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Ming and Qing China and Tokugawa Japan
AP World HistoryMr. Charnley
Ming Dynasty
Zhu Yuanzhang 14th century Yuan dynasty
military leader Civil war between
military rebel leaders and Mongol rulers
Emperor Hongwu Removed Mongol
influence from China
Ming Dynasty
Hongwu Emperor Neo Confucianism▪ Revival of Confucian philosophy▪ Rejected Buddhist and Taoist
influences of Confucianism Civil Service System Restored Confucian scholar-
gentry Consolidated power▪ Public punishment for corrupt
officials▪ Limited number of eunuchs in
capital▪ Exiled claimants to imperial
throne▪ Imperial marriages to women
from peasantry
Ming Dynasty
Hongwu Emperor Empowered peasantry▪ Public works projects▪ Land grants
Rise of scholar-gentry▪ Wealthy landholders and educated imperial
officials▪ Neo-Confucian social, gender, and familial
roles
Ming Dynasty Economic prosperity
Columbian Exchange▪ Maize▪ Sweet potatoes▪ Peanuts
Population growth▪ Doubled between 17th and 19th
centuries International trade▪ High demand for silk, tea, and
ceramics▪ Spanish and Portuguese silver
imports▪ Restricted foreign markets to
Macao and Canton
Ming Dynasty Zhu Di
1403-1424 Exploration▪ Zheng He (1405-1433)▪ Demonstrated Chinese
wealth, power, and technological superiority to Southeast Asia, Middle East, and East Africa▪ Expeditions abandoned by
government in favor of isolationism
Public Works▪ Forbidden City▪ Great Wall
Ming Dynasty
Foreign influence Christian Missionaries▪ Jesuits▪ Sought to use European
technology and science to win favor of emperor
▪ Matteo Ricci Decline
Isolationism Weak leadership Corrupt bureaucracy and
landowning aristocracy Fell in 1644 to Chinese
rebels and Manchurian invaders
Qing Dynasty
Nurhachi Ming vassal United Manchu tribes
Sinification▪ Bureaucracy▪ Confucian ceremonies and rituals▪ Chinese scholar-gentry
Invasion Allied with Ming to help put down rebellion Captured Beijing and conquered China
Qing Dynasty
Qing Dynasty Preserved Ming administration▪ Civil service exams▪ Neo-Confucianism▪ Dual-administration = Manchu and Han
officials for each position Emperor Kangxi▪ Confucian scholar▪ Commissioned the publishing of
encyclopedias
Qing Dynasty
Economy Public works projects Low taxation Land grants to peasants▪ Rise of landowning aristocracy
Foreign trade▪ Lifted Ming ban on foreign trade▪ Imported silver▪ Exported tea, porcelain, silk
Tokugawa Japan
Japanese society Feudalistic▪ Emperor▪ Regent▪ Shogun▪ Bakufu▪ Daimyo
Warlike Decentralized▪ Bushi▪ Daimyo▪ Samurai▪ Ronin▪ Ninja
Tokugawa Japan
Oda Nobunaga Member of Daimyo
class Adopted European
firearms▪ Acquired from
Portuguese traders in 16th century
Civil War▪ Deposed Ashikaga
Shogunate in 1573▪ Betrayed by vassals
and killed
Tokugawa Japan
Toyotomi Hideyoshi Loyal vassal of
Nobunaga Conquered Japan in
1590 Invasions of Korea▪ Defeated in 1592▪ Died on campaign in
1598
Tokugawa Japan
Tokugawa Ieyasu Won civil wars after death
of Hideyoshi▪ Battle of Sekigahar (1600)▪ Reorganized daimyo estates
Named shogun by emperor in 1603 = Tokugawa Shogunate
Moved capital to Edo (Tokyo)▪ Emperor still resided in
Kyoto▪ Required Daimyo to live in
Edo for part of the year as hostages
Tokugawa Japan Foreign Influence
Trade▪ Exported silver, copper, and
pottery▪ Imported firearms, printing
presses, and clocks Religion▪ Jesuit missionaries converted
daimyo to Christianity▪ Francis Xavier
▪ Nobunaga encouraged missionaries to weaken Buddhist monasteries
▪ Hideyoshi exiled missionaries and persecuted Christians
▪ Ieyasu banned Christianity in 1614
Tokugawa Japan
Isolationism 1616 all foreigners were restricted to port cities 1630 Japanese ships could not trade or sail
overseas 1640’s – only Dutch and Chinese could trade
with Japan from island of Deshima near Nagasaki
Banned foreign books School of National Learning▪ Return to indigenous Japanese culture▪ Anti-Confucianism