AP World HistoryAUGUST 24, 2015

Warm Up – August 24, 2015 Both Hinduism and Buddhism

1. Supported the caste system2. Revered women3. Became increasingly popular in India4. All of the above5. None of the above

Agenda◦ Warm Up◦ SLO Pre-Test Tomorrow◦ Grades & Expectations◦ Notes on Egypt & Indus River Valley◦ Work on Chapter 3 Guided Reading◦ Ticket out the door

Don’t forget! ◦ Reading – Chapter 3 (Reading Guides due Friday, August 28th)

SLO Pre-Test Tomorrow

Grades & Expectations

Essential Question

What is culture? How does it impact a civilization?

Ancient Egypt & the Nile ValleyCHAPTER 1 & 2 NOTES

A River Valley & Its People One of the world’s first civilizations developed along the banks of the Nile◦ In northeastern Africa◦ Nile = world’s longest river

People of the Nile relied on the river’s yearly floods to bring them water

Green Nile Valley = stark contrast to deserts surrounding it on either side

A River Valley & Its People Rich black soil in Valley = good for farming

5000 BCE = farmers began to settle down in the Valley◦ Grew cereal crops (wheat, barley)◦ Hunted ducks & geese; fished

Early Egyptians harvested papyrus◦ Used for rope, sandals, baskets, and paper

A River Valley & Its People Early farming villages prospered --> WHY?? Because they were protected from foreign invasions by deserts and cataracts (waterfalls) in the Nile

Strong leaders united the farming villages into kingdoms or monarchies ruled by a king

A River Valley & Its People By 4000 BCE, Egypt had 2 large kingdoms◦ Lower Egypt (in the north)◦ Upper Egypt (in the south)◦ 3000 BCE = Narmer (king of Upper Egypt)

attacked Lower Egypt and united the 2◦ Capital = Memphis◦ 1st of the Egyptian dynasties◦ Egyptian dynasties divided into 3 periods: Old, Middle,

New

The Old Kingdom(2700 BCE to 2200 BCE)

People saw their kings as gods◦ Called a theocracy = same person is the

political AND religious leader◦ King gave many responsibilities to a

bureaucracy = groups of government officials◦ King controlled trade & taxes◦ King supervised building of canals, dams,

grain storehouses

The Old Kingdom(2700 BCE to 2200 BCE) Egyptians built pyramids as burial places for their kings◦Great Pyramids in Giza◦King’s bodies were mummified for preservation

Pyramids as Tombs

Mummification

The Middle Kingdom(2050 BCE to 1800 BCE) Old Kingdom ended with violence & a new dynasty reunited Egypt Capital moved to Thebes Theben kings = seized new territory & added thousands of acres to their civilization Built canals and irrigation systems

The Middle Kingdom(2050 BCE to 1800 BCE)

Local leaders began to challenge the kings’ power, which threatened peace◦ At same time = 1st real threat to Egypt

= invasion by Hyksos (people from western Asia)

◦ Hyksos swept through with new tools for war --> bronze weapons & horse-drawn chariots

◦ Easily conquered the Egyptians & set up a new dynasty (for about 110 years)

The New Kingdom Egyptian prince named Ahmose raised an army & drove the Hyksos out

Ahmose & those that came after him used the title pharaoh◦ Rebuilt Egypt & conquered more land

The New Kingdom 1480 BCE = Queen Hatshepsut came to power in Egypt = 1st female pharaoh◦ After her death, her stepson Thutmose III

took over◦ Thutmose III created an army, conquered

neighboring Syria, and expanded the Egyptian empire

◦ Empire = many territories under one ruler◦ Egyptian empire grew rich & benefited

from cultural diffusion

The New Kingdom 1370 BCE = ruler named Amenhotep = created new religion with just 1 god◦ Changed his named to Akhenaton =

“spirit of Aton”◦ Aton = sun-disk god = only 1 to be

worshipped◦ Controversial, so after his death the

priests went back to old religion◦ King Tut took over for him

King Tut’s Tomb

The New Kingdom 1200s BCE = Ramses II (Ramses the Great)◦ Built large statues of himself,

temples, and tombs◦ After his death, Egypt weakened

under attacks from invaders & was taken over by foreigners

Life in Ancient EgyptSocial Order

Upper class = kings, nobles, priests

Middle class = artisans, scribes, merchants

Lower class (majority of Egyptians) = farmers, poor

Lowest of the low = slaves

Life in Ancient EgyptFamilies

In cities & upper class = husband, wife, children Outside the city & poor families = also included grandparents & other relatives

Life in Ancient EgyptWomen In the beginning = property of their husbands By the time of the Egyptian Empire = they could own property and divorce their husbands; had more rights

Life in Ancient EgyptReligion

Very important to early Egyptians Polytheistic = believed in more than one god

Gods were often half human, half animal

Believed in an afterlife – burial rituals reflect this

The ankh = symbol of life

Some Egyptian Gods

Ra = Sun God

King of the Gods

Osiris = God of the Dead

Iris = Queen of the

Goddesses

Horus = Son of Iris &

OsirisAnubis = God of

Embalming

Life in Ancient EgyptWriting

Used hieroglyphics (picture symbols) for writing

Few people could read or write Language remained a mystery until discovery of the Rosetta Stone in 1799◦ (Greek writing matched the hieroglyphs

on the Stone)

Life in Ancient EgyptScience

Developed a number system Used geometry to calculate volume and area

Created a 365-day calendar Developed medical expertise used splints, bandages, etc.

Indus River Valley

WHERE IS IT?

THE GEOGRAPHIC SETTING Indian Subcontinent

◦ To North: Impassable Himalayas◦ To East: Passable low hills◦ To Northwest: Passable Hindu Kush, Khyber Pass◦ To West: Arabian Sea

Northern Plain of Indus, Ganges Rivers

THE GEOGRAPHIC SETTING Southern Deccan

◦ High plateau, extremely dry◦ Bordered on East and West by mountains◦ Separated from north by river, low mountains

The Monsoon Winds◦ Off the land October to April: Dry Season ◦ Off the Indian Ocean May to September: Wet Season

THE INDUS RIVERCIVILIZATION

HARAPPAN SOCIETY

The Indus River ◦Runs through north India, sources at Hindu Kush, Himalayas

◦Rich deposits, but less predictable than the Nile ◦Wheat and barley were cultivated in Indus valley ◦Cultivated cotton before 5000 B.C.E. ◦Complex society of Dravidians, 3000/2500 B.C.E.

HARAPPAN SOCIETY Harappa and Mohenjo-daro

◦ Possibly served as twin capitals ◦ Each city had a fortified citadel and a large granary ◦ Broad streets, market places, temples, public buildings ◦ Standardized weights, measures, architecture, bricks

Specialized labor and trade ◦ Domestic trade, items inc. pottery, tools, metals ◦ Trading with Mesopotamians about 2300 to 1750 B.C.E.

HARAPPAN SOCIETY/CULTURE Social distinctions as seen from living styles

Religious beliefs strongly emphasized fertility◦ Many deities were feminine◦ In later Hinduism, Dravidian gods are blue-faced

Harappan society declined from 2000 B.C.E. onward ◦ Ecological degradation led to a subsistence crisis ◦ Natural catastrophes - floods or earthquakes ◦ Population began to abandon their cities by about 1700 B.C.E. ◦ Almost entirely collapsed by about 1500 B.C.E◦ Evidence of warfare, invasion

Chapter 3 Guided Reading

Ticket out the door Via your own paper or Socrative (MRSSWORLDHISTORY):

What impact does a lack of artifacts tell you about a civilization’s culture?

(Hand to me as you leave)