A & P II Unit IA & P II Unit I

CHAPTER 10CHAPTER 10

ENDOCRINE SYSTEMENDOCRINE SYSTEM

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGYANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Functions of the Functions of the Endocrine SystemEndocrine System

• ReproductionReproduction• Growth & developmentGrowth & development• Body defenseBody defense• Electrolyte, H2O & nutrient balanceElectrolyte, H2O & nutrient balance• Regulate glandular secretionRegulate glandular secretion• Metabolism & energy balanceMetabolism & energy balance• Circadian rhythmCircadian rhythm• Contraction of smooth & cardiac Contraction of smooth & cardiac

musclemuscle

• ENDOCRINE ENDOCRINE GLANDSGLANDS::

• Ductless: Ductless: secrete secrete hormones hormones ______________________

• Target cells:Target cells:• Action site:Action site:• http://www.yout

ube.com/watch?v=YI2qYRWzSZ4&feature=related

The Endocrine System

CHEMISTRY OF CHEMISTRY OF HORMONESHORMONES

• NonSteroidal:NonSteroidal:– AMINES (i.e. AMINES (i.e.

epinephrine)epinephrine)– PROTEINS (i.e. PROTEINS (i.e.

insulin)insulin)

• SteroidsSteroids– Made from Made from

cholesterol (i.e. cholesterol (i.e. cortisol)cortisol)

REGULATION OF REGULATION OF HORMONESHORMONES

• Negative Negative feedback feedback mechanismmechanism

• Releasing Releasing hormoneshormones

• Nervous Nervous systemsystem

THE PITUITARY THE PITUITARY GLANDGLAND

POSTERIOR PITUITARYPOSTERIOR PITUITARY

• 2 hormones:2 hormones:– Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)– OxytocinOxytocin

• Storage and release site!Storage and release site!– Hormones are produced by the Hormones are produced by the

hypothalamus & stored in the posterior hypothalamus & stored in the posterior pituitary until neededpituitary until needed

ANTERIOR PITUITARYANTERIOR PITUITARY

• 6 hormones6 hormones– Growth hormone (GH)Growth hormone (GH)– Thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH)Thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH)– Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)– ProlactinProlactin– Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)– Luteinizing hormone (LH)Luteinizing hormone (LH)

• Hormones are produced here, but Hormones are produced here, but their release is regulated by releasing their release is regulated by releasing hormones (from the hypothalamus)hormones (from the hypothalamus)

Function of Pituitary Function of Pituitary HormonesHormones

• Growth hormone:Growth hormone:• TSH:TSH:

– Which then secretes thyroxine & T3Which then secretes thyroxine & T3• ACTH:ACTH:

– Which then secretesWhich then secretes cortisolcortisol..• Prolactin:Prolactin:• FSH and LH:FSH and LH: influence the secretion influence the secretion

of sex hormones and the of sex hormones and the development of egg or sperm.development of egg or sperm.

CONTENTS

PINEAL GLANDPINEAL GLAND

PINEAL GLANDPINEAL GLAND

• Secretion: MelatoninSecretion: Melatonin– Functions: Functions:

•Circadian cycleCircadian cycle•Levels rise when sunlight is absent; Levels rise when sunlight is absent;

secretion inhibited by sunlightsecretion inhibited by sunlight

THYROID GLANDTHYROID GLAND

THYROID GLANDTHYROID GLAND

• 3 Hormones:3 Hormones:– THYROXINE (T4)THYROXINE (T4)– TRIIODOTHRONITRIIODOTHRONI

NE (T3)NE (T3)– CALCITONINCALCITONIN

• ______is necessary ______is necessary for the production of for the production of these hormonesthese hormones

Functions of Thyroid Functions of Thyroid HormonesHormones

• THYROXINE (T4): THYROXINE (T4):

• TRIIODOTHRONINE (T3):TRIIODOTHRONINE (T3):

• CALCITONIN:CALCITONIN:

PARATHYROID GLANDSPARATHYROID GLANDS

PARATHYROID PARATHYROID HORMONEHORMONE

• Hormone producedHormone produced: : Parathyroid Hormone Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)(PTH)

• FunctionsFunctions: : – Antagonist to calcitoninAntagonist to calcitonin– RaisesRaises _________ _________– LowersLowers ____________ ____________

Regulation of Blood Regulation of Blood Calcium LevelsCalcium Levels

• A normal blood calcium level is essential A normal blood calcium level is essential for what 3 functions?for what 3 functions?

