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Empire and
Expansion
1890-1909
American Pageant
Chapter 27
The Imperialist Tailor
CAUSES OF AMERICAN IMPERIALISM
1. Need for foreign markets
2. Yellow Journalism
3. Missionaries
4. International Darwinism
5. Jingoism
6. Growth of Navy
7. International Plundering of Africa and Asia
8. Example set by Colonial Nations
9. Fear of losing out
10. Americans were bruising for war- aggressive attitude
Commercial/Business Interests
U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908
American Foreign Trade: 1870-1914
Commercial/Business Interests
Religious/Missionary Interests
American Missionaries
in China, 1905
AMERICAN ATTITUDES…
Reverend Josiah Strong: Our Country: Its
Possible Future and Its Present Crisis
Theory: Anglo-Saxon
civilization is superior Need to spread
American religion and values
Social Darwinist Thinking
The White Man’s Burden The Hierarchy
of Race
AMERICAN ATTITUDES…
Theodore Roosevelt & (Massachusetts Senator):
Promoted Social Darwinism The earth belonged to the strong and fit
I.E. United States
Henry Cabot Lodge
AMERICAN ATTITUDES…
• Alfred Thayer Mahan: • The Influence of Sea Power upon History , 1660-
1783, • Control of the sea is the key to world dominance
• Stimulated a naval race, & US demand for a Panama Canal
Military/Strategic Interests
Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783
AMERICAN ATTITUDES…
• ―Big Sister‖ policy toward Latin America: • Sec. of State James G. Blaine open trade with Latin Am. Countries
• They ―should‖ rally around the US’s leadership
• Pan-American Conference, 1889 • First time all American countries met
DIPLOMATIC CRISES
DIPLOMATIC CRISES CONTINUED
HAWAII (IS AN AWESOME VACATION SPOT)
• Background: • U.S. used as a way station for shippers, sailors & whalers
• 1820--New England Missionaries
• 1840—U.S. heavy influence in Hawaii
• Pearl Harbor,1887: • US gains naval-base rights
• Annexation Attempt: • 1893-- bad economy because of McKinley Tariff
• Led to effort to be annexed by U.S. and a revolt against local rule
• Queen Liliuokalani
• Opposed annexation
• Put on house arrest
• Grover Cleveland chose not to annex Hawaii • Believed the Hawaiians had been wronged & most were against
annexation
• Hawaii is annexed in 1898 at the end of the Spanish- America War
Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani
Hawaii for the Hawaiians!
U. S. View of Hawaiians
Hawaii becomes a U.S. Protectorate in 1849 by virtue of economic treaties.
U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii
Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s
US TROOPS IN HAWAII
Iolani
Palace home of the
Monarchs
U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii
1875 – Reciprocity Treaty
1890 – McKinley Tariff
1893 – American businessmen backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani
Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.
To The Victor Belongs the Spoils
Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898
CUBANS RISE IN REVOLT
Misruled by Spain
Revolt against Spain, 1895 Rebel goals:
Destroy sugar cane fields (“scorched earth”)
Hurt Spain & draw the US into the conflict.
US has $50 million invested & trade of $100 million per year
Frederic Remington, artist Hired by William Randolph Hearst (yellow press) to go to
Cuba
“You furnish the pictures I will furnish the war”
Spanish General Valeriano (“Butcher”) Weyler, 1896 Puts rebels into reconcentration camps
About 200,000 die
Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy
De Lôme Letter Dupuy de Lôme
Spanish Ambassador to the U.S.
Criticized President McKinley as weak, and…
―a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, besides being a would-be politician who tries to leave a door open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his party.‖
America’s yellow press stirs citizens against Spain
Spanish Misrule in Cuba
“Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism
Joseph Pulitzer
William Randolph Hearst
Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war!
CUBANS RISE IN REVOLT
USS Maine , February 1898 Sent to Havana Harbor As a ―friendly visit‖ to protect and
evacuate US citizens
The Maine explodes in the Harbor Killing 260 sailors The US blames Spain ―Remember the Maine!‖ ―To [Heck]
with Spain!‖
Remember the Maine and to Hell with Spain!
Funeral for Maine victims in Havana
REASONS THE US SUPPORTED THE
REVOLUTIONARIES IN CUBA
Yellow Press (atrocity stories)
Outrage over the Spanish use of ―reconcentration‖ camps
Fear of Spanish misrule in Cuba threatened the Gulf of Mexico & route to the (future) Panama Canal
Sympathy for Cuban patriots fighting for their freedom (like US Revolution)
USS Maine
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
President McKinley: Did not want war but did not want to lose Cuba either
McKinley ask Congress for war April 11, 1898 Teller Amendment
Altruistic attempt from Congress Promise to Cuba they would be free after war
The Spanish-American War (1898): “That Splendid Little War”
How prepared was the US for war?
