Appendix A FAQs on Sustainable Development Summit, 2015978-3-319-47494-6/1.pdf · 342 Appendix A: FAQs on Sustainable Development Summit, 2015 outlined in the Addis Ababa Action Agenda,

Appendix AFAQs on Sustainable DevelopmentSummit, 2015

(Press Kit for the Sustainable Development Summit 2015: Time for Global Action forPeople and Planet)

Frequently Asked Questions

What is sustainable development?

• Sustainable development has been defined as development that meets the needsof the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meettheir own needs.

• Sustainable development calls for concerted efforts towards building an inclu-sive, sustainable and resilient future for people and planet.

• For sustainable development to be achieved, it is crucial to harmonize three coreelements: economic growth, social Inclusion and environmental protection.These elements are interconnected and all are crucial for the wellbeing ofindividuals and societies.

• Eradicating poverty in all its forms and dimensions is an indispensablerequirement for sustainable development. To this end, there must be promotionof sustainable inclusive and equitable economic growth, creating greateropportunities for all, reducing inequalities, raising basic standards of living,fostering equitable social development and inclusion, and promoting integratedand sustainable management of natural resources and ecosystems.

What are the Sustainable Development Goals?

• The 193 Member States of the United Nations reached consensus on the out-come document of a new sustainable development agenda entitled,“Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”.This agenda contains 17 goals and 169 targets. The complete list of goals andtargets are available at: http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable–developmentgoals/. The outcome document is available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017B. SyamRoy, India’s Journey Towards Sustainable Population,DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-47494-6

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http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable&hx2013;developmentgoals/

http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable&hx2013;developmentgoals/

https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld

https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld

• World leaders will officially adopt this universal, integrated and transformativeagenda in September to spur actions that will end poverty and build a moresustainable world over the next 15 years.

• This agenda builds on the achievements of the Millennium Development Goals(MDGs), which were adopted in 2000 and guided development action for the last15 years. TheMDGs have proven that global goals can lift millions out of poverty.

• The new goals are part of an ambitious, bold sustainable development agendathat will focus on the three interconnected elements of sustainable development:economic growth, social inclusion and environmental protection.

• The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and targets are global in nature anduniversally applicable, taking into account different national realities, capacities andlevels of development and respecting national policies and priorities. They are notindependent fromeach other—they need to be implemented in an integratedmanner.

• The SDGs are the result of a three year long transparent, participatory processinclusive of all stakeholders and people’s voices. They represent an unprecedentedagreement around sustainable development priorities among 193 Member States.They have received world wide support from civil society, business,Parliamentarians and other actors. The decision to launch a process to develop a setof SDGs was made by UN Member States at the United Nations Conference onSustainable Development (Rio+20), held in Rio de Janeiro in June 2012.

What are the elements underpinning the Sustainable Development Goals?

• The Goals and targets will stimulate action over the next 15 years in areas ofcritical importance: people, planet, prosperity, peace and partnership.

– People, as we are determined to end poverty and hunger, in all their formsand dimensions, and to ensure that all human beings can fulfil their potentialin dignity and equality and in a healthy environment.

– Planet, to protect the planet from degradation, including through sustainableconsumption and production, sustainably managing its natural resources andtaking urgent action on climate change, so that it can support the needs of thepresent and future generations.

– The Goals and targets will stimulate action over the next 15 years in areas ofcritical importance: people, planet, prosperity, peace and partnership.

– People, as we are determined to end poverty and hunger, in all their formsand dimensions, and to ensure that all human beings can fulfil their potentialin dignity and equality and in a healthy environment.

– Prosperity, to ensure that all human beings can enjoy prosperous and ful-filling lives and that economic, social and technological progress occurs inharmony with nature.

– Peace, to foster peaceful, just and inclusive societies free from fear andviolence. There can be no sustainable development without peace and nopeace without sustainable development.

– Partnership, to mobilize the means required to implement this agendathrough a revitalised global partnership for sustainable development, based

340 Appendix A: FAQs on Sustainable Development Summit, 2015

on a spirit of strengthened global solidarity, focussed in particular on theneeds of the poorest and most vulnerable and with the participation of allcountries, all stakeholders and all people.

Why are new goals being adopted this year?

• The Millennium Development Goals that were launched in 2000 set 2015 as thetarget year. Recognizing the success of the Goals—and the fact that a newdevelopment agenda was needed beyond 2015—countries agreed in 2012 at Rio+20, the UN Conference on Sustainable Development, to establish an openworking group to develop a set of sustainable development goals for consid-eration and appropriate action.

• After more than a year of negotiations, the Open Working Group presented itsrecommendation for the 17 sustainable development goals.

• In early August 2015, the 193 member states of the United Nations reachedconsensus on the outcome document of the new agenda “Transforming OurWorld: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”.

• Member States decided that the UN summit for the adoption of new sustainabledevelopment agenda with its 17 goals will be held from 25 to 27 September2015, in New York and convened as a highlevel plenary meeting of the GeneralAssembly.

Why are the Sustainable Development Goals so broad in comparison to theMillennium Development Goals which were very specific?

• There are 17 sustainable development goals with 169 targets, in contrast to the 8Millennium Development Goals with 21 targets. The complex challenges thatexist in the world today demand that a wide range of issues be covered. It is,also, critical to address the root causes of the problems and not only thesymptoms.

• The Sustainable Development Goals are the result of a negotiation process thatinvolved the 193 UN Member States and also saw unprecedented participationof civil society and other stakeholders. This led to the representation of a widerange of interests and perspectives. On the other hand, the MDGs were producedby a group of experts behind closed doors.

• The SDGs are broad in scope because they will address the interconnectedelements of sustainable development: economic growth, social inclusion andenvironmental protection. The MDGs focused primarily on the social agenda.

• The MDGs targeted developing countries, particularly the poorest, while theSustainable Development Goals will apply to the entire world, developed anddeveloping countries.

Aren’t 17 SDGs and 169 targets too many, too ambiguous and unrealistic?

• Poverty eradication, shared prosperity and planetary sustainability cannot bereduced to a simple formula.

• The SDGs represent the shared global goals and targets that will be tailored atthe country level, informed by context—based evidence.

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How are the SDGs different from the MDGs?

• The 17 Sustainable Development Goals with 169 targets are broader in scopeand will go further than the MDGs by addressing the root causes of poverty andthe universal need for development that works for all people. These goals willcover the three dimensions of sustainable development: economic growth, socialinclusion and environmental protection.

• Building on the success and momentum of the MDGs, the new global goals willcover more ground with ambitions to address inequalities, economic growth,decent jobs, cities and human settlements, industrialization, energy, climatechange, sustainable consumption and production, peace and justice.

• The new goals are universal and apply to all countries, whereas the MDGs wereintended for action in developing countries only.

• A core feature of the SDGs has been the means of implementation–the mobi-lization of financial resources as well as capacity building and the transfer ofenvironmentally sound technologies.

• The new goals recognize that tackling climate change is essential for sustainabledevelopment and poverty eradication. SDG 13 aims to promote urgent action tocombat climate change and its impacts. Civil society has participated in theprocess of negotiations for the new sustainable development agenda. How canwe quantify their contribution to the final document?

• The negotiating process on the sustainable development goals involved theunprecedented participation of civil society and other stakeholders, such as theprivate sector and mayors.

• During the negotiations, civil society and other stakeholders were able to speakdirectly to government representatives.

• Many young people were also involved from the beginning on social mediaplatforms and the UN’s global My World survey that received more than 7million votes from around the world, with approximately 75 % of participantsunder 30 years of age.

How much will the implementation of this new sustainable development agendacost?

• The means of implementation—how to mobilize the financial resources toachieve the sustainable development agenda is a core feature of the new agenda.

• This ambitious agenda will require the mobilization of significant resources—inthe trillions of dollars. But these resources already exist. There are far more thanenough savings in the world to finance the new agenda.

• Resources need to be mobilized from domestic and international sources, as wellas from the public and private sectors.

• Official development assistance is still necessary to help finance sustainabledevelopment to assist the least developed countries.