• Parathyroid hormoneParathyroid hormone– Increases osteoclast activity “destroying”Increases osteoclast activity “destroying”– Releases more calcium into bloodReleases more calcium into blood

• ________blood calcium level________blood calcium level

– Also called “Bone Resorption” or Also called “Bone Resorption” or “Reabsorption”“Reabsorption”

• CalcitoninCalcitonin– Increases osteoblast activity “building”Increases osteoblast activity “building”– Removes calcium from bloodRemoves calcium from blood

• _________ blood calcium level_________ blood calcium level

PANCREASPANCREAS

• ISLETS OF ISLETS OF LANGERHANLANGERHANSS– AlphaAlpha– BetaBeta

• HORMONES:HORMONES:– GlucagonGlucagon– InsulinInsulin

Functions of Pancreatic Functions of Pancreatic HormonesHormones

– InsulinInsulin •secreted _____________secreted _____________•________ blood glucose level________ blood glucose level•http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=MGL6km1NBWE&feature=relatedv=MGL6km1NBWE&feature=related

– GlucagonGlucagon•secreted _____________secreted _____________•________ blood glucose level________ blood glucose level

ADRENAL GLANDSADRENAL GLANDS

ADRENAL MEDULLAADRENAL MEDULLA

• HORMONES HORMONES SECRETED:SECRETED:

• EpinephrineEpinephrine– ““Echo”Echo”– Function:Function:

• NorepinephrineNorepinephrine– Function:Function:

ADRENAL CORTEXADRENAL CORTEX

• HORMONES SECRETED: HORMONES SECRETED: Corticosteroids (steroid Corticosteroids (steroid hormones)hormones)

• 3 types3 types• MineralocorticoidsMineralocorticoids

– AldosteroneAldosterone• GlucocorticoidsGlucocorticoids

– CortisolCortisol• GonadocorticoidsGonadocorticoids

– Male hormones Male hormones (androgens)(androgens)

ADRENAL CORTEXADRENAL CORTEX

• Functions of hormones secreted:Functions of hormones secreted:• MineralocorticoidsMineralocorticoids

– Example: AldosteroneExample: Aldosterone

• GlucocorticoidsGlucocorticoids– Example: CortisolExample: Cortisol

• GonadocorticoidsGonadocorticoids– Example: Male hormones (androgens)Example: Male hormones (androgens)

OVARIESOVARIES

OVARIESOVARIES

• HORMONES HORMONES PRODUCED: PRODUCED:

• EstrogenEstrogen– Functions:Functions:

• ProgesteroneProgesterone– Functions:Functions:

TESTESTESTES

• HORMONES HORMONES PRODUCED:PRODUCED:

• TestosteroneTestosterone– Function:Function:

• InhibinInhibin– Function:Function:

OTHER HORMONESOTHER HORMONES

• PLACENTAPLACENTA– hCG: human chorionic gonadotropinhCG: human chorionic gonadotropin– Estrogen, progesterone, relaxinEstrogen, progesterone, relaxin

• THYMUSTHYMUS– Produces hormones that help immune Produces hormones that help immune

systemsystem

• ADIPOSE TISSUEADIPOSE TISSUE– LeptinLeptin

OTHER HORMONESOTHER HORMONES

• STOMACHSTOMACH– Ghrelin, gastrinGhrelin, gastrin– Small instestine: secretinSmall instestine: secretin

• HEARTHEART– ANH: atrial natriuretic hormoneANH: atrial natriuretic hormone

• KIDNEYSKIDNEYS– ErythropoetinErythropoetin

• PROSTAGLANDINSPROSTAGLANDINS

AGINGAGING

• No serious No serious deficiencydeficiency

• Decrease secretion Decrease secretion with agewith age

• Decrease ghDecrease gh• Decrease thyroid Decrease thyroid