AP LANGUAGE AND COMPOSITION#grammarisfun

#grammarisntreallyfunbutclickersare

Phrases• A group of related words that is missing a subject or verb

• Review from last year….• Prepositional: In the middle of the room• Participle: Walking in the hallways, I tripped.• Gerund: Watching the Bears play today was depressing.• Appositive: My sinuses, the source of all my misery, apparently

hate me.• Infinitive: He loves to visit pumpkin patches in the fall.

Clauses• Independent clause= stands alone

• I walked.• The mom is kind.

• Dependent clause= Cannot stand alone• Also called a subordinating clause• Often begin with a subordinating conjunction

• After I came home.• Before I take the test.• Because you are so intelligent.

Subordinating Conjunctions• BA WAWBITS!

• Before, after, when, although, while, because, if, that, since

LET’S PRACTICE!Get your clickers ready…

I was singing driving home from school.

1. Phrase

2. Dependent Clause

3. Independent Clause

1 2 3

70%

15%15%

He is excited to attend the concert on Friday.

1. Phrase

2. Dependent Clause

3. Independent Clause

1 2 3

75%

0%

25%

They were coming home after they went to the birthday party.

1. Phrase

2. Dependent Clause

3. Independent Clause

1 2 3

5%10%

85%

Which of the following is a phrase?

1. Before the world ended.

2. If it ends.

3. Forgetting to bring my homework.

4. When I come home.

1 2 3 4

10%

0%

75%

15%

Which of the following is a dependent clause?1. While running the

mile.

2. If I forget the vocabulary words.

3. Amy ate her lunch.

4. During the middle of the night.

1 2 3 4

45%

0%0%

55%

Participant ScoresPoints Participant Points Participant

500 Esser, Monika

500 Gastfield, Roland

500 Greene, Tyler

500 Hupp, Will

500 Koenig, Emma

But wait…there’s more!!!!• Four Types of Sentences!!!!!

• Think CLAUSES.• PHRASES don’t count. At all. Period. Pretend they don’t exist.

They are invisible. Ghosts.

• 1 Independent Clause= Simple• 2+ Independent Clauses= Compound• 1 Independent Clause and 1+ Dependent Clause=

Complex• 2+ Independent Clauses and 1+ Dependent Clause=

Compound Complex

How many types of grammatical sentences are there?1. 1

2. 2

3. 3

4. 4

1 2 3 4

0%

100%

0%0%

Use CONJUNCTIONS to help!

Conjunction junction, what’s your function? To help me pass my grammar quiz!

Coordinating Conjunctions= FANBOYS

For And Nor But Or Yet So

(these are the only ones)

Subordinating Conjunctions= BA WAWBITS

Before After When Although While Because If That Since(and more- you will be able to recognize them once you get used to their sentence placement)

Which of the following is a coordinating conjunction?1. When

2. Because

3. For

4. Although

1 2 3 4

0% 0%

100%

0%

Which of the following is a subordinating conjunction?1. And

2. But

3. Or

4. If

1 2 3 4

5%

85%

0%

10%

Your Guide• If you see a FANBOYS….suspect COMPOUND

• If you see a BA WAWBITS….suspect COMPLEX

• Just go through a couple of tests first

Compound Sentences: FANBOYS• The test: Make sure there are two complete sentences

(two independent clauses)

• Two independent clauses joined with a FANBOYS or a semi-colon

• A semi-colon’s only job is joining two independent clauses

Examples: Tina felt sick, so she went to the nurse.

Harrison was my friend, and he knew Melissa.

I love tomatoes, but I hate ketchup.

Ice cream is my favorite food; I could eat it every day.

FANBOYS but simple?• Sometimes a FANBOYS only joins two words or two

phrases…then it is simple

• Examples:

Maria and Jon were in the play.

I enjoy sleeping in on the weekends and going to see movies.

The pizza was not too hot but not too cold either.

Gracie is going crazy and running all over my condo.1. Simple

2. Compound

3. Complex

4. Compound-Complex

1 2 3 4

85%

0%5%

10%

Wendy knew Carlos five years ago, but he didn’t know her. 1. Simple

2. Compound

3. Complex

4. Compound-Complex

1 2 3 4

0% 0%5%

95%

Complex= BA WAWBITS• BA WAWBITS introduce dependent clauses

• If you see one, suspect complex

• Put it through a quick test first- make sure it is actually a clause (NOT just a phrase)

Real Complex Sentences• Although I was sick, I still ate dinner.• She was hungry because she worked out.• Kelly thought about the plan while she was on the plane.• When he got home from the trip, he took a nap.• If we all get an A+ on our quiz, we will eat pie.

FAKE Complex Sentences• If not, at least we know we tried.

