299© Asian Development Bank 2015 A. Heshmati et al. (eds.), Poverty Reduction Policies and Practices in Developing Asia, Economic Studies in Inequality, Social Exclusion and Well-Being, DOI 10.1007/978-981-287-420-7

ADB Member Names

Appendix 1 provides the proper presentation of names of ADBmembers in text, in tables, and on covers of Board documents.

Use “ADB members” when referring to the collective membership ofADB, not “ADB member countries.”

Use the term “ADB member” or “economy” rather than “country” or“nation” when referring to members that are not independent politicalentities, e.g., Hong Kong, China.

Abbreviations

Except for the abbreviated forms for some member names given inAppendix 1, always spell out the names of ADB members. Do notidentify an ADB member in text, tables, or.figures by its membercode, except as part of a loan or technical assistance number.

See also: Abbreviations, Capitalization, Appendix 1

(ADB Member Names and Currency Units)

Lists

When two or more members appear in a sequence in a sentence,list, or table, present them in alphabetical order unless a reasonis given for another order. The order should be the same as inAppendix 1, even when using an abbreviation. In alphabetical listsof countries, the People’s Republic of China should always appearunder “C,” the Republic of Korea under “K,” and the Federated Statesof Micronesia under “M.”

Avoid

Collaboration with hostgovernments in CAM, LAO,and VIE will be essential.

Prefer

Collaboration with hostgovernments in Cambodia,the Lao People’s DemocraticRepublic, and Viet Nam willbe essential.

Delegations from Cambodia, the People’s Republic of China,Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Malaysia attended theconference.

Consultations were held with Bangladesh, the PRC, Japan, andTuvalu.

The mission visited Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Armenia, inthat order.

Appendix

Appendix300300

Appendix 1: ADB Member Names and Currency Units

Short Form Long Forma Code

Afghanistan Islamic Republic of Afghanistan AFG

Armenia Armenia ARM

Australia AUS

Austria AUT

Azerbaijan Republic of Azerbaijan AZE

Bangladesh People’s Republic of Bangladesh BAN

Belgium BEL

Bhutan Kingdom of Bhutan BHU

Brunei Darussalam BRU

Cambodia Kingdom of Cambodia CAM

Canada CAN

(the) People’s Republic of China, (the) PRC People’s Republic of China PRC

(the) Cook Islands Cook Islands COO

Denmark DEN

Fiji Republic of Fiji FIJ

Finland FIN

France FRA

Georgia Georgia GEO

Germany GER

Hong Kong, China Hong Kong, China HKG

India India IND

Indonesia Republic of Indonesia INO

Ireland IRE

Italy ITA

Japan JPN

Kazakhstan Republic of Kazakhstan KAZ

Kiribati Republic of Kiribati KIR

(the) Republic of Korea Republic of Korea KOR

(the) Kyrgyz Republic Kyrgyz Republic KGZ

(the) Lao People’s Democratic Republic, (the) Lao PDR Lao People’s Democratic Republic LAO

Luxembourg LUX

Malaysia Malaysia MAL

(the) Maldives Republic of the Maldives MLD

ADB Member Names

Appendix 1 provides the proper presentation of names of ADBmembers in text, in tables, and on covers of Board documents.

Use “ADB members” when referring to the collective membership ofADB, not “ADB member countries.”

Use the term “ADB member” or “economy” rather than “country” or“nation” when referring to members that are not independent politicalentities, e.g., Hong Kong, China.

Abbreviations

Except for the abbreviated forms for some member names given inAppendix 1, always spell out the names of ADB members. Do notidentify an ADB member in text, tables, or.figures by its membercode, except as part of a loan or technical assistance number.

See also: Abbreviations, Capitalization, Appendix 1

(ADB Member Names and Currency Units)

Lists

When two or more members appear in a sequence in a sentence,list, or table, present them in alphabetical order unless a reasonis given for another order. The order should be the same as inAppendix 1, even when using an abbreviation. In alphabetical listsof countries, the People’s Republic of China should always appearunder “C,” the Republic of Korea under “K,” and the Federated Statesof Micronesia under “M.”

Avoid

Collaboration with hostgovernments in CAM, LAO,and VIE will be essential.

Prefer

Collaboration with hostgovernments in Cambodia,the Lao People’s DemocraticRepublic, and Viet Nam willbe essential.