• The agenda can be met within the framework of a revitalized global partnershipfor sustainable development, supported by the concrete policies and actions as


outlined in the Addis Ababa Action Agenda, the outcome document of the ThirdInternational Conference on Financing for Development held in July.

How will the new development agenda be implemented?

• Implementation and success will rely on countries’ own sustainable develop-ment policies, plans and programmes, and will be led by countries. The SDGswill be a compass for aligning countries’ plans with their global commitments.

• Nationally owned and country–led sustainable development strategies willrequire equivalent resource mobilization and financing strategies.

• The 17 SDGs and 169 targets of the new agenda will be Monitored andreviewed using a set of global indicators. The global indicator framework, to bedeveloped by the Inter Agency and Expert Group on SDG Indicators, will beagreed on by the UN Statistical Commission by March 2016.

• Governments will also develop their own national indicators to assist in mon-itoring progress made on the goals and targets.

• The follow–up and review process will be undertaken on an annual basis by theHigh Level Political Forum on Sustainable development through a SDGProgress Report to be prepared by the Secretary General.

• The means of implementation of the SDGs will be monitored and reviewed asoutlined in the Addis Ababa Action Agenda, the outcome document of theFinancing for Development Conference, to ensure that financial resources areeffectively mobilized to support the new sustainable development agenda.

• A Technology Facilitation Mechanism, to be launched at the SeptemberSummit, will address the technology needs of developing countries, the optionsto address those needs and capacity building. Recognizing the central role oftechnological cooperation for the achievement of sustainable development,countries agreed on this mechanism at the Financing for DevelopmentConference.

How does climate change relate to sustainable development?

• We are already seeing that climate change is impacting public health, food andwater security, migration, peace and security. Investments in sustainabledevelopment will help address climate change by reducing emissions andbuilding climate resilience. Action on climate change will drive sustainabledevelopment and vice versa.

• Climate change, left unchecked, will roll back the development gains we havemade over the last decades and will make further gains impossible.

• Tackling climate change and fostering sustainable development are two mutu-ally reinforcing sides of the same coin; sustainable development cannot beachieved without climate action, as many of the SDGs are actually addressingthe core drivers of climate change.


How does the climate component of the SDGs influence the debate on climatechange and the upcoming climate change conference in Paris later this year?

• The consensus reached on the outcome document of the new sustainabledevelopment agenda does not aim to anticipate or usurp the role of the UnitedNations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the body responsible forthe Climate Change Conference in Paris in December.

• Nevertheless, the agreement will send a strong signal that the world has highexpectations that the time has come for decisive positive outcomes on matters ofclimate change.

• Given that many of the SDGs guide action on the core drivers of climate change,their implementation, beginning on 1 January 2016, will accelerate transitiontowards the implementation of the climate agreement that will enter into force in2020.

What have the MDGs accomplished?

• The MDGs have produced the most successful anti–poverty movement in his-tory and will serve as the springboard for the new sustainable developmentagenda.

• Poverty and hunger: only two short decades ago, nearly half of the developingworld lived in extreme poverty. The number of people now living in extremepoverty has declined by more than half, falling from 1.9 billion in 1990 to 836million in 2015.

• Gender equality: The world has also witnessed dramatic improvement in genderequality in schooling since the MDGs, and gender parity in primary school hasbeen achieved in the majority of countries. More girls are now in school, andwomen have gained ground in parliamentary representation over the past20 years in nearly 90 % of the 174 countries with data.

• Child mortality: globally, the under–five mortality rate dropped from 90 to 43deaths per 1000 live births between 1990 and 2015.

• Maternal health: the maternal mortality ratio shows a decline of 45 % world-wide, with most of the reduction occurring since 2000.

• Fighting diseases: new infection rates from HIV fell approximately by 40 %between 2000 and 2013. Over 6.2 million malaria deaths were averted between2000 and 2015, while tuberculosis prevention, diagnosis and treatment inter-ventions saved an estimated 37 million lives between 2000 and 2013.

• Sanitation: Worldwide, 2.1 billion have gained access to improved sanitationand the proportion of people practicing open defecation has fallen almost by halfsince 1990.

• Global partnership: official development assistance from developed countries sawan increase of 66 % in real terms from 2000 and 2014, reaching $135.2 billion.

What are the remaining gaps left by the MDGs?

• About 800 million people still live in extreme poverty and 795 million stillsuffer from hunger.


• Between 2000 and 2015, the number of children out of school declined byalmost half. However, there are still 57 million children who are denied the rightto primary education.

• Gender inequality persists in spite of more representation of women in parlia-ment and more girls going to school. Women continue to face discrimination inaccess to work, economic assets and participation in private and public deci-sion–making.

• Economic gaps still exist between the poorest and richest households and ruraland urban areas. Children from the poorest 20 % of households are more thantwice as likely to be stunted as those from the wealthiest 20 % and are also fourtimes as likely to be out of school. Improved sanitation facilities are onlycovering half of rural population, as opposed to 82 % in urban areas.

• While the mortality rate for children under five dropped by 53 % between 1990and 2015, child deaths continue to be increasingly concentrated in the poorestregions and in the first month of life.

How will progress of the SDGs be measured? How many indicators will bedeveloped for the 169 targets of the Sustainable Development Goals?

• The 17 goals and 169 targets will be monitored and reviewed using a set ofglobal indicators. These will be complemented by indicators at the regional andnational levels, which will be developed by Member States.

• The Inter Agency and Expert Group on SDG Indicators will develop the globalindicator framework which the UN Statistical Commission will subsequentlyagree on in March 2016. Thereafter, the Economic and Social Council and theGeneral Assembly will adopt these indicators.

• Chief statisticians from Member States are working on the identification of thetargets with the aim to have 2 indicators for each target. There will beapproximately 300 indicators for all the targets. Where the targets cover cross—cutting issues, however, the number of indicators may be reduced.

When are the SDGs expected to start and end?

• The SDGs are expected to start on 1 January 2016 and to be achieved by 31December 2030. However, some targets that build on pre–set internationalagreements are expected to be achieved even earlier than the end of 2030.


Appendix BThe Paris Agreement on Climatic ChangeConference at COP 21

Conference of the PartiesTwenty-first sessionParis, 30 November to 11 December 2015

ADOPTION OF THE PARIS AGREEMENTWelcoming the adoption of United Nations General Assembly resolutionA/RES/70/1, “Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for SustainableDevelopment”, in particular its goal 13, and the adoption of the Addis AbabaAction Agenda of the third International Conference on Financing for Developmentand the adoption of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.

Recognizing that climate change represents an urgent and potentially irreversiblethreat to human societies and the planet and thus requires the widest possiblecooperation by all countries, and their participation in an effective and appropriateinternational response, with a view to accelerating the reduction of global green-house gas emissions.

Also recognizing that deep reductions in global emissions will be required inorder to achieve the ultimate objective of the Convention and emphasizing the needfor urgency in addressing climate change.

Acknowledging that climate change is a common concern of humankind, Partiesshould, when taking action to address climate change, respect, promote and con-sider their respective obligations on human rights, the right to health, the rights ofindigenous peoples, local communities, migrants, children, persons with disabilitiesand people in vulnerable situations and the right to development, as well as genderequality, empowerment of women and intergenerational equity.

Also acknowledging the specific needs and concerns of developing countryParties arising from the impact of the implementation of response measures and, inthis regard, decisions 5/CP.7, 1/CP.10, 1/CP.16 and 8/CP.17.

Emphasizing with serious concern the urgent need to address the significant gapbetween the aggregate effect of Parties’ mitigation pledges in terms of global annualemissions of greenhouse gases by 2020 and aggregate emission pathways consis-tent with holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C


347

above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels.

Also emphasizing that enhanced pre‐2020 ambition can lay a solid foundationfor enhanced post‐2020 ambition.

Stressing the urgency of accelerating the implementation of the Convention andits Kyoto Protocol in order to enhance pre-2020 ambition.

Recognizing the urgent need to enhance the provision of finance, technology andcapacity-building support by developed country Parties, in a predictable manner, toenable enhanced pre-2020 action by developing country Parties.

