Close reading and synthesizing sources

(Chapters 2 and 3)

Close reading – analysis of a text Colloquialisms – expression; conversational

style Trope – artful diction (diction is word choice) Scheme – artful syntax (syntax is word order) Periodic sentence – sentence where main

point or clause is held until the end Declarative sentence – makes a statement Anaphora – the repetition of a word or phrase

at the beginning of successive phrases.

Hortative sentence – languages that urges or calls to action

Archaic diction – old-fashioned or outdated choice of words

Metonymy – using a single feature to represent the whole

Parallelism – similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words

Annotation – reading with pen in hand; identify main ideas, key points, allusions, and figures of speech

Inversion – inverted order of words in a sentence (variation of the subject-verb-object order of a typical sentence)

1. Cite an anecdote – a brief story or reference that illustrates the main point

2. Cite facts and accurate details – information that is verifiable in general sources

3. Cite quantitative data – statistical information (more than just numbers)

4. Cite expert testimony – use evidence from experts in the field of study or professionals

1. Identify the issue and engage your audience (present your position as reasonable and informed)◦ Appeal to ethos, logos, and pathos◦ Anticipate objections to your position

2. Formulate your position◦ Reflect on the complexities of the topic◦ Create a thesis that captures your position

Develop your ideas◦ Do not just list facts, prove your thesis and main points◦ Elaborate on your ideas and focus on key issues of

your argument◦ Identify, explain, and refute the counter argument of

your issue (this helps establish credibility)◦ Vary your transitions, syntax, diction and structure◦ Use figurative language in an appropriate manner

Incorporate sources◦ Paraphrase and quote sources to support your ideas◦ DO NOT MERELY SUMMARIZE OR LIST FACTS!

REMEMBER, LITERAL SUMMARY IS METAPHORICAL DEATH ON THE AP TEST!

◦ Cite evidence from sources using parenthetical citations and create a works cited page to avoid plagiarism