Delegations from Cambodia, the People’s Republic of China,Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Malaysia attended theconference.

Consultations were held with Bangladesh, the PRC, Japan, andTuvalu.

The mission visited Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Armenia, inthat order.

Appendix 301301

Government Name

Currency Unit

Singular Plural Symbol

Government of Afghanistan afghani afghanis AF

Government of Armenia dram dram AMD

Government of Australia Australian dollar Australian dollars A$

Government of Austria euro euros

Government of Azerbaijan Azerbaijan manat Azerbaijan manats AZN

Government of Bangladesh taka taka Tk

Government of Belgium euro euros

Government of Bhutan ngultrum ngultrum Nu

Government of Brunei Darussalam Brunei dollar Brunei dollars B$

Government of Cambodia riel riels KR

Government of Canada Canadian dollar Canadian dollars Can$

Government of the People’s Republic of China yuan yuan CNY

Government of the Cook Islands New Zealand dollar New Zealand dollars NZ$

Government of Denmark Danish krone Danish kroner DKr

Government of Fiji Fiji dollar Fiji dollars F$

Government of Finland euro euros

Government of France euro euros

Government of Georgia lari lari GEL

Government of Germany euro euros

Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China

Hong Kong dollar Hong Kong dollars HK$

Government of India Indian rupee Indian rupees Re/Rs

Government of Indonesia rupiah rupiah Rp

Government of Ireland euro euros

Government of Italy euro euros

Government of Japan yen yen

Government of Kazakhstan tenge tenge T

Government of Kiribati Australian dollar Australian dollars A$

Government of the Republic of Korea won won W

Government of the Kyrgyz Republic som som Som

Government of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic kip kip KN

Government of Luxembourg euro euros

Government of Malaysia ringgit ringgit RM

Government of the Maldives Rf

¥

Appendix302302

Short Form Long Forma Code

(the) Marshall Islands, (the) RMI Republic of the Marshall Islands RMI

(the) Federated States of Micronesia, (the) FSM Federated States of Micronesia FSM

Mongolia Mongolia MON

Myanmar Republic of the Union of Myanmar MYA

Nauru Nauru NAU

Nepal Nepal NEP

(the) Netherlands NET

New Zealand NZL

Norway NOR

Pakistan Islamic Republic of Pakistan PAK

Palau Republic of Palau PAL

Papua New Guinea, PNG Papua New Guinea PNG

(the) Philippines Republic of the Philippines PHI

Portugal POR

Samoa Independent State of Samoa SAM

Singapore Republic of Singapore SIN

Solomon Islands Solomon Islands SOL

Spain SPA

Sri Lanka Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka SRI

Sweden SWE

Switzerland SWI

Taipei,China Taipei,China TAP

Tajikistan Republic of Tajikistan TAJ

Thailand Kingdom of Thailand THA

Timor-Leste Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste TIM

Tonga Kingdom of Tonga TON

Turkey TUR

Turkmenistan Turkmenistan TKM

Tuvalu Tuvalu TUV

(the) United Kingdom, (the) UK UKG

(the) United States, (the) US USA

Uzbekistan Republic of Uzbekistan UZB

Vanuatu Republic of Vanuatu VAN

Viet Nam Socialist Republic of Viet Nam VIE

ADB = Asian Development Bank, JFPR = Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction, RRP = report and recommendation of the President, TA = technical assistance.a Use the long form only in sovereign RRPs (covers, proposal, and recommendation paragraphs), TA and JFPR reports

