUCTURE

Primarily LINKING:

connect sentences

DISJUNCTS CONJUNCTS

ADJUNCTS

PAGE 108 – exercise 13 (a-k)

DISJUNCTModifier of AdvP /ADJUNCT

CONJUNCT

Modifier of NPModifier of PP

Modifier of APADJUNCTADJUNCT

Modifier of AP

Modifier of APModifier of NP

PAGE 108 – exercise 13 (l-q)

Modifier of PPDISJUNCT Modifier of AP

Modifier of APModifier of NP (sich [lovely weather]) or Modifier of AP ([such lovely] weather)

ADJUNCT / Modifier of NP

Modifier of AP

PP

PRACTICE CLASS #42012-03-20/21

Today …

WE MEET PPs…

PP=Project Plan

PP = Parcel Post

PP = Privacy Policy

PP = Prepositional

Phrase

THE PP – its formThe PP typically consists of a prepositional head followed by

an NP as its complement:PP=P+NP e.g. [PPin [NPa village] ]

however, the complement of the preposition is not always an NP, the prepositional complements can also be a FINITE WH-CLAUSE, NON-FINITE -ING CLAUSE or an ADVERB:

PP=P+Clause e.g. [PPfrom [Clausewhat you wrote] ]

PP=P+Clause e.g. [PPat [Clausereading her novel] ]

PP=P+Adv e.g. [PPfor [Advever] ]

THE PP – its function

FUNCTIONS OF THE PP

INDEPENDENT i.e. it’s a sentence element DEPENDENT /

PARTS OF OTHER PHRASES

PARTICLES OF PHRASAL VERBS

THE PP – its function: independent

PP has an independent function in the sentence

ADVERBIAL

Cs / Co

SUBJECT (rarely)

ADJUNCT:He lives in a village.CONJUNCT:In a nutshell, she’s OK.DISJUNCT:To my surprise , she’s OK.

Cs (subject complement):The play is by Webster.The fence is of wood.

Co (object complement):I consider them at great risk.

SUBJECT:In love is how I want to feel.In my house is where I want to be.

THE PP – its function: dependentPP is a part of another

phrase

PART OF NP

PART OF AP

[ the girl with the funny red hat ]

[ the man in the raincoat ]

[ the book on the table ]

[ grateful for your help]

[ suitable for the job ]

[ complex beyond our expectations]

They can also be parts of AdvP:

He drives faster [PP than John].

page 117 – exercise 1 (a-d)

P + Cl (ing) P + NP

P + NP P + NP

P + NP

P + Cl (wh)

page 117 – exercise 1 (e-h)P + NP P + NP

P + NP

P + Cl (ing)

P + NP

page 117 – exercise 1 (i-l)P + Cl (ing)

P + NP P + NP

P + Cl (wh)

P + NP P + NP

page 117 – exercise 1 (m-p)P + Cl (ing)

P + Cl (ing)

P + NP

P + Adv

page 117 – exercise 2 (a-d)

P + NP, Co (object complement)

P + NP, adverbial, adjunct P + NP, adverbial, adjunct

P + NP, adverbial, disjunct

P + NP, adverbial, adjunct P + NP, postmodification in NP (NP=Det+N+PP)

page 117 – exercise 2 (e-h)P + NP, adverbial, adjunct

P + NP, adverbial, adjunct

P + Coordinated NP, adverbial, disjunct

P + Adv, adverbial, adjunct

P + NP, Cs (subject complement)

page 117 – exercise 2 (i-l)P + NP, Cs (subject complement)

P + NP, adverbial, adjunct

P + NP, adverbial, adjunct OR postmodification in NP (NP=Det + N + PP)

P + NP, Cs (subject complement)

page 118 – exercise 2 (m-q)P + NP, adverbial, adjunct

SAME AS: 1 H)

P + NP, postmodification in AP (AP= A + PP)

P + NP, postmodification in NP (NP= Det + N + PP)

P + NP, Co (object complement)

page 117 – exercise 1 (a-d)

P + Cl (ing), adverbial, adjunct P + NP, adverbial, adjunct

P + NP, adverbial, adjunct P + NP, adverbial, adjunct

P + NP, adverbial, adjunct

P + Cl (wh), adverbial, adjunct

page 117 – exercise 1 (e-h)P + NP, adverbial, adjunct P + NP, adverbial, adjunct

P + NP, postmodification in NP (NP=Det + N + PP)

P + Cl (ing), adverbial, adjunct

P + NP, postmodification in AP (AP=Adv + A + PP)

page 117 – exercise 1 (i-l)P + Cl (ing), adverbial, adjunct

P + NP, adverbial, adjunct BUT within the subordinate clause “When you come out of the station”

P + NP, adverbial, adjunct

P + Cl (wh), postmodification in NP (NP=Det+N+PP)

P + NP, adverbial, adjunct P + NP, postmodification in NP (NP=Det+N+PP)

page 117 – exercise 1 (m-p)P + Cl (ing), postmodification in AP (AP=A + PP)

P + Cl (ing), postmodification in NP (NP=Det + N +PP)

P + NP, adverbial, adjunct

P + Adv, adverbial, adjunct

page 119 – exercise 5 (a-e)

IN IN

AT ON OF

OFF /ON AT

AGAINST

WITH

page 119 – exercise 5 (f-i)

IN

IN

TO

BY

page 119 – exercise 6 (a-d)

PREP ADV

PREP ADV

PREP PREP

PREP

page 119 – exercise 6 (e-h)ADV

ADV

PREP

ADV

page 119 – exercise 6 (i-j)PREP ADV

PREP

CONJUNCTION

BUT – parts of speech• BUT can be a CONJUNCTION:

– It wasn’t the red skirt but the blue one.– By the end of the day we were tired but happy.– I am sorry but I can’t stay any longer.– I had no choice but to sign the contract.

• BUT can be an ADVERB:– There were a lot of celebrities there: Tom Cruise and Angelina Jolie, to

name but two.• BUT can be a NOUN:

– With so many ifs and buts, it is better to wait.• BUT can be a PREPOSITON:

– The problem was anything but easy.– Everyone was there but him.– I came last but one in the race. (next to last)

BASIC PREPOSITIONAL MEANINGS

PREPOSITIONAL MEANINGS

SPACE

TIME

PROCESSCONTINGENCY

OTHER MEANINGS

SPACEPrepositions denoting spatial relations can be classified into several subgroups on the

basis of two criteria:

TYPE OF REFERENCE POINT

STATIC OR DYNAMIC POSITION

Type of reference point:

TIME

PROCESS

CONTINGENCY

OTHER MEANINGS

page 118 – exercise 4 (a-e)

TIME: location TIME: location

SPACE: surface, direction SPACE: location, point

SPACE: point, direction

SPACE: point, direction (destination)

SPACE: surface, location

SPACE: surface, direction

page 118 – exercise 4 (f-j)

CONTINGENCY: purpose, goal

CONTINGENCY: purpose, goal

SPACE: area, direction

CONTINGENCY: purpose, goal SPACE: location, point

TIME: metaphorical extension of the meaning of space

page 118 – exercise 4 (k-o)

SPACE: surface, passage

SPACE: line, location, relative position

SPACE: metaphorical extension of space

PROCESS: instrument

PROCESS: instrument

page 119 – exercise 4 (p-t)CONTINGENCY: cause, reason PROCESS: agent

TIME: location PROCESS: manner

PROCESS: manner

CONTINGENCY: condition

OTHER: respect

CONTINGENCY: concession

THE ENDThank you for your time!