AP BIOLOGY 12 LABSWhat is the main concept of each lab?

LAB 1: DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS

Semi-permeable membrane Must be small enough to fit through pores

Transport proteins Active transport Glucose/Starch/Iodine

6 varying M of solutions placed in distilled water

1 piece of potato placed in 6 varying solutions

% change = Final-initial/initial x 100

LAB 2: ENZYMES

Speeds up reactions 2H2O2 O2 + 2H2O

Catalase speeds up

This lab measured the rate (what else to measure?) Disappearance of substrates or appearance of

products Normally will have a maximum rate when all enzymes

working Stopped enzyme by using acid to denature

Could use salinity or temp Disrupts 4*, 3* or 2* bonds, esp the active site

KMNO4 was an indicator pink meant no more H2O2

LAB 3: MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS Onion root cells b/c dividing rapidly

(div/elong/maturation, meristem, etc) Counted # of cells to determine longest part of cell

cycle Interphase (G1, S, G2) vs. Mitosis (PMAT) and Cyotkinesis

Meiosis = reduce chromosome # and increase variation Sordaria = fungi with sexual spores that show c.o. Measure rates by comparing %

LAB 4: PIGMENTS AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS Pigments = proteins that use light

energy to excited e- Primary = chlorophyll a/b Secondary = accessory = carotenoids

= beta carotene and xanthophyll Separate using chromatography (paper

and solvent, gas) Physical properties such as size, mass,

polarity Rf value = distance pigment/ distance

solvent Light rxns = capturing of light energy

into electron carriers to be used to fix carbon Normally NADP, substitute DPIP (must

be more…) Measure effect if (no light, boiled,

combinations) Heat sink to remove light Spectrophotometer measures light

passing through DPIP becomes more clear as it gets reduced

LAB 5: RESPIRATION

In PEAS!! Dry, germinating, beads

C6H12O6 + 602 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Measure consumption or production

Respirometer KOH removes CO2

Gas laws PV=nRT Loss of gas means decreased pressure

water moved in

Don’t forget anaerobic

LAB 6: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Transformation

Taking up of foreign genes into host (bacteria) Requires restriction enzymes to cleave DNA, ligase to

reseal Source = bacterial protection from invading viruses

Use same restriction enzyme Need vector (plasmid)

Heat shock to get plasmid in, CaCl2 to attract Grow on restrictive media to test

Gel Electrophoresis Compare DNA samples (could require PCR if sample is small)

Enzymes cut at sites that are unique RFLPs Separate based on size using gel with pores Use electricity as force Buffer to prevent damage

LAB 7: GENETICS

Examine offspring to determine pattern of inheritance Dom/rec, Codom, Incompl, Sex-linked,

Multiple Alleles P1, F1, F2

Make predicitions Red x white (two options) Red x red

Are you statistically correct?

LAB 8: EVOLUTION

Is evolution occuring? Hardy-Weinberg p+q = 1, p2+2pq+q2=1 Are allele values staying constant? Also help determine % of genotypes

If occuring: Gene flow, gene drift, natural selection,

mutation, non-random mating H-W’s conditions

Heterozygote Advantage “a” never disappears

Black is recessive to pink. Can you count the # of recessive alleles?

Lab 9: Transpiration Structures and Adaptations

Lab 10: Circulatory Different heart rates and bp PQRS wave Ecto/Endo

Lab 11: Animal Behavior Innate vs. Learned Design Experiment

Lab 12: Dissolved Oxygen and Primary Production DO varies according to temp, other dissolved nutrients Represents biological processes (photo and resp)

Photo = produce O2 and produce food = primary productivity Gross (amount available + whatever was consumed) Net (amount available) Light, existing, dark

Graphing!! Good titles, Good labels, Good units Extrapolation of data

Design Control, limited variable, designated IV, DV Prediction of data