Appendix 303303

Government Name

Currency Unit

Singular Plural Symbol

Government of the Marshall Islands US dollar US dollars $

Government of the Federated States of Micronesia US dollar US dollars $

Government of Mongolia togrog togrog MNT

Government of Myanmar kyat kyats MK

Government of Nauru Australian dollar Australian dollars A$

Government of Nepal Nepalese rupee Nepalese rupees NRe/NRs

Government of the Netherlands euro euros

Government of New Zealand New Zealand dollar New Zealand dollars NZ$

Government of Norway Norwegian krone Norwegian kroner NKr

Government of Pakistan Pakistan rupee Pakistan rupees PRe/PRs

Government of the Republic of Palau US dollar US dollars $

Government of Papua New Guinea kina kina K

Government of the Philippines peso pesos P

Government of Portugal euro euros

Government of Samoa tala tala ST

Government of Singapore Singapore dollar Singapore dollars S$

Government of Solomon Islands Solomon Islands dollar Solomon Islands dollars SI$

Government of Spain euro euros

Government of Sri Lanka Sri Lanka rupee Sri Lanka rupees SLRe/SLRs

Government of Sweden Swedish krona Swedish kronor SKr

Government of Switzerland Swiss franc Swiss francs SwF

Government of Taipei,China NT dollar NT dollars NT$

Government of Tajikistan somoni somoni TJS

Government of Thailand baht baht B

Government of Timor-Leste US dollar US dollars $

Government of Tonga pa’anga pa’anga T$

Government of Turkey Turkish lira Turkish lira TL

Government of Turkmenistan Turkmen manat Turkmen manats TMM

Government of Tuvalu Australian dollar Australian dollars A$

Government of the United Kingdom pound sterling pounds sterling

Government of the United States US dollar US dollars $

Government of Uzbekistan sum sum SUM

Government of Vanuatu vatu vatu Vt

Government of Viet Nam dong dong D

between the member government and ADB.

305© Asian Development Bank 2015 A. Heshmati et al. (eds.), Poverty Reduction Policies and Practices in Developing Asia, Economic Studies in Inequality, Social Exclusion and Well-Being, DOI 10.1007/978-981-287-420-7

Author Index

AAandahl, G., 58Aberman, N., 56Abiola, B., 35Adams, D.W., 28Adams, Jr., R.H., 282, 287Addison, T., 148Adhikari, J., 230Ahmad, S., 4, 108, 116Ahmed, N., 14Akanbi, O.A., 282, 286Alamgir, D., 13Albert, J.R.G., 251Albrecht, J.W., 174, 179Alderman, 236Almeda, J.P., 251Al-Mamun, A., 14Angeles, G., 108Anselin, L., 288, 289Ara, D., 13Ara, I., 13Araar, A., 170Arbuckle, J., 28Arguillas, M.J.B., 237Asaduzzaman, M., 14As-saber, S., 27

BBadiuzzaman, M., 4, 154, 157Baltagi, B.H., 288, 293Banerjee, A., 226Banerjee, A.V., 35, 258, 259, 271Banu, A., 13Barden-O’Fallon, J., 108Bardhan, P., 147

Barkat, A., 147–150Barrett, C.B., 230Bartlett, S., 85Bassett, G., 142Batila, S., 128Bauchet, J., 33, 35Baud, I., 108Baulch, B., 220Benjamin, D., 170Berger, M., 13Bertaux, N., 13Bhatt, N., 14Bian, F., 110Bian, Y., 110Birthal, P.S., 127Birthal, S.P., 127Blinder, A., 165, 168, 176Bontch-Osmolovski, M., 226Bossert, W., 207Boulding, K.E., 147, 159Bourmpoula, E., 258–260Bowles, S., 147Brandt, L., 170Breusch, T.S., 196, 289–292, 296Brine, K., 58Bryceson, D.F., 231Bulte, E.H., 160Burke, M.B., 58Byambadorj, E., 58

CCameron, J., 157Canales, K.S., 251Capuno, J.J., 7Carter, M.R., 230

Author Index306306

Case, A., 238, 242Chakma, S.S., 146Chakravarty, S.R., 206, 207Chandrasekhar, S., 108Chen, M., 28, 188, 259, 287Cheng, T.J., 88Choi, M.J., 116Chotikapanich, D., 167Chowdhury, S., 14Christiaensen, L.J., 220Chun, N., 258, 259Cohen, M.J., 56Coleman, B., 27, 28Coleman, B.E., 34, 35Collier, P., 146Cox, D., 236Crable, E., 13

DDas, N., 3Das, P., 5, 188, 195, 198Das, R.U., 282, 287David, C., 28Davis, P., 220Deaton, A., 126, 170De Haas, H., 226Desai, B.M., 126Desai, S., 236De Weerdt, J., 231Diagne, A., 27Dingcong, C., 33Donaghue, K., 32Donald, G., 28Dreze, J., 126Duclos, J., 170Duflo, E., 33, 258, 259, 271Dunn, E., 28Dupont, V., 108Du Toit, C.B., 282, 286D’souza, M., 126