INVASION OF CUBA
US Navy fleet Blocks Spanish ships in Cuban harbor Superior to Spanish fleet
US realizes it needs to land soldiers to drive out Spanish U.S. army unprepared, i.e. wool uniforms in hot Cuba ―Rough Riders‖
Volunteer soldiers Recruited by Teddy Roosevelt Led by Colonel Leonard Wood Famous charge up Kettle Hill
Other key battles: El Caney & San Juan Hill
The “Rough Riders”
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
The Spanish fleet tries to make a run for it Entire fleet is sunk and 500 are killed
Puerto Rico (change #20 on handout to Puerto Rico—we will get to # 15, 17 & 19)
US General Miles—sent to take from the Spanish Native population greeted the troops as liberating heroes
Wanted same fate as Cuba—i.e. Teller Amendment
US losses 400 killed in battle– 5,000 died of disease and other causes (Cuba & US)
Pact of Paris, August 12, 1898 Armistice is signed with Spain
WAIT? WHAT? PHILIPPINES? WHAT
DOES THE PHILIPPINES HAVE TO DO
WITH THE SPANISH—AMERICAN WAR
THAT STARTED IN CUBA????
The Spanish-American War (1898): “That Splendid Little War”
BATTLE OF MANILA BAY
The Spanish also harshly control the Philippines Attack from U.S. divides focus of the Spanish Could be a gateway to Asia and trade
May 1, 1898 Commodore George Dewey takes Manila Bay
400 Spanish killed Destroyed nearly all Spanish fleet Proves American military (esp. Navy) power, but…
WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES
Admiral Dewey must wait 3 months for marines to arrive to take Manila
Emilio Aguinaldo Former Philippian rebel—exiled to China Asked by Dewey to help raise a rebel army against Spain Aguinaldo will later will turn on the US (Philippine Insurrection)
Dewey finally captures Manila August 13, 1898
Dewey Captures Manila!
Emilio Aguinaldo
Leader of the Filipino Uprising.
July 4, 1946: Philippine independence
IMPERIALIST OUTCOME OF WAR
Pact of Paris: US gains Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines Spain is given $20 million for the Philippines U.S. also annexed Hawaii during the War
Now what to do with the Philippines??? Leaving could cause…
Anarchy It to be taken over by another country
Staying could give opportunity to… ―Christianize‖ (For U.S. that meant Protestant) Civilize them
Economic factors?? U.S. chose to keep because there was no acceptable alternative to their
acquisition.)
Our “Sphere of Influence”
Anti-Imperialism League Included the presidents of Harvard & Stanford
Universities, Andrew Carnegie, Samuel Gompers & Mark Twain
Reasons: Dishonor ideals in Declaration of Independence Fear that despotism abroad might lead to despotism at
home Cost $ Potential conflict with other countries vying for Asia Filipinos wanted freedom, not colonial rule
McKinley…is He To Be a Despot?
Reasons for Imperialism Victory was so complete
Expand trade economic potential for trade with China (Manila=another Hong Kong $$$)
Manifest Destiny – idea expanded
Social Darwinism
Imperialistic competition & example
Appeal to patriotism
Puerto Rico: 1898
1900 - Foraker Act
PR became an ―unincorporated territory.‖
Citizens of PR, not of the US
Import duties on PR goods
1901-1903 The Insular Cases
Constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions.
The CONSTITUTION DID NOT FOLLOW THE FLAG
SCIENTIFIC SIDE NOTE…
Dr. Walter Reed & Colonel William Gorgas During war
Discovered mosquitoes were the cause of yellow fever
Huge medical breakthrough
Woot.
• Remember the Teller Amendment (1898)?
• Platt Amendment (1903): • Cuba:
• Could not make agreements with foreign nations if it jeopardized independence
• Must lease Guantanamo Bay to U.S. for naval & coaling station
• Must not build up excessive debt
• U.S. could intervene in Cuba to maintain an efficient, independent govt.
What about Cuban Independence?
Senator Orville Platt
FILIPINO INSURRECTION, 1899
Philippines not given freedom Emilio Aguinaldo turned against the US
Guerrilla warfare US ―successfully‖ repressed, estimated…
4,234 US soldiers killed 600,000 Filipinos killed
Emilio Aguinaldo captured 1901; fighting ends
FILIPINO INSURRECTION, 1899
William Howard Taft
Sent to be governor of Philippines, 1901 Massive amounts of U.S. $$$ spent in improvements roads,
sanitation, public health, schools
Finally given their freedom in 1946
William H. Taft, 1st
Gov.-General of the Philippines
Great administrator.
OPEN DOOR POLICY 1899 & 1900
• “Spheres of influence” (add to terms)
• China was divided by Russia, Germany, France, Japan, & Britain
• Wanted economic & political control of certain parts of China
• U.S. Concerns • Missions in China in jeopardy
• China’s markets closed to non-Europeans
• John Hay, Secretary of State • Proposes to allow free-trade (open-
door) for all nations
• Guaranteed no country would take over China
• Ignored by other countries at first
The Open Door Policy
The Open Door Policy
THE BOXER REBELLION—OPENS THE DOOR
“Boxers”, 1900 (British saw martial arts fighters &
called them “boxers”)
The Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists
Want to stop--
Imperialistic expansion
Christian influence
Want to kick out “foreign devils”
Killed 200; surrounded foreign diplomatic community in Peking
US & other nations stopped rebellion
• Results: • $333 million charged to China by suppressing nations
• U.S. Share: $24.5 million—mostly turned into scholarship fund
• John Hay reissues Open Door Notes • Other countries now accept—becomes policy
• Nine-Power Treaty (1922) • Designed to protect China’s territory • Nullified when Japan attached Manchuria
THE BOXER REBELLION—OPENS THE DOOR
The Boxer Rebellion: 1900
The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.
