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The mericanPageantChapter 29:Wilsonian

Progressivism atHome and Abroad1912-1916

COVER SLIDE

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1912 buttons: Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson

Political buttons continued to be ubiquitous in 1912. Roosevelt and his running mate,Hiram Johnson, the governor of California, are pictured with the Bull Moose that

came to symbolize the Progressive Party after Roosevelt exclaimed that he felt as fit

as a bull moose. Taft, the Republican candidate, and Wilson, the Democrat, are

depicted with more traditional symbols of patriotism and party. (Collection of Janice

L. and David J. Frent)

1912 BUTTONS: ROOSEVELT, TAFT, AND WILSON

Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

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Caribbean immigrants at Ellis Island

The Caribbean as well as Europe sent

immigrants to the United States. Proudand confident on arrival from their

homeland of Guadeloupe, these women

perhaps were unprepared for the double

disadvantage they faced as both blacks

and foreigners. (William Williams

Papers, Manuscripts & Archives

Division, The New York Public Library)

CARIBBEAN IMMIGRANTS AT ELLIS ISLAND


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Election Day

Critics of the woman-suffrage

movement, including this cartoonist,believed that women's place was in the

home, not in the public sphere. (Library

of Congress)

ELECTION DAY


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Poster in six languages to encourage

immigrant education

Those who wished to Americanize theimmigrants believed that public schools

could provide the best setting for

assimilation. This 1917 poster from the

Cleveland Board of Education and the

Cleveland Americanization Committee

used the languages most common to the

new immigrants--Slovene, Italian,

Polish, Hungarian, and Yiddish--as well

as English to invite newcomers to free

classes where they could learn "the

language of America" and "citizenship."

(National Park Service Collection, Ellis

Island Immigration Museum. Photo:

Chermayeff & Geismar/MetaForm)

POSTER IN SIX LANGUAGES TO ENCOURAGE IMMIGRANT EDUCATION


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San Francisco Chinese grocery storeThough Chinese immigrants struggled, like other immigrants, to succeed in American society,

they often faced severe discrimination because of their different lifestyles. As this photo of a

San Francisco grocery shows, the Chinese looked, dressed, and ate differently than did white

Americans. Occasionally, they suffered from racist violence that caused them to fear not only

for their personal safety but also for the safety of establishments like this one, which could

suffer damage from resentful mobs. (The Bancroft Library, University of California)

SAN FRANCISCO CHINESE GROCERY STORE


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Wilson and Taft

Having just squared off in the 1912 election campaign, the two politicians share a

light moment before Wilson's inauguration on March 4, 1913. (Library of Congress)

WILSON AND TAFT


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Address to the American Indians(1913. Great Speeches of the 20th Century, Rhino Records, Los Angeles, CA, 1991.)

AUDIO: DDRESS TO THE MERIC N INDI NS


Click on image to launch audio.

Apple QuickTime required to play.
http://localhost/var/www/Local%20Settings/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.IE5/S1W9629R/powerpoints/Chapter%2029/sounds/w283a.mov

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BULL MOOSE CAMPAIGN OF 1912

Democrats nominate

(Thomas) Woodrow Wilson Progressive Idealist

New Jersey governor

Past president of Princeton

Born in the South

Believed the President should

play a dynamic role

Republicans nominate

William H. Taft (again) a mildProgressive

Theodore Roosevelt bolts theRepublican Party & joins with

the Progressive Party AKA

ull Moose he is aProgressive
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://samuelatgilgal.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/teddy-roosevelt.jpg&imgrefurl=http://samuelatgilgal.wordpress.com/2008/07/25/what-would-teddy-roosevelt-do-the-border-and-immigration/&usg=__ZkNQjS5u6RFJPrsRasLifG9PYiM=&h=394&w=300&sz=14&hl=en&start=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=Aj7zw6Tw__Or_M:&tbnh=124&tbnw=94&prev=/images?q=teddy+roosevelt&hl=en&safe=active&rlz=1T4GZHY_enUS251US251&um=1http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/William_Howard_Taft.jpg&imgrefurl=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:William_Howard_Taft.jpg&usg=__PrZnZg7GoupZrT9oHQMPCcCWm80=&h=1197&w=924&sz=125&hl=en&start=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=LDRgmR_N6eu7mM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=116&prev=/images?q=William+H.+Taft&hl=en&safe=active&rlz=1T4GZHY_enUS251US251&um=1http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://royalromania.files.wordpress.com/2008/12/president_woodrow_wilson_po.jpg&imgrefurl=http://royalromania.wordpress.com/2008/12/10/documents-woodrow-wilson-paris-peace-conference-18-january-1919/&usg=__Sj0Huc81KB3-7RsTx5MJ8YQsgvM=&h=574&w=500&sz=162&hl=en&start=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=6u8XJAspcVSGtM:&tbnh=134&tbnw=117&prev=/images?q=woodrow+wilson&hl=en&safe=active&rlz=1T4GZHY_enUS251US251&sa=N&um=1

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1912 ELECTION

Wilson wins the electionwith fewer votes than

Bryan in any of his 3

attempts

435 EV, 6 million Pop.

Republican Party is split

but combine for 7

Million popular votes

Roosevelt & Taft had

been friends now bitter

enemies

Bull Moose Party =

Roosevelt will win 88 EVmost successful 3rd Party

ever.