EEgger, P., 288Ellis, F., 220Ericta, C., 239Estrada, G., 273

FFafchamps, F., 236Fehr, E., 147Felipe, J., 273

Felton, A., 220Ferreira, F., 260Filmer, D., 237, 251Firpo, S., 168Flyvbjerg, B., 221Foggin, P., 86Forsyth, T., 56Fortin, N., 168Foster, J.E., 191Fosu, A.K., 288Fritzen, S., 282, 287Fujii, T., 237, 249Fukuda-Parr, S., 12

GGang, I., 109Gates, S., 148Gibbison, G., 237, 251Gibson, K., 238Giles, J., 170Glennerster, R., 33Glick, P., 236Glinskaya, E., 226Gohou, G., 282Goldberg, N., 33Gomez, R., 13Graham, D., 28Greer, J., 191Guha, P., 58Gulati, A., 128Gunatilaka, R., 167Gunewardena, D., 109, 175Gupta, S., 226

HHabib, M., 2, 27Habitat, U., 108Haddad, L., 84Haley, B., 34Hallock, K., 168Harris, J.R., 70Hartel, C., 27Hashemi, S., 14, 28Hassan, R., 59Hassoun, N., 207, 208Heltberg, R., 170Hertel, T.W., 58Heshmati, A., 1Hietalahti, J., 13Himangsu, 126Hobley, M., 230Hoff, K., 147, 156

Author Index 307307

Holcombe, S., 14Holla, J., 58Homer-Dixon, T.F., 146Hossain, A., 13, 28Hossain, M., 13Huang, C.H., 282, 286Huang, Y., 110Hulme, D., 13, 28Husain, A., 27Huynh, P., 7

IIbrahim, M., 32Infantado, C., 33Islam, J., 14Islam, N., 108Iyer, L., 226

JJacoby, H., 58Jahan, S., 13Jalilian, H., 282, 286Javier, X., 7Jiang, L., 110Johnson, N., 221, 231Johnson, S., 13Jonas, S., 269Joshi, P.K., 127Jubb, C., 2Junginger, M., 226

KKabir, A., 13Kafuko, A., 220, 228, 231Kahneman, D., 147, 159Kanbur, R., 165Kapsos, S., 7, 258–260Kar, S., 3Kelkar, U., 58Kennedy, P., 289Khalily, B., 13, 27, 28Khan, A., 32Khan, A.U., 35Khan, Z., 32Khandker, S., 13, 14Khandker, S.R., 33Kharas, H., 260Khilji, B.A., 282, 286Kijima, Y., 109King, E.M., 236Kinnan, C., 33

Ko, J., 116Koenker, R., 168Kolk, A., 282, 287Kondo, T., 33, 34Koubi, V., 148Kraft, A.D., 251Krishna, A., 220, 221, 228, 231Krishnaji, N., 190Kristjanson, P., 221, 231Kumara, T., 5, 175Kumar, A.K.S., 12, 58Kumar, K.S.K., 59Kumar, T., 58Kundu, A., 207Kurukulasuriya, P., 59

LLance, P., 108Lawson, D., 220Lee, J., 236Lemieux, T., 168Lensink, B.W., 160Liechenko, R., 58Lin, I.F., 238Lin, T., 58Linden, M., 13Llorente, G., 260Loayza, N.,, 260Lobell, D.B., 58Logan, J.R., 110Lokshin, M., 226Luis, J., 239Lumonya, D., 220, 228, 231

MMaasoumi, E., 1Machado, J., 165, 169, 176Mach, K.J., 56Mahadeva, M., 108Mahbub, A.Q.M., 108Malett, R., 161Malpezzi, S., 116, 117Maluccio, J.A., 236Mango, N., 221, 231Marenya, P.P., 220, 230Marjit, S., 70Markiewicz, M., 220, 231Markowitz, H., 159Marsden, H., 269Marshall, C., 33Martins, P.S., 168Mata, J., 165, 169

Author Index308308

Mataya, C., 27Mathur, O.P., 108Mayo, S.K., 116, 117McKay, A., 220McLanahan, S., 238, 242McPeak, J., 220, 230Meerman, J., 56Mehta, D., 108Mehta, S., 108Melly, B., 169Mendelsohn, R., 58, 59Meyer, R., 28Midgley, P.M., 56Miller, T., 87Minten, B., 220, 230Mitlin, D., 85Mohsin, A., 148, 150Mohsin, M., 13, 28, 149Montgomery, M.R., 108Morduch, J., 13, 33–35Moser, C., 220Mosley, P., 13, 28Mosse, D., 226Mugumya, F., 220Mukherjee, A., 4Mukherjee, D., 207Müller-Böker, U., 226Murithi, F., 220, 230Murshed, S.M., 5, 146, 148, 161Mustafa, S.I., 13, 28