Emphasizing the enduring benefits of ambitious and early action, includingmajor reductions in the cost of future mitigation and adaptation efforts.

Acknowledging the need to promote universal access to sustainable energy indeveloping countries, in particular in Africa, through the enhanced deployment ofrenewable energy.

Agreeing to uphold and promote regional and international cooperation in orderto mobilize stronger and more ambitious climate action by all Parties and non-Partystakeholders, including civil society, the private sector, financial institutions, citiesand other subnational authorities, local communities and indigenous peoples.

Adoption

1. Decides to adopt the Paris Agreement under the United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change (hereinafter referred to as “the Agreement”) ascontained in the annex;

2. Requests the Secretary-General of the United Nations to be the Depositary ofthe Agreement and to have it open for signature in New York, United States ofAmerica, from 22 April 2016 to 21 April 2017;

3. Invites the Secretary-General to convene a high-level signature ceremony forthe Agreement on 22 April 2016;

4. Also invites all Parties to the Convention to sign the Agreement at the cere-mony to be convened by the Secretary-General, or at their earliest opportunity,and to deposit their respective instruments of ratification, acceptance, approvalor accession, where appropriate, as soon as possible;

5. Recognizes that Parties to the Convention may provisionally apply all of theprovisions of the Agreement pending its entry into force, and requests Parties toprovide notification of any such provisional application to the Depositary;

6. Notes that the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform forEnhanced Action, in accordance with decision 1/CP.17, paragraph 4, has beencompleted;

7. Decides to establish the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement underthe same arrangement, mutatis mutandis, as those concerning the election of

348 Appendix B: The Paris Agreement on Climatic Change Conference at COP 21

officers to the Bureau of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platformfor Enhanced Action;

8. Also decides that the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement shallprepare for the entry into force of the Agreement and for the convening of thefirst session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of theParties to the Paris Agreement;

9. Further decides to oversee the implementation of the work programme resultingfrom the relevant requests contained in this decision;

10. Requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement to report regu-larly to the Conference of the Parties on the progress of its work and tocomplete its work by the first session of the Conference of the Parties serving asthe meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement;

11. Decides that the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement shall hold itssessions starting in 2016 in conjunction with the sessions of the Convention sub-sidiary bodies and shall prepare draft decisions to be recommended through theConference of the Parties to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting ofthe Parties to the Paris Agreement for consideration and adoption at its first session;

Intended Nationally Determined Contributions

12. Welcomes the intended nationally determined contributions that have beencommunicated by Parties in accordance with decision 1/CP.19, paragraph 2(b);

13. Reiterates its invitation to all Parties that have not yet done so to communicate tothe secretariat their intended nationally determined contributions towardsachieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 as soon aspossible and well in advance of the twenty-second session of the Conference ofthe Parties (November 2016) and in a manner that facilitates the clarity, trans-parency and understanding of the intended nationally determined contributions;

14. Requests the secretariat to continue to publish the intended nationally deter-mined contributions communicated by Parties on the UNFCCC website;

15. Reiterates its call to developed country Parties, the operating entities of theFinancial Mechanism and any other organizations in a position to do so toprovide support for the preparation and communication of the intendednationally determined contributions of Parties that may need such support;

16. Takes note of the synthesis report on the aggregate effect of intended nationallydetermined contributions communicated by Parties by 1 October 2015, con-tained in document FCCC/CP/2015/7;

17. Notes with concern that the estimated aggregate greenhouse gas emission levelsin 2025 and 2030 resulting from the intended nationally determined contribu-tions do not fall within least-cost 2 °C scenarios but rather lead to a projectedlevel of 55 Gt in 2030, and also notes that much greater emission reduction

Appendix B: The Paris Agreement on Climatic Change Conference at COP 21 349

efforts will be required than those associated with the intended nationallydetermined contributions in order to hold the increase in the global averagetemperature to below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels by reducing emissions to40 Gt or to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels by reducing to a level to beidentified in the special report referred to in paragraph 21 below;

18. Also notes, in this context, the adaptation needs expressed by many developingcountry Parties in their intended nationally determined contributions;

19. Requests the secretariat to update the synthesis report referred to in paragraph16 above so as to cover all the information in the intended nationally deter-mined contributions communicated by Parties pursuant to decision 1/CP.20 by4 April 2016 and to make it available by 2 May 2016;

20. Decides to convene a facilitative dialogue among Parties in 2018 to take stockof the collective efforts of Parties in relation to progress towards the long-termgoal referred to in Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Agreement and to inform thepreparation of nationally determined contributions pursuant to Article 4,paragraph 8, of the Agreement;

21. Invites the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to provide a specialreport in 2018 on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industriallevels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways;

Decisions To Give Effect To The Agreement

Mitigation

22. Invites Parties to communicate their first nationally determined contribution nolater than when the Party submits its respective instrument of ratification,accession, or approval of the Paris Agreement. If a Party has communicated anintended nationally determined contribution prior to joining the Agreement,that Party shall be considered to have satisfied this provision unless that Partydecides otherwise;

23. Urges those Parties whose intended nationally determined contribution pur-suant to decision 1/CP.20 contains a time frame up to 2025 to communicate by2020 a new nationally determined contribution and to do so every five yearsthereafter pursuant to Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Agreement;

24. Requests those Parties whose intended nationally determined contributionpursuant to decision 1/CP.20 contains a time frame up to 2030 to communicateor update by 2020 these contributions and to do so every five years thereafterpursuant to Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Agreement;

25. Decides that Parties shall submit to the secretariat their nationally determinedcontributions referred to in Article 4 of the Agreement at least 9–12 months inadvance of the relevant meeting of the Conference of the Parties serving as the


meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement with a view to facilitating theclarity, transparency and understanding of these contributions, includingthrough a synthesis report prepared by the secretariat;

26. Requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement to developfurther guidance on features of the nationally determined contributions forconsideration and adoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as themeeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session;

27. Agrees that the information to be provided by Parties communicating theirnationally determined contributions, in order to facilitate clarity, transparency andunderstanding, may include, as appropriate, inter alia, quantifiable information onthe reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year), time frames and/orperiods for implementation, scope and coverage, planning processes, assumptionsand methodological approaches including those for estimating and accounting foranthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals, and howthe Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious,in the light of its national circumstances, and how it contributes towards achievingthe objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2;

28. Requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement to developfurther guidance for the information to be provided by Parties in order tofacilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of nationally determinedcontributions for consideration and adoption by the Conference of the Partiesserving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session;

29. Also requests the Subsidiary Body for Implementation to develop modalitiesand procedures for the operation and use of the public registry referred to inArticle 4, paragraph 12, of the Agreement, for consideration and adoption bythe Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the ParisAgreement at its first session;

30. Further requests the secretariat to make available an interim public registry in thefirst half of 2016 for the recording of nationally determined contributions sub-mitted in accordancewithArticle 4 of theAgreement, pending the adoption by theConference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the ParisAgreement of the modalities and procedures referred to in paragraph 29 above;

31. Requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement to elaborate,drawing from approaches established under the Convention and its related legalinstruments as appropriate, guidance for accounting for Parties’ nationallydetermined contributions, as referred to in Article 4, paragraph 13, of theAgreement, for consideration and adoption by the Conference of the Partiesserving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session,which ensures that:

(a) Parties account for anthropogenic emissions and removals in accordancewith methodologies and common metrics assessed by the IntergovernmentalPanel on Climate Change and adopted by the Conference of the Partiesserving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement;


(b) Parties ensure methodological consistency, including on baselines, betweenthe communication and implementation of nationally determinedcontributions;

(c) Parties strive to include all categories of anthropogenic emissions orremovals in their nationally determined contributions and, once a source,sink or activity is included, continue to include it;

(d) Parties shall provide an explanation of why any categories of anthropogenicemissions or removals are excluded;

32. Decides that Parties shall apply the guidance mentioned in paragraph 31 aboveto the second and subsequent nationally determined contributions and thatParties may elect to apply such guidance to their first nationally determinedcontribution;