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WILSON THE IDEALIST

Born in Virginia and raised in Georgia first Southernpresident in 64 years

Believed south should have had the right to secede promotes self-determination

Son of Presbyterian minister against evil

Somewhat cold in public he was self-assured andsuperior especially toward politicians and journalists

He found compromise difficult

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TRIPLE WALL OF PRIVILEGE

Tariff

Banks

Trusts All hurting the public in

some way or another and

therefore Wilsons

program was to solve

them

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WILSON AND THE TARIFF

Calls Congress into specialsession he delivered his

presidential message to a

joint session of Congress inperson (had not been done

since Adams)

Underwood Tariff Bill 1913-

down to 27%

16th Amendment = Income

tax (over $3,000)

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WILSON AND THE BANKS

Still using the CivilWar NationalBanking Act a temporary

measure at the

time shortcoming

inelasticity ofcurrency

1908 (Senate)Aldrich

investigation recommendation:huge bank withmany branches

House Arsene Pujo: $$traced to hidden vaults ofUS banks & businesses

Louis D. Brandies OtherPeoples Money and Howthe Bankers Use It 1914 book showing that

the wealthy wereconsolidating funds andestablishing a monopoly

He will testify for Pujo

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These illustrations came fromHarpers Weeklys Other Peoples

Money articles by Brandeis.

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WILSON AND THE BANKS

Federal Reserve Act 1913 Most important economic

legislation between Civil Warand New Deal

Establishes a Federal ReserveSystem

Restricted private control ofmoney and banks

12 regional reserve districtsand a central bank

Banks are for bankers

Issue Federal Reserve Notes

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LOUIS D. BRANDEIS

uller v Oregon, 1908: Brandeis convinced the Supreme Court

to use sociological & statistical evidenceupholding an Oregon law that regulatedthe working conditions of women (10

hour day) Significance: first such evidence

acknowledged by law in the US

1916 is appointed to the Supreme

Court Wilson nomination

First person of Jewish faith to serve onSupreme Court
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://hillyer.org/historyexhibit/Brandeisphoto.jpg&imgrefurl=http://hillyer.org/historyexhibit/fullwebsite.html&usg=__ida7jX8Y8S4FcCarFobH61t4YoA=&h=2877&w=1969&sz=431&hl=en&start=4&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=bk_R1JC_Xt9w-M:&tbnh=150&tbnw=103&prev=/images?q=louis+brandeis&hl=en&safe=active&sa=N&um=1

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WILSON AND THE TRUSTS

Federal Trade Commission

of 1914

Crush monopolies by

eliminating

1. Unfair trade practices

2. Unlawful competition

3.

False advertising4. Bribery

5. Has investigative powers
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://lib.law.washington.edu/docs/FTC_statue.jpg&imgrefurl=http://lib.law.washington.edu/docs/hotdocs.html&usg=__D_1meRHYs6H-Wmwc_0NIUESNF7w=&h=540&w=655&sz=68&hl=en&start=5&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=z6dDGFr-bAS7RM:&tbnh=114&tbnw=138&prev=/images?q=federal+trade+commission&hl=en&safe=active&um=1

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WILSON AND THE TRUSTS

Clayton Anti-Trust Act 1914 Attacks price

discrimination andinterlocking directorates(same individuals were on

the boards of competingfirms)

Labor and agriculture bothexempted from anti-trustaction

Allowed strikes andpeaceful picketing

Samuel Gompers called itthe Magna Carta oflabor

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DANBURY HATTERS CASE 1908

Example of why Clayton Anti-Trust Act needed to

exempt labor as a monopoly:

Strike has lasted several months and the hat

company lost $250,000

US Supreme Court assessed the workers 3x the

amount of damages

The S.C. invoked the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of1890 saying that conspiracy is restraint of trade

Fined workers lost savings and homes

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WILSON PROGRESSIVISM AT HIGH TIDE

Federal Farm Loan Act,

1916

Credit to farmers at low %

rates

Warehouse Act 1916 Loans available (to farmers)

based on security of staple

(cash) crops

Highway construction & helpto agricultural state colleges

La Follette Seamens Act,

1915

Required decent treatment

A living wage

unexpected resultcrippled USMerchant Marine with higher

freight costs

Workingmens Compensation

Act, 1916 Assistance given to disabled

federal employees

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WILSON PROGRESSIVISM AT HIGH TIDE