NNazem, N.I., 108Neumark, D., 109Nguyen, B.T., 174, 179Nhemachena, C., 59Nillesen, E., 158Nillesen, E.E.M., 160Nissanke, M., 282Nordhaus, W., 59

OOaxaca, R., 165, 168, 169Odell, K., 33, 35Okidi, J., 220Oluoch-Kosura, W., 220, 230Orbeta, A., 33Osberg, L., 208Otsuka, E.J., 515

PPadhi, B., 6Pagan, A.R., 196, 289, 290, 296Page, J., 282, 287Palatnik, R.R., 58Panda, M., 188Pao, H.T., 287Parikh, J., 58, 59Parikh, K., 108, 116Patnaik, U., 126Paul, C., 237, 251Pereira, P., 168Pfaffermayr, M., 288, 293Pfeffer, K., 108Pischke, V.J.D., 28Pitt, M., 13, 28Pitt, M.M., 33Place, F., 220, 230Plattner, G.K., 56Poertner, E., 226Plug, E., 238Pugh, C., 117Punongbayan, J.C.B., 251

QQuimba, F.M.A., 251Quisumbing, A., 261Quisumbing, A.R., 236Quisumbing, M.A.R., 220

RRabassa, M., 58Radeny, M., 221, 231Radhakrishna, R., 188Rahman, A., 14Rahman, M.M., 35, 43Rajuladevi, A.K., 128Rakodi, C., 108Ramos, A.P.E., 251Randrianarisoa, J.C., 220, 230Rao, C.H.H., 128Rao, P.P., 127Raphelle, B., 126Rasambainarivo, J., 220, 230Ravallion, M., 32, 170Reardon, T., 220Reiter, S.L., 282, 286Reyes, M.M., 237Rezza, A.A., 287

Author Index 309309

Ricardo, D., 59Rigg, J., 226, 231Rigolini, J., 260Riley, A., 28Roberts, M.J., 58Rockmore, M., 158Roodman, D., 33, 35Rosch, S.D., 58Roson, R., 58Roy, R.C., 146, 148, 149Runciman, G., 12

SSacerdote, B., 238Sachar, R., 116Sahn, D.E., 236Salma, M., 34Samanta, D., 3Sanghi, A., 58, 59Santor, E., 13Sanyal, M.K., 188Satterthwaite, D., 84, 85Schlenker, W., 58Schmidhuber, J., 56Schuler, S., 28Sen, A., 12Sen, B., 109Sen, K., 109Seo, N., 59Shah, V., 226Shah, W.H., 32Sharma, T., 126Shaw, D., 59Shaw, J., 13Shirazi, N.S., 35Sidhu, R.S., 127Simanowitz, A., 13Simeen, M., 14Sing, S., 126, 127Sivam, A., 110, 117Skoufias, E., 58Slater, R., 161Smarzynska, B.K., 287Smith, A., 12Smith, T.E., 207Solinger, D.J., 88Soumaré, I., 282, 286Srid haran, N., 108Steensma, H.K., 282, 286Subbarao, K., 220Subramanian, S., 207Sugden, F., 232

Sulaiman, J., 3Sunam, R., 6

TTan, E.A., 251Tang, S., 14Tewri, L., 127Thomas, J., 33, 35Thompson, B., 56Thorbecke, E., 191, 282, 286Tignor, M., 56Tirado, M.C., 56Tiwari, P., 108, 116Todaro, M.P., 70Tompkins, H., 58Topalova, P., 282, 287Townsend, P., 12Tsai, C.M., 287Tsai, P.L., 282Tubiello, F.N., 56Tversky, A., 147, 159

UUdry, C., 147Ullah, A., 32, 35Uttama, N.P., 7

VVan de Walle, D., 109 Venables, A., 165van Soest, D.P., 160van Tulder, R., 282, 287Venema, H., 58Verwimp, P., 158Vijverberg, W., 238Voors, M.J., 160Vroman, B.S., 174