“55 Days at Peking.”
America as a Pacific Power
1900 ELECTION
Republicans
William McKinley
Won a war
Established the gold
standard
Theodore Roosevelt is
chosen as VP
Had been a progressive
Governor of NY
Democrats
William Jennings Bryan
(again)
Issue: Imperialism of
McKinley
McKinley won the election
292-155 EV
THEODORE “TEDDY”
ROOSEVELT: TR
Wealthy, distinguished NY family
Militaristic--―Rough Rider‖
Self confident
Moralizer & Reformer
Compromiser
Felt the President should lead--boldly
―Bully Pulpit‖ President had platform for an agenda
Everything he did was bigger that life “Speak Softly and carry a Big Stick”
TR & THE PANAMA CANAL
Background: Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 1850
US shared with Britain building rights to a canal
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, 1901 US got right from Britain to build the canal
alone, but… Columbia refused
US had offered $10 million for a 6-mile wide Zone & $250,000 annually
Revolution in Panama Panama rebels against control of Columbia US stops Columbia from stopping the
rebellion Officially recognizes Panama as a nation
within 3 days
HAY-BUNAU-VARILLA TREATY
Treaty with Panama -
$10 million
Annual payment of $250,000
Canal zone 10 miles wide
US to maintain the canal and keep a military presence
BUILDING THE PANAMA CANAL 1904-1914
• Saved 8,000 miles in traveling + $$$$ • Strained relations w/Latin-American
countries • Army Corps of Engineers built
• Led by Colonel George Goethals • Problems:
• Yellow Fever • Dr. Walter Reed & William Gorgas –Discovered
how to defeat the disease • 27,000 men died building the canal
• Most from disease (yellow fever) • Many landslides, accidents, poor sanitation… • labor trouble
Panama Canal
TR in Panama (Construction begins in
1904)
ROOSEVELT COROLLARY TO THE
MONROE DOCTRINE
Background: Venezuela & Dominican Republic always in debt to foreign
powers (Germany bombarded a Venezuelan town in 1903) The US intervened and arbitrated the debt
Roosevelt Corollary (to the Monroe Doctrine) Roosevelt theory: ―Preventive intervention‖
Justified US intervention to prevent European countries from ―intervening‖ (a.k.a. bringing troops to this hemisphere)
An extension of the Monroe Doctrine Caribbean becomes a ―Yankee Lake‖ and U.S. will intervene:
Dominican Republic, 1905 Cuba, 1906
Result – a legacy of ill will & distrust from Latin America towards U.S.
The Roosevelt Corollary to the
Monroe Doctrine: 1905
“Chronic wrongdoing… may in
America, as elsewhere,
ultimately require intervention
by some civilized nation, and in
the Western Hemisphere the
adherence of the United States
to the Monroe Doctrine may
force the United States,
however reluctantly, in flagrant
cases of such wrongdoing or
impotence, to the exercise of
an international police
power.”
RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR
Japan attacks (without warning) Port Arthur, Manchuria (then occupied by Russia)
Successful initially, the Japanese begin to run out of men & $$$
Appeal to the US to mediate (while still ahead)
Russia is just beginning to mobilize
Roosevelt who splits the territories with Japan and Russia gets the
Treaty of Portsmouth, New Hampshire
TR gets the Nobel Peace prize for negotiating the Russo-Japanese War 1906
Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905
Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy
GENTLEMAN’S AGREEMENT
By 1906 increased Japanese immigration to California – 70,000 on the Pacific Coast
―yellow peril‖ Americans began to fear the growth of Asians in population and $$$$
Asians denied the right to attend regular classes in San Francisco – earthquake limited facilities
TR orders local school board to Washington DC where he arranges for them to start classes for Asians in exchange for Japan discouraging immigration to the US
called the ―Gentleman's Agreement‖
Gentleman’s Agreement: 1908 A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports to laborers entering the U.S.
Japan recognized the U.S. right to exclude Japanese immigrants holding passports issued by other countries.
The U.S. government got the school board of San Francisco to rescind their order to segregate Asians in separate schools.
1908 Root-Takahira Agreement.
GREAT WHITE FLEET
16 Modern Battleships sent on a World Cruise Ready for ― a feast, a frolic or a fight‖ Led to the Root-Takahira Agreement 1908 with Japan 1. Respect for each other’s territory in the Pacific 2. Respect for the Open Door in China
The Great White Fleet: 1907
