AP World History: The Earth and its Peoples
Chapter 5 An Age of Empires: Rome and Han China 753 B.C.E C.E. Objectives Explain how the Roman and Han Empires came into being.
Be able to describe the sources of their stability or instability. Discuss the benefits and liabilities that these empires bring to the rulers and their subjects What do we know about Romes Geography from our reading?
Compare your notes to your partners. What are the geographical identities and features that make up Italy? What would you state is the most critical geographic feature in allowing Rome to become a giant/powerful empire? Why? Romes Mediterranean Empire
Crossroads Italian peninsula Europe and Africa Natural Resources ample, arable land volcanic soil timber and minerals navigable rivers Support of a large population WHO? Overview of Rome.. ESSENTIAL What made the ROMAN EMPIRE?
Find at least 10 strong supportive pieces of evidence to use in your understanding of WHAT MADE THE ROMAN EMPIRE? From your findings, develop a ranking of which you feel were most crucial/significant to the development of the ROMAN Empire. Be ready to explain your rankings. How was the Roman Empire able to over come adversity/challenges/crisis? Pictorial Timeline of Roman Empire
You and your partners will be assigned a particular section on Roman Empire Review your notes. Decide what are the MOST CRITICAL pieces of information we need to know about your particular section. Create a pictorial timeline of your section. Tell us the story behind your section of how the Roman Empire came to be and developed into an advanced civilization. Be sure to use elements of GRAPES within your timeline as a guide. Provide specific evidence of HOW the Roman Empire came to be. A Republic of Farmers Inhabitation by 1000 BCE Seven Hills Economy
Romulus 753 BCE Seven Hills original Latins Etruscans immigrants 700 BCE Economy agriculture and land Politics Council of Elders seven kings of Rome BCE A Republic of Farmers Roman Republic - 507-31 BCE Roman Senate Society
ruled by assemblies of wealthy male citizens Roman Senate real center of power; made laws served for life consuls Society multi-generational family paterfamilias oldest-living male hierarchical patron/client relationship mutual benefits and obligations A Republic of Farmers Women child in eyes of the law
more freedom than Greeks influence over husbands / son Religion polytheistic numina - invisible shapeless forces controlling nature pax deorum peace with the gods diffusion with Greek gods Roman Expansion Early Roman Republic - 500 BC Rome as city-state
aggression or self-defense? friction pastoral tribes / agriculturalists Romans serves as protectors Roman loyalty BCE privileges of citizenship to conquered military service Carthage Wars BC control of western Mediterranean Sea Punic Wars: Rome Carthage and Hannibal The Failure of the Republic
Forces military service for farmers decline of independent farms unemployment decline in soldiers mercenaries war wealth of upper classes rise in latifundia; cash crops slave labor loss of food supply Civil War - 88 BCE - 31 BCE allegiance to generals, not state The Failure of the Republic
Octavian BCE ends civil wars by 31 BCE military dictator offensive to defensive Augustus Roman Principate first among equals equites wealthy merchants / landowners civil service Good Emperors line of succession An Urban Empire Pax Romana Importance of trade Romanization
Roman peace safety and stability Importance of trade support for emperor & govt rich interior provinces Gaul and Egypt Romanization spread of Latin language / Roman ways citizenship Before 212 CE: military service After 212 CE: all free males Rome: C.E. The Rise of Christianity
Judea Jewish homeland Roman control by 6 CE Jesus personal faith and spirituality Paul - ( C.E.) Jesus as Messiah (anointed one benefits of citizenship to preach Disloyalty to Rome refusal to worship emperor Essential prompts to understand..
Describe the development of Christianity Explain how Christianity became the dominant religion of the Roman Empire Spread of Christianity Rise of Christianity.. Jesus alive as prophetvs. Jesus and the resurrection the anointed one Vindicated as Gods son It seems to have circulated very quickly among his followers, but the earliest form of the movement is still thoroughly a sect within Judaism. He is a Jewish Messiah. The earliest forms of the Jesus movement then are probably small, sectarian groups. Wandering charismatics," traveling preachers and prophets, who go on saying the kingdom of heaven is at hand, continuing the legacy of Jesus' own preaching. But problems arise as Christianity grows.
What would be problems the Roman Empire would face? What threat did Christianity bring to the empire? Examine story of Pliny the Younger and examination of primary source to help use evaluate this situation Story of Pliny the Younger
Context of the story (Year 112 A.D.) WebsiteGo to Christianity's success tabPlinys Policy: Execution(http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/first/) Read through the story of Pliny Explain his predicament with the Christians How does Plinys handling of the Christians impact the political and social aspects of the Roman Empire? Who does he seek for advice and why? What is the response he receives? Roman Technology Aqueducts Third-century crisis road system
water conduits using gravity arches domes concrete Third-century crisis C.E. frequent change of rulers coin devaluation permeable frontiers loss of trade revenues exodus from city to country Aqueducts Diocletians Empire Legitimization of Constantine
Based on your reading: How and why was Constantine able to adapt to the religion of Christianity more easily than his predecessors? What impact did this radical and yet necessary change do for the Roman Empire? Roman Transformation Read Legitimization under Constantine
Diocletian ( C.E.) government regulation prices and vocations Constantine ( C.E) reunites entire empire conversion to Christianity Rome to Byzantium Constantinople Read Legitimization under Constantine Assignment for tomorrow:
Explain how Christianity became the dominant religion of the Roman Empire in a 250 word reflection. Hand written. Will be turned in. Re-Read the China and the Han Empire Complete chart in notes. Chart is located on website. Smart Start: Parking lot of knowledgeMini Mind Maps
What do we already know about the following: Shang and Zhou Dynasties Confucianism Daoism Legalism Warring States Period Be detailed and supportive of your mind map Overview of the Empire of China
Clip Big Ideas of the Empire of China Geography Religion Achievements Politics Economics Social Structure Briefs examples from videos Significance of example Connection to the Roman Empire Lets stop, drop, and CONNECT!