• While swimming, I drowned.

• I was tired because of the dance.

• Although fun, soccer is really dangerous.

• There are simple!

If we visit Paris, we will see the Eiffel Tower.1. Simple

2. Compound

3. Complex

4. Compound-Complex

1 2 3 4

0% 0%

100%

0%

While doing homework, I listened to music.1. Simple

2. Compound

3. Complex

4. Compound-Complex

1 2 3 4

95%

0%0%5%

So what’s left? • Simple Sentences: No conjunctions at all OR a sentence

that fails the compound or complex tests• In the middle of the room, the girl sat sadly, wishing for a vacation.

• Compound-Complex Sentences: A sentence that has a FANBOYS and a BA WAWBITS and passes the two tests• While he was eating, he got sick because the tuna was bad.

She was happy that she won.

1. Simple

2. Compound

3. Complex

4. Compound-Complex

1 2 3 4

55%

0%

40%

5%

Drake was upset, for he knew Sarah was mad.

1. Simple

2. Compound

3. Complex

4. CC

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

Ms. Ratliff, my English teacher, has a dog.

1. Simple

2. Compound

3. Complex

4. Compound-Complex

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

While swimming in the lake, the swan looked so graceful.

1. Simple

2. Compound

3. Complex

4. Compound-Complex

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

They were excited because it was almost Christmas, so they wanted to go shopping.

1. Simple

2. Compound

3. Complex

4. Compound-Complex

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

Participant ScoresPoints Participant Points Participant

1300 Gastfield, Roland

1300 Greene, Tyler

1200 Esser, Monika

1200 Hupp, Will

1200 Koenig, Maddie

Weird Complex Sentences• The Invisible That

• I am happy you won the game.• She was sad he didn’t bring home dinner.

• The W Clauses• Emmie, who is my best friend, is an architect.• The house, which was vacant for years, has a new owner.• Does anyone know who left the phone on the desk?

After running for 5 miles, Sophia felt tired and frustrated at her poor time.

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

1. Simple

2. Compound

3. Complex

4. Compound-Complex

Olivia wants to visit France, but her husband hates to fly because he can’t stand enclosed places.

0%

0%

0%

0%

1. Simple

2. Compound

3. Complex

4. Compound-Complex

She was happy she won.

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

1. Simple

2. Compound

3. Complex

4. Compound-Complex

The computer was broken, but the cell phone still worked even after the storm.

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

1. Simple

2. Compound

3. Complex

4. Compound-Complex

I toured Paris with Emma who had been living in the city for several weeks.

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

1. Simple

2. Compound

3. Complex

4. Compound-Complex

Participant LeadersPoints Participant Points Participant

Loose and Periodic Sentences• Two more ways to classify sentences

• A DIFFERENT classification system than the four grammatical sentences

A loose sentence: The extra information of a sentence is at the end

A periodic sentence: The extra information of a sentence is at the beginning or in the middle

It’s a continuum.

Examples• Ms. Ratliff drove home sadly, discouraged by the way her

AP students made fun of her shoes. • Loose

• My childhood home, a beautiful cabin built on the edges of Kentucky Lake, no longer exists.• Periodic

• After sorting through piles of letters and reading old cards, I miss college even more.• Periodic

Swimming in the lake, the swan looked so graceful.

1 2 3 4

25% 25%25%25%1. Loose

2. Periodic

3. Complex

4. Compound

Spring, the season of rebirth and awakening, is a welcome relief from winter.

40%

60%

1 2

1. Loose

2. Periodic

The party ended after the guests went home and the mess was cleaned up.

10%

90%

1. Loose

2. Periodic

Tim, who was my student a few years ago, is now in college.

1 2 3 4

25% 25%25%25%1. Loose

2. Simple

3. Compound

4. Complex

Parallel Structure

• Making sure that all parts of a sentence are balanced.

• Look for a list or series (or items on two sides of a sentence). Make sure all items in that series are balanced.

• Examples: Lisa enjoys playing soccer, watching movies, and reading books. Frank’s favorite outfits include his orange hoodie, his ripped jeans, and his brown sandals.

They said he scavenged for food by digging roots and bulbs, drank from streams, and runs on all fours.

A. NO CHANGE

B. is running

C. ran

D. had run

NO CHANGE

is ru

nning ran

had ru

n

25% 25%25%25%

I like riding horses and to hike in the mountains.

A. NO CHANGE

B. riding horses and hiking

C. riding horses and to go on hikes

D. to ride horses and hiking

NO CHANGE

riding h

orses a

nd hiking

riding h

orses a

nd to go

o...

to rid

e horses a

nd hiking

25% 25%25%25%

Participant LeadersPoints Participant Points Participant