33. Also decides that the Forum on the Impact of the Implementation of responsemeasures, under the subsidiary bodies, shall continue, and shall serve theAgreement;

34. Further decides that the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and TechnologicalAdvice and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation shall recommend, forconsideration and adoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as themeeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session, the modalities,work programme and functions of the Forum on the Impact of theImplementation of response measures to address the effects of the implemen-tation of response measures under the Agreement by enhancing cooperationamongst Parties on understanding the impacts of mitigation actions under theAgreement and the exchange of information, experiences, and best practicesamongst Parties to raise their resilience to these impacts;1

36. Invites Parties to communicate, by 2020, to the secretariat mid-century,long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies in accordancewith Article 4, paragraph 19, of the Agreement, and requests the secretariat topublish on the UNFCCC website Parties’ low greenhouse gas emissiondevelopment strategies as communicated;

37. Requests the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice todevelop and recommend the guidance referred to under Article 6, paragraph 2,of the Agreement for adoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as themeeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session, includingguidance to ensure that double counting is avoided on the basis of a corre-sponding adjustment by Parties for both anthropogenic emissions by sourcesand removals by sinks covered by their nationally determined contributionsunder the Agreement;

38. Recommends that the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of theParties to the Paris Agreement adopt rules, modalities and procedures for themechanism established by Article 6, paragraph 4, of the Agreement on the basis of:

1Paragraph 35 has been deleted, and subsequent paragraph numbering and cross references to otherparagraphs within the document will be amended at a later stage.


(a) Voluntary participation authorized by each Party involved;(b) Real, measurable, and long-term benefits related to the mitigation of cli-

mate change;(c) Specific scopes of activities;(d) Reductions in emissions that are additional to any that would otherwise

occur;(e) Verification and certification of emission reductions resulting from miti-

gation activities by designated operational entities;(f) Experience gained with and lessons learned from existing mechanisms and

approaches adopted under the Convention and its related legal instruments;

39. Requests the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice todevelop and recommend rules, modalities and procedures for the mechanismreferred to in paragraph 38 above for consideration and adoption by theConference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the ParisAgreement at its first session;

40. Also requests the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice toundertake a work programme under the framework for non-market approachesto sustainable development referred to in Article 6, paragraph 8, of theAgreement, with the objective of considering how to enhance linkages andcreate synergy between, inter alia, mitigation, adaptation, finance, technologytransfer and capacity-building, and how to facilitate the implementation andcoordination of non-market approaches;

41. Further requests the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Adviceto recommend a draft decision on the work programme referred to in paragraph40 above, taking into account the views of Parties, for consideration andadoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Partiesto the Paris Agreement at its first session;

Adaptation

42. Requests the Adaptation Committee and the Least Developed Countries ExpertGroup to jointly develop modalities to recognize the adaptation efforts ofdeveloping country Parties, as referred to in Article 7, paragraph 3, of theAgreement, and make recommendations for consideration and adoption by theConference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the ParisAgreement at its first session;

43. Also requests the Adaptation Committee, taking into account its mandate andits second three-year workplan, and with a view to preparing recommendationsfor consideration and adoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as themeeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session:


(a) To review, in 2017, the work of adaptation-related institutional arrangementsunder the Convention, with a view to identifying ways to enhance the coher-enceof theirwork, as appropriate, in order to respond adequately to the needs ofParties;

(b) To consider methodologies for assessing adaptation needs with a view toassisting developing countries, without placing an undue burden on them;

44. Invites all relevant United Nations agencies and international, regional andnational financial institutions to provide information to Parties through thesecretariat on how their development assistance and climate finance pro-grammes incorporate climate-proofing and climate resilience measures;

45. Requests Parties to strengthen regional cooperation on adaptation where appro-priate and, where necessary, establish regional centres and networks, in particularin developing countries, taking into account decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 13;

46. Also requests the Adaptation Committee and the Least Developed CountriesExpert Group, in collaboration with the Standing Committee on Finance andother relevant institutions, to develop methodologies, and make recommenda-tions for consideration and adoption by the Conference of the Parties serving asthe meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session on:

(a) Taking the necessary steps to facilitate the mobilization of support foradaptation in developing countries in the context of the limit to globalaverage temperature increase referred to in Article 2 of the Agreement;

(b) Reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of adaptation and supportreferred to in Article 7, paragraph 14(c), of the Agreement;

47. Further requests the Green Climate Fund to expedite support for the least developedcountries and other developing country Parties for the formulation of nationaladaptation plans, consistent with decisions 1/CP.16 and 5/CP.17, and for the sub-sequent implementation of policies, projects and programmes identified by them;

Loss and Damage

48. Decides on the continuation of the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss andDamage associated with Climate Change Impacts, following the review in 2016;

49. Requests the Executive Committee of the Warsaw International Mechanism toestablish a clearinghouse for risk transfer that serves as a repository forinformation on insurance and risk transfer, in order to facilitate the efforts ofParties to develop and implement comprehensive risk management strategies;

50. Also requests the Executive Committee of the Warsaw InternationalMechanism to establish, according to its procedures and mandate, a task forceto complement, draw upon the work of and involve, as appropriate, existingbodies and expert groups under the Convention including the Adaptation


Committee and the Least Developed Countries Expert Group, as well as rele-vant organizations and expert bodies outside the Convention, to develop rec-ommendations for integrated approaches to avert, minimize and addressdisplacement related to the adverse impacts of climate change;

51. Further requests the Executive Committee of the Warsaw InternationalMechanism to initiate its work, at its next meeting, to operationalize the pro-visions referred to in paragraphs 49 and 50 above, and to report on progressthereon in its annual report;

52. Agrees that Article 8 of the Agreement does not involve or provide a basis forany liability or compensation.

Finance

53. Decides that, in the implementation of the Agreement, financial resourcesprovided to developing countries should enhance the implementation of theirpolicies, strategies, regulations and action plans and their climate changeactions with respect to both mitigation and adaptation to contribute to theachievement of the purpose of the Agreement as defined in Article 2;

54. Also decides that, in accordance with Article 9, paragraph 3, of the Agreement,developed countries intend to continue their existing collective mobilizationgoal through 2025 in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and trans-parency on implementation; prior to 2025 the Conference of the Parties servingas the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement shall set a new collectivequantified goal from a floor of USD 100 billion per year, taking into account theneeds and priorities of developing countries;

55. Recognizes the importance of adequate and predictable financial resources,including for results-based payments, as appropriate, for the implementation ofpolicy approaches and positive incentives for reducing emissions from defor-estation and forest degradation, and the role of conservation, sustainable man-agement of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks; as well as alternativepolicy approaches, such as joint mitigation and adaptation approaches for theintegral and sustainable management of forests; while reaffirming the importanceof non-carbon benefits associated with such approaches; encouraging the coor-dination of support from, inter alia, public and private, bilateral and multilateralsources, such as the Green Climate Fund, and alternative sources in accordancewith relevant decisions by the Conference of the Parties;

56. Decides to initiate, at its twenty-second session, a process to identify theinformation to be provided by Parties, in accordance with Article 9, paragraph5, of the Agreement with the view to providing a recommendation for


consideration and adoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as themeeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session;

57. Also decides to ensure that the provision of information in accordance withArticle 9, paragraph 7 of the Agreement shall be undertaken in accordance withmodalities, procedures and guidelines referred to in paragraph 96 below;

58. Requests Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice to developmodalities for the accounting of financial resources provided and mobilizedthrough public interventions in accordance with Article 9, paragraph 7, of theAgreement for consideration by the Conference of the Parties at itstwenty-fourth session (November 2018), with the view to making a recom-mendation for consideration and adoption by the Conference of the Partiesserving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session;

59. Decides that the Green Climate Fund and the Global Environment Facility, theentities entrustedwith the operation of the FinancialMechanism of theConvention,as well as the Least Developed Countries Fund and the Special Climate ChangeFund, administered by theGlobal Environment Facility, shall serve theAgreement;

60. Recognizes that the Adaptation Fund may serve the Agreement, subject torelevant decisions by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of theParties to the Kyoto Protocol and the Conference of the Parties serving as themeeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement;