How do the political, social, economic, and technological characteristics of Han China and Rome compare? Origins of Imperial China, 221 BCE - 220 CE
Warring-States Period 1st empire under Qin Shi Huangdi ( BCE) Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 CE) Resources Agriculture Taxes supported institutions Main tax (% of annual harvest) At times government controlled Primary Sources human labor Public works projects Military service Farming Qin Dynasty: First Dynasty
Qin B.C.E. Imperial Age Shi Huangdi First Emperor Totalitarianism= total state primogeniture outlawed sole land inheritance abolished slavery(Rome and China pg ) standardization coins, law code, writing roads, canals, walls unification of civilization Legalism (See handout) Primary Source: Qin Emperor Han Dynasty Main Ideas The Han Dynasty
The Han dynasty created a new form of government that valued family, art, and learning. Main Ideas Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of Confucius. Family life was supported and strengthened in Han China. The Han made many achievements in art, literature, and learning. The Rise of a New Dynasty
Liu Bang, a peasant fighting in a rebel army, became emperor due to the Chinese belief in the MANDATE OF HEAVEN! He was the first emperor of the Han dynasty. Well liked by both warriors and peasants, Liu Bang released the country from strict Legalistic practices and focused on peoples immediate needs. Liu Bang lowered taxes, gave large plots of land to supporters, and set up a government that expanded on the ideas of the Qin. Government Census(Qin and Han)
What was the purpose? Describe the population base Where did most live? Why there? What was the typical family like? What was the population? How was this structure of society much like the Romans? Focus once again on Agriculture
Primary Source Analysis Due for tomorrow Confucianism became the official government philosophy. (Clip)
Wudis New Government In 140 BC, Emperor Wudi took the throne and shifted the countrys focus back to a strong central government. Confucianism became the official government philosophy. (Clip) Wudi built a university that taught Confucian ideals, and awarded his officials with higher rank if they were familiar with Confucian principles. Four Social Classes under the Confucian System
Upper Class: The Emperor, his court, and his scholars Second Class: The peasants, who made life work on a daily basis Third Class: The artisans, who produced items for daily life and some luxury goods Fourth Class: The merchants, who bought and sold what others made Hierarchy, Obedience, & Belief
Family all generations; ancestors Values Confucianism obedience and proper conduct Women three submissions parents, husband, son live with husbands family Nature nature spirits feng shui Family Life Social Classes and Wealth
Social rank did not reflect prosperity. Hard work and heavy labor did not reflect prosperity. A strong family was stressed so that people would obey the emperor. Men Men were the head of the household. Rulers had to obey their elders too; it was a crime to disobey. Some men gained jobs based on the respect they showed to elders. Women Women were taught to obey their husbands. Girls were not valued as highly as boys. Women could influence their sons families. Selection from the Confucian Analects: Women and Servant
Women and servants are most difficult to nurture. If one is close to them, they lose their reserve,while if one is distant, they feel resentful. Questions: 1. What point of view does Confucius reveal in this statement? 2. Why do you think he puts women and servants in the same category? 3. What does this passage reveal about class structure and class stereotypes in Confucius time? 4. Can you find parallels to Confucius attitude in other cultures at the same or at other times? Lets examine How did religion and/or philosophy in Rome and China help people define their respective cultures and shape the destiny of their empire? The Long Reign of the Han
Han BCE CE replaces Qin Legalism reform Confucianism social order Mandate of Heaven Changan capital of Early Han model of urban planning alignment with gentry class below aristocrats efficient and responsive Confucian guide to government civil service Daoism popular among commoners Technology and Trade Metallurgy Military watermill horse collar
poured versus pounded Military crossbow and cavalry watermill grindstone horse collar Trade (Silk Road) silk as leading export Fall of Han reform failure; corruption nomad attacks; hungry peasants Han Achievements The Han created realistic scenes from everyday life, advanced figure painting, and depictions of religious figures and Confucian scholars. Art Fu style: combination of prose and poetry Shi style: short lines of verse that could be sung Literature The Han Chinese made paper by grinding plant fibers into a paste and then setting the paste out to dry in sheets. Later they rolled the dried pulp into scrolls. Invention of Paper Han Achievements A device for telling time, the sundial uses the position of the shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day. Sundial This device measures the strength of an earthquake. Chinese scientists believed that the movement of the earth was a sign of evil times. Seismograph Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the skin to cure disease or relieve pain. This practice is still widely used today. Acupuncture Rome and Han China Common Characteristics
largest empires world had seen greater central control than earlier empires greater cultural impact remarkable stability