Keating-Owen,1916 Child labor Act is

passed but ruledunconstitutional in

1918 by Hammerv. Dagenhart

Adamson Act,1916 8 hour work day

for RR workersand overtime pay(interstatecommerce)

Wilson Progressivismstopped short ofbetter treatment forblacks Likely due to his

southern roots &prejudices

When a delegation ofblacks visited him hefroze them out of

his office

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CHILD LABOR IN WEST VIRGINIA COAL MINE

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WILSON ND FOREIGN POLICY He hated imperialism and Dollar

Diplomacy Government no longer offer special

support to American investors in LatinAmerica and China

Repealed the Panama Tolls Act 1912(no tolls on US coast-wide shipping)

Philippines gains territorial status promised self-rule

Secretary of State William Jennings

Bryan persuades the Californialegislature to renege on a law thatwould not allow Japanese to ownland eases relations with Japan

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WILSON ND FOREIGN POLICY Haiti

Revolution (1912-1915)

Forces Wilson to send in troopsMarines to protect US lives and property

Stay 19 years

Dominican Republic (1916) Similar to Haitidebt problems

Marines stay 8 years Virgin Islands (1917)

Purchased from Denmark for $25 Million to stopGermany

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WILSON ND MEXICO US investments =$1 Billion

Revolutions 1913 Porfirio Diaz

overthrown

General Victoriano Huerta inpower

Wilson sent arms to rivalsVenustiano Carranza andFrancisco Pancho Villa William Randolph Hearst

Has a Rhode Island sizedranch in Mexico

Begs for US intervention butWilson promotes human rightsover property rights

Pancho Villa

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WILSON AND MEXICO

Tampico April 1914 US sailors arrested Mexico releases them and apologizes but

Wilson demands a 21-gun salute When Mexico will not grant this Wilson orders

the Navy to take Vera Cruz

Mexican leaders, Huerta & Carranza protest ABC Powers intervene for the US (Argentina,

Brazil, Chile) Harms US-Mexican relations, and then

General John lackjack Pershing Sent into Mexico

Pursue Pancho Villa who has killed 16 USengineers in Mexico, and 19 in Columbus, NewMexico

No success: US had conflicts with Mexican troops &finally withdrew as conflict in Europe threatens

The Brancho-Buster:

President Wilson: I

wonder what I do next?

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THE GRE T W R Assassination of Archduke Francis

Ferdinand, in Sarajevo

Austria-Hungary allied with Germany, inessence, demands that Serbia become a

possession of Austria-Hungary Russia- the protector of the Slavic

Nations, mobilizes to protect Serbia

Europe at war within weeks

Wilsons states that the US position isneutral trade with the Allies will pullthe US out of a Recession and

Wilson is still hoping to keep the US outof war

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THE GREAT WAR

Central Powers = Germany,

Austria-Hungary, later,

Turkey & Bulgaria

Allied Powers = France,England, Russia, later, Italy

& Japan

German U-boat warfarethreatens US neutrality (we

really were supporting the

Allied Powers economically)

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US NEUTRALITY

Slowly become more pro-Allies

Wilson is privately pro-British as are most Americans alsopro-French

Dislike for German attack onneutral Belgium Hoover fedBelgium with US support

Germans sinister and strange evil Heinous and militaristic

Kaiser Wilhelm

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US NEUTRALITY

Most Americans thought Germanycaused the war

Propaganda-British controlled theinformation transatlantic cable

US sold weapons to the Allies

commitment German Sabotage agent left

briefcase with info aboutmunitions plants on NY Subway 1916 New Jersey munitions plant

explodes Germans suspected

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LUSITANIA

US wants to be neutral but continues toship to Allied Powers because Englandhas control of the seas and a tightblockade around Germany

Germany then declares a submarine

War Zone around Britain Feb. 1915 Wilson protests saying that Germany

will be held to strict accountability forany attacks on US vessels or citizens

On May 7, 1915 the British passenger

linger Lusitania is sunk, by a U-boatkilling 1,198 (128 Americans)

This nearly leads to war

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SUSSEX PLEDGE

Arabic sunk killing 2 Americans French Ship theSussex is sunk

Wilson threatened to break diplomatic relations

with Germany- a prelude to war Germany offers the Sussex Pledge will not

sink passenger and merchant vessels withoutgiving warning IF the US will try to break theBritish Blockade

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ELECTION OF 1916

Democrats: Wilson He kept us out of war. In the election, he sweeps

the Midwest and west

Wins 277 to 254 EV

Republicans: Charles Evans Hughes NY

Supreme Court Justice

Attacks Wilson for notstanding up to the Kaiser, inisolationist areas takes asofter line flip-flops

Will win the Eastern States

Documents

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