61. Invites the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to theKyoto Protocol to consider the issue referred to in paragraph 60 above andmake a recommendation to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meetingof the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session;

62. Recommends that the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of theParties to the Paris Agreement shall provide guidance to the entities entrustedwith the operation of the Financial Mechanism of the Convention on thepolicies, programme priorities and eligibility criteria related to the Agreementfor transmission by the Conference of the Parties;

63. Decides that the guidance to the entities entrusted with the operations of theFinancial Mechanism of the Convention in relevant decisions of the Conferenceof the Parties, including those agreed before adoption of the Agreement, shallapply mutatis mutandis;

64. Also decides that the Standing Committee on Finance shall serve theAgreement in line with its functions and responsibilities established under theConference of the Parties;

65. Urges the institutions serving the Agreement to enhance the coordination anddelivery of resources to support country-driven strategies through simplifiedand efficient application and approval procedures, and through continuedreadiness support to developing country Parties, including the least developedcountries and small island developing States, as appropriate;


Technology Development and Transfer

66. Takes note of the interim report of the Technology Executive Committee onguidance on enhanced implementation of the results of technology needsassessments as referred to in document FCCC/SB/2015/INF.3;

67. Decides to strengthen the Technology Mechanism and requests the TechnologyExecutive Committee and the Climate Technology Centre and Network, insupporting the implementation of the Agreement, to undertake further workrelating to, inter alia:

(a) Technology research, development and demonstration;(b) The development and enhancement of endogenous capacities and

technologies;

68. Requests the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice to ini-tiate, at its forty-fourth session (May 2016), the elaboration of the technologyframework established under Article 10, paragraph 4, of the Agreement and toreport on its findings to the Conference of the Parties, with a view to theConference of the Parties making a recommendation on the framework to theConference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the ParisAgreement for consideration and adoption at its first session, taking into con-sideration that the framework should facilitate, inter alia:

(a) The undertaking and updating of technology needs assessments, as well asthe enhanced implementation of their results, particularly technology actionplans and project ideas, through the preparation of bankable projects;

(b) The provision of enhanced financial and technical support for the imple-mentation of the results of the technology needs assessments;

(c) The assessment of technologies that are ready for transfer;(d) The enhancement of enabling environments for and the addressing of

barriers to the development and transfer of socially and environmentallysound technologies;

69. Decides that the Technology Executive Committee and the Climate TechnologyCentre and Network shall report to the Conference of the Parties serving as themeeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement, through the subsidiary bodies, ontheir activities to support the implementation of the Agreement;

70. Also decides to undertake a periodic assessment of the effectiveness of and theadequacy of the support provided to the Technology Mechanism in supportingthe implementation of the Agreement on matters relating to technologydevelopment and transfer;

71. Requests the Subsidiary Body for Implementation to initiate, at its forty-fourthsession, the elaboration of the scope of and modalities for the periodicassessment referred to in paragraph 70 above, taking into account the review of


the Climate Technology Centre and Network as referred to in decision 2/CP.17,annex VII, paragraph 20 and the modalities for the global stocktake referred toin Article 14 of the Agreement, for consideration and adoption by theConference of the Parties at its twenty-fifth session (November 2019);

Capacity-Building

72. Decides to establish the Paris Committee on Capacity-building whose aim willbe to address gaps and needs, both current and emerging, in implementingcapacity-building in developing country Parties and further enhancingcapacity-building efforts, including with regard to coherence and coordinationin capacity-building activities under the Convention;

73. Also decides that the Paris Committee on Capacity-building will manage andoversee the work plan mentioned in paragraph 74 below;

74. Further decides to launch a work plan for the period 2016–2020 with thefollowing activities:

(a) Assessing how to increase synergies through cooperation and avoidduplication among existing bodies established under the Convention thatimplement capacity-building activities, including through collaboratingwith institutions under and outside the Convention;

(b) Identifying capacity gaps and needs and recommending ways to addressthem;

(c) Promoting the development and dissemination of tools and methodologiesfor the implementation of capacity-building;

(d) Fostering global, regional, national and subnational cooperation;(e) Identifying and collecting good practices, challenges, experiences, and

lessons learned from work on capacity-building by bodies establishedunder the Convention;

(f) Exploring how developing country Parties can take ownership of buildingand maintaining capacity over time and space;

(g) Identifying opportunities to strengthen capacity at the national, regional,and subnational level;

(h) Fostering dialogue, coordination, collaboration and coherence among rel-evant processes and initiatives under the Convention, including throughexchanging information on capacity-building activities and strategies ofbodies established under the Convention;

(i) Providing guidance to the secretariat on the maintenance and furtherdevelopment of the web-based capacity-building portal;


75. Decides that the Paris Committee on Capacity-building will annually focus onan area or theme related to enhanced technical exchange on capacity-building,with the purpose of maintaining up-to-date knowledge on the successes andchallenges in building capacity effectively in a particular area;

76. Requests the Subsidiary Body for Implementation to organize annual in-sessionmeetings of the Paris Committee on Capacity-building;

77. Also requests the Subsidiary Body for Implementation to develop the terms ofreference for the Paris Committee on Capacity-building, in the context of thethird comprehensive review of the implementation of the capacity-buildingframework, also taking into account paragraphs 75, 76, 77 and 78 above andparagraphs 82 and 83 below, with a view to recommending a draft decision onthis matter for consideration and adoption by the Conference of the Parties at itstwenty-second session;

78. Invites Parties to submit their views on the membership of the Paris Committeeon Capacity-building by 9 March 2016;

79. Requests the secretariat to compile the submissions referred to in paragraph 78above into a miscellaneous document for consideration by the Subsidiary Bodyfor Implementation at its forty-fourth session;

80. Decides that the inputs to the Paris Committee on Capacity-building willinclude, inter alia, submissions, the outcome of the third comprehensive reviewof the implementation of the capacity-building framework, the secretariat’sannual synthesis report on the implementation of the framework forcapacity-building in developing countries, the secretariat’s compilation andsynthesis report on capacity-building work of bodies established under theConvention and its Kyoto Protocol, and reports on the Durban Forum and thecapacity-building portal;

81. Requests the Paris Committee on Capacity-building to prepare annual technicalprogress reports on its work, and to make these reports available at the sessionsof the Subsidiary Body for Implementation coinciding with the sessions of theConference of the Parties;

82. Also requests the Conference of the Parties at its twenty-fifth session(November 2019), to review the progress, need for extension, the effectivenessand enhancement of the Paris Committee on Capacity-building and to take anyaction it considers appropriate, with a view to making recommendations to theConference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the ParisAgreement at its first session on enhancing institutional arrangements forcapacity-building consistent with Article 11, paragraph 5, of the Agreement;

83. Calls upon all Parties to ensure that education, training and public awareness, asreflected in Article 6 of the Convention and in Article 12 of the Agreement areadequately considered in their contribution to capacity-building;

84. Invites the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to theParis Agreement at its first session to explore ways of enhancing the imple-mentation of training, public awareness, public participation and public accessto information so as to enhance actions under the Agreement;


Transparency of Action and Support

85. Decides to establish a Capacity-building Initiative for Transparency in order tobuild institutional and technical capacity, both pre- and post-2020. This ini-tiative will support developing country Parties, upon request, in meetingenhanced transparency requirements as defined in Article 13 of the Agreementin a timely manner;

86. Also decides that the Capacity-building Initiative for Transparency will aim:

(a) To strengthen national institutions for transparency-related activities in linewith national priorities;

(b) To provide relevant tools, training and assistance for meeting the provisionsstipulated in Article 13 of the Agreement;

(c) To assist in the improvement of transparency over time;

87. Urges and requests the Global Environment Facility to make arrangements tosupport the establishment and operation of the Capacity-building Initiative forTransparency as a priority reporting-related need, including through voluntarycontributions to support developing countries in the sixth replenishment of theGlobal Environment Facility and future replenishment cycles, to complementexisting support under the Global Environment Facility;

88. Decides to assess the implementation of the Capacity-building Initiative forTransparency in the context of the seventh review of the financial mechanism;