WWade, R.H., 282Wan, G., 167Wan, G.H., 167Wang, S., 170Wangila, J., 220Webb, P., 220Wegoye, J., 220Wei, S.J., 287Weiss, J., 282Westbrook, M.D., 174

Author Index310310

White, H., 40Williams, L., 237Williamson, J., 236Wooldridge, J.M., 189Wratten, E., 108Wu, F., 157

XXu, K., 208

YYalouris, A., 33, 35Yasin, H.M., 35, 40Yusuf, A., 13

Yun, M.S., 109Yunus, M., 32, 35

ZZaman, K., 282, 286Zeller, M., 27Zhai, F., 58

311© Asian Development Bank 2015 A. Heshmati et al. (eds.), Poverty Reduction Policies and Practices in Developing Asia, Economic Studies in Inequality, Social Exclusion and Well-Being, DOI 10.1007/978-981-287-420-7

Subject Index

AAgricultural Production, 3, 69, 72, 128ASEAN, 7, 282, 284–286, 288–290, 293, 296ASEAN member countries, 282, 284, 285ASEAN statistics, 282Asia and the Pacific, 8, 258, 261, 264Availability of food and nutrition, 4

BBangladesh, 2, 4, 11–14, 16, 20, 27, 28, 34,

86, 89, 90, 94, 100, 102, 116, 118, 146, 148, 150, 166

Barriers, 5, 166, 177, 180Basic capabilities, 3, 12, 221Basic needs, 3, 12, 17, 44, 50, 170, 223Best practices, 2

CCalorie intake per capita, 4Cambodia, 7, 89, 90, 260, 264–266, 268, 270,

273, 275, 285Cameron J., 154, 157Castes, 6, 190, 192, 195, 198, 201, 226Casual employment, 269, 272Causes of poverty, 206Challenging research question, 3, 55Changes in poverty, 207, 209, 212, 286Child education, 7Child labor, 7, 12Children out of school, 6, 7Children under kinship care, 6Chronic poverty, 188, 190, 193, 194,

196, 202Class-based characteristics, 264

Climate change, 2, 3, 55, 56, 58, 59, 62–64, 67–69

Climate change scenarios, 3, 64Climate-intensive sectors, 3, 55Comparative study on poverty, 68, 266Conflict, 4, 5, 146–148, 150, 151, 154,

156–158Consequences of poverty, 147, 275Consumption, 3–5, 13, 34, 43, 64, 68, 69,

73, 109–111, 113, 116, 128, 130, 135, 136, 140, 147, 152–154, 156, 166–170, 174–177, 179, 189, 193, 196, 199, 201, 208, 258, 260, 269

Consumption expenditure, 64, 68, 69, 108, 110, 113, 151, 153, 154, 160, 170, 172, 175, 176, 179, 193, 196, 199

Consumption per capital, 6, 171, 188Counterfactual measure, 3, 64Crop diversification, 4, 127–134, 136, 137, 139

DDecomposing spatial inequality, 5, 165, 167Decomposition method, 5, 109, 167, 176Demographic, 34, 38, 80, 109, 110, 116, 149,

152, 167, 171, 189, 222, 259Deprivations, 3, 89, 90, 94Deprivations in urban Asia, 80, 85Depth of poverty, 188, 194, 195, 206, 208Determinants of poverty, 198Developing Asia, 1, 3, 7, 85, 94, 99, 102, 258,

264, 265, 269, 273, 275Developing Asia and the Pacific, 7, 257Dichotomy, 3, 89Disaster management, 55Distribution of resources, 4, 108

Subject Index312312

EEconomic class, 7, 258, 260, 261, 264–268,

270, 272, 273, 276Economic development, 3, 282, 284–286Economic growth, 2, 80, 148, 166, 219, 257,

285, 286Economic participation, 7, 264, 265, 268Economic resources, 8, 84Economic revival factor, 5, 146Economic welfare, 8, 35, 43Education gap, 266, 268Educational attainment, 7, 27, 266, 267Efficiency, 128, 130, 137, 138, 140, 289Employment, 4–7, 12, 13, 70, 72, 73, 102,

109–111, 116, 118, 148, 175, 188, 192, 227, 258, 260, 261, 264, 269, 271, 273, 286

Environmentally sustainable, 1Escaping poverty, 220, 221, 227Evaluation of the policy, 4Experimental method, 37Extreme classes of the poor, 3