89. Requests that the Global Environment Facility, as an operating entity of thefinancial mechanism include in its annual report to the Conference of the Partiesthe progress of work in the design, development and implementation of theCapacity-building Initiative for Transparency referred to in paragraph 85 abovestarting in 2016;

90. Decides that, in accordance with Article 13, paragraph 2, of the Agreement,developing countries shall be provided flexibility in the implementation of theprovisions of that Article, including in the scope, frequency and level of detailof reporting, and in the scope of review, and that the scope of review couldprovide for in-country reviews to be optional, while such flexibilities shall bereflected in the development of modalities, procedures and guidelines referredto in paragraph 92 below;

91. Also decides that all Parties, except for the least developed country Parties andsmall island developing States, shall submit the information referred to inArticle 13, paragraphs 7, 8, 9 and 10, as appropriate, no less frequently than ona biennial basis, and that the least developed country Parties and small islanddeveloping States may submit this information at their discretion;

92. Requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement to developrecommendations for modalities, procedures and guidelines in accordance withArticle 13, paragraph 13, of the Agreement, and to define the year of their first


and subsequent review and update, as appropriate, at regular intervals, forconsideration by the Conference of the Parties, at its twenty-fourth session, witha view to forwarding them to the Conference of the Parties serving as themeeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement for adoption at its first session;

93. Also requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement in devel-oping the recommendations for the modalities, procedures and guidelinesreferred to in paragraph 92 above to take into account, inter alia:

(a) The importance of facilitating improved reporting and transparency overtime;

(b) The need to provide flexibility to those developing country Parties thatneed it in the light of their capacities;

(c) The need to promote transparency, accuracy, completeness, consistency,and comparability;

(d) The need to avoid duplication as well as undue burden on Parties and thesecretariat;

(e) The need to ensure that Parties maintain at least the frequency and qualityof reporting in accordance with their respective obligations under theConvention;

(f) The need to ensure that double counting is avoided;(g) The need to ensure environmental integrity;

94. Further requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement, whendeveloping the modalities, procedures and guidelines referred to in paragraph92 above, to draw on the experiences from and take into account other on-goingrelevant processes under the Convention;

95. Requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement, when devel-oping modalities, procedures and guidelines referred to in paragraph 92 above,to consider, inter alia:

(a) The types of flexibility available to those developing countries that need iton the basis of their capacities;

(b) The consistency between the methodology communicated in the nationallydetermined contribution and the methodology for reporting on progressmade towards achieving individual Parties’ respective nationally deter-mined contribution;

(c) That Parties report information on adaptation action and planning includ-ing, if appropriate, their national adaptation plans, with a view to collec-tively exchanging information and sharing lessons learned;

(d) Support provided, enhancing delivery of support for both adaptation andmitigation through, inter alia, the common tabular formats for reportingsupport, and taking into account issues considered by the Subsidiary Body forScientific and Technological Advice on methodologies for reporting onfinancial information, and enhancing the reporting by developing countrieson support received, including the use, impact and estimated results thereof;


(e) Information in the biennial assessments and other reports of the StandingCommittee on Finance and other relevant bodies under the Convention;

(f) Information on the social and economic impact of response measures;

96. Also requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement, whendeveloping recommendations for modalities, procedures and guidelines referredto in paragraph 92 above, to enhance the transparency of support provided inaccordance with Article 9 of the Agreement;

97. Further requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement to reporton the progress of work on the modalities, procedures and guidelines referred toin paragraph 92 above to future sessions of the Conference of the Parties, andthat this work be concluded no later than 2018;

98. Decides that the modalities, procedures and guidelines developed under para-graph 92 above, shall be applied upon the entry into force of the ParisAgreement;

99. Also decides that the modalities, procedures and guidelines of this transparencyframework shall build upon and eventually supersede the measurement,reporting and verification system established by decision 1/CP.16, paragraphs40–47 and 60–64, and decision 2/CP.17, paragraphs 12–62, immediately fol-lowing the submission of the final biennial reports and biennial update reports;

Global Stocktake

100. Requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement to identify thesources of input for the global stocktake referred to in Article 14 of theAgreement and to report to the Conference of the Parties, with a view tothe Conference of the Parties making a recommendation to the Conference ofthe Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement forconsideration and adoption at its first session, including, but not limited to:

(a) Information on:

(i) The overall effect of the nationally determined contributions com-municated by Parties;

(ii) The state of adaptation efforts, support, experiences and prioritiesfrom the communications referred to in Article 7, paragraphs 10and 11, of the Agreement, and reports referred to in Article 13,paragraph 7, of the Agreement;

(iii) The mobilization and provision of support;

(b) The latest reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change;(c) Reports of the subsidiary bodies;


101. Also requests the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice toprovide advice on how the assessments of the Intergovernmental Panel onClimate Change can inform the global stocktake of the implementation of theAgreement pursuant to its Article 14 of the Agreement and to report on thismatter to the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement at its secondsession;

102. Further requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement todevelop modalities for the global stocktake referred to in Article 14 of theAgreement and to report to the Conference of the Parties, with a view tomaking a recommendation to the Conference of the Parties serving as themeeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement for consideration and adoption atits first session;

Facilitating Implementation and Compliance

103. Decides that the committee referred to in Article 15, paragraph 2, of theAgreement shall consist of 12 members with recognized competence in rel-evant scientific, technical, socio-economic or legal fields, to be elected by theConference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the ParisAgreement on the basis of equitable geographical representation, with twomembers each from the five regional groups of the United Nations and onemember each from the small island developing States and the least developedcountries, while taking into account the goal of gender balance;

104. Requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement to develop themodalities and procedures for the effective operation of the committee referredto in Article 15, paragraph 2, of the Agreement, with a view to the Ad HocWorking Group on the Paris Agreement completing its work on suchmodalities and procedures for consideration and adoption by the Conferenceof the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at itsfirst session;

Final Clauses

105. Also requests the secretariat, solely for the purposes of Article 21 of theAgreement, to make available on its website on the date of adoption of theAgreement as well as in the report of the Conference of the Parties at itstwenty-first session, information on the most up-to-date total and per cent of


greenhouse gas emissions communicated by Parties to the Convention in theirnational communications, greenhouse gas inventory reports, biennial reportsor biennial update reports;

Enhanced Action Prior to 2020

106. Resolves to ensure the highest possible mitigation efforts in the pre-2020period, including by:

(a) Urging all Parties to the Kyoto Protocol that have not already done so toratify and implement the Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol;

(b) Urging all Parties that have not already done so to make and implement amitigation pledge under the Cancun Agreements;

(c) Reiterating its resolve, as set out in decision 1/CP.19, paragraphs 3 and 4,to accelerate the full implementation of the decisions constituting theagreed outcome pursuant to decision 1/CP.13 and enhance ambition in thepre-2020 period in order to ensure the highest possible mitigation effortsunder the Convention by all Parties;

(d) Inviting developing country Parties that have not submitted their firstbiennial update reports to do so as soon as possible;

(e) Urging all Parties to participate in the existing measurement, reporting andverification processes under the Cancun Agreements, in a timely manner,with a view to demonstrating progress made in the implementation of theirmitigation pledges;

107. Encourages Parties to promote the voluntary cancellation by Party andnon-Party stakeholders, without double counting of units issued under theKyoto Protocol, including certified emission reductions that are valid for thesecond commitment period;

108. Urges host and purchasing Parties to report transparently on internationallytransferred mitigation outcomes, including outcomes used to meet interna-tional pledges, and emission units issued under the Kyoto Protocol with a viewto promoting environmental integrity and avoiding double counting;

109. Recognizes the social, economic and environmental value of voluntary miti-gation actions and their co-benefits for adaptation, health and sustainabledevelopment;

110. Resolves to strengthen, in the period 2016–2020, the existing technicalexamination process on mitigation as defined in decision 1/CP.19, paragraph 5(a), and decision 1/CP.20, paragraph 19, taking into account the latest sci-entific knowledge, including by:

(a) Encouraging Parties, Convention bodies and international organizations toengage in this process, including, as appropriate, in cooperation with


relevant non-Party stakeholders, to share their experiences and sugges-tions, including from regional events, and to cooperate in facilitating theimplementation of policies, practices and actions identified during thisprocess in accordance with national sustainable development priorities;

(b) Striving to improve, in consultation with Parties, access to and partici-pation in this process by developing country Party and non-Party experts;

(c) Requesting the Technology Executive Committee and the ClimateTechnology Centre and Network in accordance with their respectivemandates:

(i) To engage in the technical expert meetings and enhance their effortsto facilitate and support Parties in scaling up the implementation ofpolicies, practices and actions identified during this process;

(ii) To provide regular updates during the technical expert meetings onthe progress made in facilitating the implementation of policies,practices and actions previously identified during this process;

(iii) To include information on their activities under this process in theirjoint annual report to the Conference of the Parties;

(d) Encouraging Parties to make effective use of the Climate TechnologyCentre and Network to obtain assistance to develop economically, envi-ronmentally and socially viable project proposals in the high mitigationpotential areas identified in this process;

111. Encourages the operating entities of the Financial Mechanism of theConvention to engage in the technical expert meetings and to inform partic-ipants of their contribution to facilitating progress in the implementation ofpolicies, practices and actions identified during the technical examinationprocess;

112. Requests the secretariat to organize the process referred to in paragraph 110above and disseminate its results, including by:

(a) Organizing, in consultation with the Technology Executive Committeeand relevant expert organizations, regular technical expert meetingsfocusing on specific policies, practices and actions representing bestpractices and with the potential to be scalable and replicable;

(b) Updating, on an annual basis, following the meetings referred to inparagraph 112(a) above and in time to serve as input to the summary forpolicymakers referred to in paragraph 112(c) below, a technical paper onthe mitigation benefits and co-benefits of policies, practices and actions forenhancing mitigation ambition, as well as on options for supporting theirimplementation, information on which should be made available in auser-friendly online format;

(c) Preparing, in consultation with the champions referred to in paragraph 122below, a summary for policymakers, with information on specific policies,practices and actions representing best practices and with the potential tobe scalable and replicable, and on options to support their implementation,


as well as on relevant collaborative initiatives, and publishing the sum-mary at least two months in advance of each session of the Conference ofthe Parties as input for the high-level event referred to in paragraph 121below;

113. Decides that the process referred to in paragraph 110 above should be orga-nized jointly by the Subsidiary Body for Implementation and the SubsidiaryBody for Scientific and Technological Advice and should take place on anongoing basis until 2020;

114. Also decides to conduct in 2017 an assessment of the process referred to inparagraph 110 above so as to improve its effectiveness;

115. Resolves to enhance the provision of urgent and adequate finance, technologyand capacity-building support by developed country Parties in order toenhance the level of ambition of pre-2020 action by Parties, and in this regardstrongly urges developed country Parties to scale up their level of financialsupport, with a concrete roadmap to achieve the goal of jointly providing USD100 billion annually by 2020 for mitigation and adaptation while significantlyincreasing adaptation finance from current levels and to further provideappropriate technology and capacity-building support;

116. Decides to conduct a facilitative dialogue in conjunction with thetwenty-second session of the Conference of the Parties to assess the progressin implementing decision 1/CP.19, paragraphs 3 and 4, and identify relevantopportunities to enhance the provision of financial resources, including fortechnology development and transfer and capacity-building support, with aview to identifying ways to enhance the ambition of mitigation efforts by allParties, including identifying relevant opportunities to enhance the provisionand mobilization of support and enabling environments;

117. Acknowledges with appreciation the results of the Lima-Paris Action Agenda,which build on the climate summit convened on 23 September 2014 by theSecretary-General of the United Nations;

118. Welcomes the efforts of non-Party stakeholders to scale up their climateactions, and encourages the registration of those actions in the Non-StateActor Zone for Climate Action platform;3

119. Encourages Parties to work closely with non-Party stakeholders to catalyseefforts to strengthen mitigation and adaptation action;

120. Also encourages non-Party stakeholders to increase their engagement in theprocesses referred to in paragraph 110 above and paragraph 125 below;

121. Agrees to convene, pursuant to decision 1/CP.20, paragraph 21, building onthe Lima-Paris Action Agenda and in conjunction with each session of theConference of the Parties during the period 2016–2020, a high-level eventthat:

(a) Further strengthens high-level engagement on the implementation ofpolicy options and actions arising from the processes referred to inparagraph 110 above and paragraph 125 below, drawing on the summaryfor policymakers referred to in paragraph 112(c) above;


(b) Provides an opportunity for announcing new or strengthened voluntaryefforts, initiatives and coalitions, including the implementation of policies,practices and actions arising from the processes referred to in paragraph110 above and paragraph 125 below and presented in the summary forpolicymakers referred to in paragraph 112(c) above;

(c) Takes stock of related progress and recognizes new or strengthened vol-untary efforts, initiatives and coalitions;

(d) Provides meaningful and regular opportunities for the effective high-levelengagement of dignitaries of Parties, international organizations, interna-tional cooperative initiatives and non-Party stakeholders;

122. Decides that two high-level champions shall be appointed to act on behalf ofthe President of the Conference of the Parties to facilitate through strengthenedhigh-level engagement in the period 2016–2020 the successful execution ofexisting efforts and the scaling-up and introduction of new or strengthenedvoluntary efforts, initiatives and coalitions, including by:

(a) Working with the Executive Secretary and the current and incomingPresidents of the Conference of the Parties to coordinate the annualhigh-level event referred to in paragraph 121 above;

(b) Engaging with interested Parties and non-Party stakeholders, including tofurther the voluntary initiatives of the Lima-Paris Action Agenda;

(c) Providing guidance to the secretariat on the organization of technicalexpert meetings referred to in paragraph 112(a) above and paragraph 130(a) below;

123. Also decides that the high-level champions referred to in paragraph 122 aboveshould normally serve for a term of two years, with their terms overlapping fora full year to ensure continuity, such that:

(a) The President of the Conference of the Parties of the twenty-first sessionshould appoint one champion, who should serve for one year from thedate of the appointment until the last day of the Conference of the Partiesat its twenty-second session;

(b) The President of the Conference of the Parties of the twenty-second ses-sion should appoint one champion who should serve for two years fromthe date of the appointment until the last day of the Conference of theParties at its twenty-third session (November 2017);

(c) Thereafter, each subsequent President of the Conference of the Partiesshould appoint one champion who should serve for two years and succeedthe previously appointed champion whose term has ended;

124. Invites all interested Parties and relevant organizations to provide support forthe work of the champions referred to in paragraph 122 above;

125. Decides to launch, in the period 2016–2020, a technical examination processon adaptation;


126. Also decides that the technical examination process on adaptation referred toin paragraph 125 above will endeavour to identify concrete opportunities forstrengthening resilience, reducing vulnerabilities and increasing the under-standing and implementation of adaptation actions;

127. Further decides that the technical examination process referred to in paragraph125 above should be organized jointly by the Subsidiary Body forImplementation and the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and TechnologicalAdvice, and conducted by the Adaptation Committee;

128. Decides that the process referred to in paragraph 125 above will be pursuedby:

(a) Facilitating the sharing of good practices, experiences and lessons learned;(b) Identifying actions that could significantly enhance the implementation of

adaptation actions, including actions that could enhance economicdiversification and have mitigation co-benefits;

(c) Promoting cooperative action on adaptation;(d) Identifying opportunities to strengthen enabling environments and

enhance the provision of support for adaptation in the context of specificpolicies, practices and actions;

129. Also decides that the technical examination process on adaptation referred toin paragraph 125 above will take into account the process, modalities, outputs,outcomes and lessons learned from the technical examination process onmitigation referred to in paragraph 110 above;

130. Requests the secretariat to support the technical examination process referredto in paragraph 125 above by:

(a) Organizing regular technical expert meetings focusing on specific policies,strategies and actions;