FFarm revenue, 3, 64Farmland value, 3, 64Financially marginalized communities, 2, 31Floor area consumption, 4, 108, 109, 111, 116Food production, 3, 56, 57Foreign direct investment, 7, 282Foreign labour migration, 220, 225–227

GGDP growth, 6, 8, 188, 201, 219Global financial crisis, 2, 257Global monitoring, 82Green revolution, 60, 63, 66, 127

HHeadcount measure of poverty, 6, 206Headcount ratio, 191, 195, 287Health costs, 6High-skill, 4, 274, 275Household head, 7, 110, 153, 171, 176Household income, 2, 5, 25, 27, 40, 42,

45, 168, 169, 189, 265, 269, 275, 276, 286

Household-level data, 5, 188Household saving, 19, 25, 27Household size, 25, 27, 42, 44, 64, 110, 116,

174, 189, 192, 196, 199

Household survey, 4, 5, 7, 8, 147, 148, 260, 286

Housing consumption, 4, 113, 116, 117Housing demand, 4, 108–110, 109, 113Housing poverty, 4, 108, 111Human capital, 58, 167, 171Human capital formation, 128Human development, 12, 60, 63, 66, 282, 285,

286, 288Human development index, 60, 63, 103, 282,

285, 288, 290

IImpact assessment, 33, 35, 37Impacts of poverty, 290Incidence of poverty, 190, 194, 201Inclusive growth, 166, 284Income difference, 25Income dimensions, 3, 104, 196, 202Income distribution, 201Income inequality, 31Income per capita, 179, 285India, 3–5, 7, 57, 62, 63, 89, 94, 102, 108,

113, 126, 150, 188, 190, 193, 195, 198, 201, 210, 226, 231, 260, 265, 268, 270, 273, 287

Indian states, 6, 148, 210Indonesia, 7, 88, 260, 265, 268, 271, 275, 289Inequality in urban India, 4, 117Inequitable distribution, 4Infrastructure, 8, 85, 102, 126, 128, 131, 132,

135, 136, 139, 140, 147, 180, 277, 288, 293

Intra-group trust, 5, 154, 156Irrigation, 4, 56, 63, 66, 74, 127–129, 131,

133, 136, 139, 167

LLabor market, 7Labor market segregation, 7Labour migration, 225, 230Land for poverty reduction, 219, 230, 285Land possession, 109, 111, 116Linear regression, 24, 25, 198Livelihood decisions, 4, 146, 151, 160Living standard, 4, 103, 108–111, 117, 166,

198, 273Location-specific returns, 5, 167, 168, 176,

178Low-income group, 3Low-income households, 108, 109Low-skill, 111, 118

Subject Index 313313

MMale-female gap, 265, 268Malnutrition, 4, 127, 128, 139Marginal farmers, 4, 127, 134, 188Marginalized communities, 3, 32Measure of poverty, 6, 206, 210Measure of well-being, 70, 170Measurement of poverty, 206Methodological issues, 2Micro-survey data, 3, 31Microcredit program, 3, 32, 39, 42, 43, 46, 47Microfinance, 2, 11–15, 20, 23, 27, 32, 33, 35,

42, 51Microfinance institution, 2, 12, 32, 34, 42Middle-class workers, 7, 257, 264, 268, 275Millennium Development Goals, 103, 259,

282, 288Multidimensional poverty, 1, 103Murshed, S.M., 5, 146, 148

NNepal, 6, 86, 90, 94, 102, 148, 166, 220, 223,

226, 231, 232Net revenue, 3, 58, 59, 62–64, 66–68, 74Non-income deprivations, 85Non-income dimensions, 5, 103, 188, 192,

198, 201Non-parametric method, 130, 140

OOccupation, 4, 110, 116, 117, 192, 275Occupational segregation, 274OLS regression, 15Out of poverty, 6, 7, 80, 219, 225, 229–231,

282Ownership of assets, 2

PPakistan, 2, 32, 34, 42, 46, 86, 94, 102, 286Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund (PPAF), 32Panel data, 7, 34, 220, 284, 287, 289Parametric method, 37Parental preference, 236, 242, 244People Republic of China, 58Per capita consumption, 38, 43, 189, 199, 258,

260Per capita equivalence, 39, 44Per capita expenditure, 5, 190, 196, 202, 208Per capita income, 34, 38, 43, 80, 260Philippines, 6, 27, 86, 284, 289Policy challenges, 1

Policy initiatives, 2Poor class workers, 47, 259Population growth, 1, 57, 146Post-conflict, 5, 146, 147, 150, 151, 158,

160, 161Post-conflict reconstruction, 147, 150Poverty alleviation, 2, 11, 13, 15, 27, 33,

231, 293Poverty Comparison, 207, 209Poverty component, 6, 210Poverty component sources, 2Poverty decomposition, 6Poverty depth, 188, 190, 191, 193, 201,

208, 210Poverty Dimensions, 2, 3, 5, 85, 104, 188,

198, 206Poverty dynamics, 6, 219, 221Poverty gap, 6, 191, 194, 206, 209, 210, 212Poverty head, 6, 191, 205, 209, 212, 287Poverty incidence, 5, 80, 83, 86, 193, 202Poverty intensity, 208, 210, 214Poverty level, 6, 46, 134, 180, 201, 207, 258Poverty line, 5, 7, 39, 44, 63Poverty measure, 103, 104, 191, 206, 207Poverty measurement, 209, 230Poverty prevalence, 5, 190, 191, 193, 195Poverty Reduction, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 35, 80, 161,

199, 202, 226, 277, 281, 282, 285, 286, 288, 296

Poverty reduction strategy, 79, 102Poverty severity, 191Poverty trap, 220, 231, 287Prevalence of poverty, 198Production Decision, 40, 152, 157Productivity, 51, 57, 66, 231Productivity growth, 57Profitability, 4, 125, 128, 130, 140Projection, 260, 264Provision of services, 2

QQuantile regression, 5, 167–169, 175, 176, 179Quartile community, 3, 31Quasi-experimental approach, 2, 11, 37

RRainfall, 56, 60, 67, 69, 72, 127Rapid economic growth, 1, 148Rapid urbanization, 1Rebalance declined growth, 220, 223, 264,

270, 293Regional aggregation, 81, 83, 84

Subject Index314314

Regional difference, 202Regional inequality, 5, 165Relative poverty, 5, 187, 188, 190, 195, 202Renter, 4, 107–109, 111, 113, 116, 117, 120Risk of violence, 5, 145Role of government, 286Role of institutions, 32, 33Role of NGOs, 12, 32Rural consumption expenditure, 55Rural poverty, 2, 4, 82–84, 140, 190, 196, 221,

226, 229Rural-urban migration, 88, 188, 225, 226Rural-urban poverty, 188, 190, 198

SSavings, 2, 11, 18, 19, 25, 27, 37Scheduled castes, 6, 187, 190, 192, 198, 202Scheduled tribes, 6, 187, 190, 192, 198, 202School attendance, 7Schooling participation, 7Severity of poverty, 4, 5, 188, 194, 201, 206Share cropping, 225–227Size of Population, 6, 149Slum dwellers, 4, 90, 107, 108, 110, 111, 117Slum households, 4, 86, 89, 107, 109,

111–113, 116, 118Small and marginal farmers, 4, 58, 128, 139Small businesses, 220, 230Social groups, 6, 190, 192, 198, 201, 202, 223Socially inclusive, 1Sociocultural, 109, 110, 116, 119Socioeconomic well-being, 3, 38, 45South Asian countries, 3, 55Spatial difference, 5, 167Spatial estimation, 5, 290Spatial inequality, 5, 180Spatial panel data model, 281, 289Stages of progress, 219, 221, 223, 229

Supply shortfalls, 3, 55, 56Sustainability in Poverty Reduction, 6Sustainable development, 4, 74, 107Sri Lanka, 5, 92, 98, 99, 166, 167, 169, 175,

176, 178, 179

TTarget groups, 4, 44, 102Transitory component, 80, 259

UUnderestimation of urban poverty, 3, 79, 102,

104Universal primary education, 103Urban households, 112, 192, 198Urban Poverty, 3, 79, 82–85, 88, 102, 188, 210

VViet Nam, 7, 87, 92, 98, 260, 264, 266,

268–270, 273, 275, 277Vulnerability to poverty, 259Vulnerable poor, 3

WWell-being, 2, 3, 5, 12, 64, 74, 135, 167, 187,

191, 196, 199Working age population, 264Working conditions, 4, 79, 102, 270, 275Working population, 7, 102, 257Working poverty, 4, 79, 100, 102, 257, 258,

264, 268World poverty, 126