(b) Preparing annually, on the basis of the meetings referred to in paragraph130(a) above and in time to serve as an input to the summary for poli-cymakers referred to in paragraph 112(c) above, a technical paper onopportunities to enhance adaptation action, as well as options to supporttheir implementation, information on which should be made available in auser-friendly online format;

131. Decides that in conducting the process referred to in paragraph 125 above, theAdaptation Committee will engage with and explore ways to take intoaccount, synergize with and build on the existing arrangements foradaptation-related work programmes, bodies and institutions under theConvention so as to ensure coherence and maximum value;

132. Also decides to conduct, in conjunction with the assessment referred to inparagraph 120 above, an assessment of the process referred to in paragraph125 above, so as to improve its effectiveness;

133. Invites Parties and observer organizations to submit information on theopportunities referred to in paragraph 126 above by 3 February 2016;


Non-party Stakeholders

134. Welcomes the efforts of all non-Party stakeholders to address and respond toclimate change, including those of civil society, the private sector, financialinstitutions, cities and other subnational authorities;

135. Invites the non-Party stakeholders referred to in paragraph 134 above to scaleup their efforts and support actions to reduce emissions and/or to build resi-lience and decrease vulnerability to the adverse effects of climate change anddemonstrate these efforts via the Non-State Actor Zone for Climate Actionplatform4 referred to in paragraph 118 above;

136. Recognizes the need to strengthen knowledge, technologies, practices andefforts of local communities and indigenous peoples related to addressing andresponding to climate change, and establishes a platform for the exchange ofexperiences and sharing of best practices on mitigation and adaptation in aholistic and integrated manner;

137. Also recognizes the important role of providing incentives for emissionreduction activities, including tools such as domestic policies and carbonpricing;

Administrative and Budgetary Matters

138. Takes note of the estimated budgetary implications of the activities to beundertaken by the secretariat referred to in this decision and requests that theactions of the secretariat called for in this decision be undertaken subject to theavailability of financial resources;

139. Emphasizes the urgency of making additional resources available for theimplementation of the relevant actions, including actions referred to in thisdecision, and the implementation of the work programme referred to inparagraph 9 above;

140. Urges Parties to make voluntary contributions for the timely implementationof this decision.


Appendix CChina’s Population Policy and FamilyPlanning Law—An Unofficial Version

China: Law of 2001, Population and Family Planning Law

Publisher National legislative bodies/national authorities

PublicationDate

29 December 2001

Cite as China: Law of 2001, Population and Family Planning Law [], 29 December2001, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/42417cb54.html [accessed22 August 2015]

Comments This is an unofficial translation

Disclaimer This is not a UNHCR publication. UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does itnecessarily endorse, its content. Any views expressed are solely those of theauthor or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of UNHCR, the UnitedNations or its Member States

Chapter I. General provisions

Article 1. This law is enacted, in accordance with the Constitution, so as to bringpopulation into balance with social economic development, resources, and theenvironment: to promote family planning; to protect citizens’ legitimate rightsand interests; to enhance family happiness, and to contribute to the nation’sprosperity and social progress.Article 2. China is a populous country. Family planning is a fundamental statepolicy.The State shall adopt a comprehensive approach to controlling population sizeand improving socio-economical and public health characteristics of population.The State shall rely on publicity and education, advances in science and tech-nology, comprehensive services and the establishment and improvement of theincentive and social security systems to carry out the family planning program.Article 3. Population and family planning programs shall act in concert withprograms that expand women's educational and employment opportunities,enhance their health, and elevate their status.


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Article 4. The People’s Governments and staff at all levels implementing thefamily planning program shall act strictly within the law, enforcing it in a civilmanner, and must not infringe on citizens’ legitimate rights and interest.The family planning administrative departments and their staff acting within thelaw are protected by law.Article 5. The State Council shall exercise authority over the national populationand family planning program. Local people’s governments at all levels shallexercise authority over the population and family planning programs in theirrespective jurisdictions.Article 6. The family planning administrative department of the State Councilshall be in charge of the national family planning program and populationprograms related to family planning.Family planning administrative departments of people’s governments at countylevel and above shall be in charge of family planning programs and populationprograms related to family planning in their respective jurisdictions.Other government administrative departments at county level and above shall bein charge of aspects of the population and family planning programs fallingwithin their mandates.Article 7. Social organizations such as Trade Unions, Communist YouthLeagues, Women’s Federations, and Family Planning Associations; enterprises;institutions; and individual citizens shall assist the people’s government incarrying out population and family planning programs.Article 8. Organizations and individuals making outstanding achievements inthe population and family planning programs shall be recognized and rewardedby the State.

Chapter II. Formulation and implementation of population development plans

Article 9. The State Council shall devise population development plans andincorporate them into the national economic and social development plans.Based on plans at the next highest and national levels, people’s governments atcountry level and above shall devise population development plans in line withlocal conditions and incorporate them into their economic and social develop-ment plans.Article 10. People’s governments at country level and above shall devise pop-ulation and above shall be responsible for routine implementation of populationand family planning action plans.People’s governments of township, ethnic township, and town, and subdistrictoffices in urban areas, shall be in charge of population and family planningprograms in their respective jurisdictions and shall implement population andfamily planning action plans.Article 11. Population and family planning action plans shall stipulate measuresto govern population size, strengthen maternal and child health care services,and improve socio-economical and public health characteristics of population.Article 12. Villager’s committees and neighbourhood committees shall followthe law and endeavor to implement family planning programs.

372 Appendix C: China’s Population Policy and Family Planning Law—An Unofficial Version

State organs, the armed forces, social organizations, enterprises, and institutionsshall endeavor to implement their own family planning programs.Article 13. Government departments responsible for family planning, educationscience and technology, culture, public health, civil affairs, press and publica-tion, and broadcasting and television shall organize and carry out public edu-cation campaigns on population and family planning.The mass media are obligated to carry pro bono public service messages onpopulation and family planning.Schools shall provide human physiology, adolescence, and sexual health edu-cation to students in a planned and audience-appropriate manner.Article 14. Family planning programs among the migrant population shall bejointly managed by their local governments of origin and local governments ofresidence, with efforts focused where they reside.Article 15. The State shall gradually increase the overall level of funding forpopulation and family planning programs, based on the national economic andsocial development. People’s governments at all levels shall provide the nec-essary funding for the implementation of their population and family planningprograms.People’s governments at all levels shall give special support to population andfamily planning programs in impoverished areas and minority ethnic areas.The State shall encourage social organizations, enterprises, institutions, andindividuals to contribute support to population and family planning programs.No unit or individual shall withhold, reduce or redirect funds appropriated topopulation and family planning programs.Article 16. The State shall encourage scientific research and internationalexchange and cooperation in the fields of population and family planning.

Chapter III. Regulation of fertility

Article 17. Citizens have the right to reproduction as well as the responsibilityfor practicing family planning according to law. Husbands and wives bear equalresponsibility for family planning.Article 18. The State shall maintain its current fertility policy encouraging latemarriage and childbearing and advocating one child per couple; arrangementsfor a second child, if requested, being subject to law and regulation. Specificmeasures shall be enacted by the People’s Congress or its standing committee ineach province, autonomous region, and municipality.Ethnic minorities shall also practice family planning. Specific measures shall beenacted by the People’s Congress or its standing committee in each province,autonomous region, and municipality.Article 19. In implementing family planning, the primary emphasis shall be oncontraception.The State shall create conditions conducive to individuals being assured of aninformed choice of safe, effective, and appropriate contraceptive methods.Safety or recipients of birth control procedures must be ensured.

Appendix C: China’s Population Policy and Family Planning Law—An Unofficial Version 373

Article 20. Couples of reproductive age shall be conscientious in adoptingcontraceptive methods and in accepting the guidance of family planning tech-nical services.Incidences of unwanted pregnancies shall be prevented and reduced.Article 21. Couples of reproductive age who practice family planning shall beable to obtain technical services free of charge under the basic items as specifiedby the State.The cost of the aforesaid services shall be itemized n public appropriations madein accordance with applicable State regulations or be guaranteed by socialinsurance plans.Article 22. Discrimination against and mistreatment of women who give birth tofemale children or who suffer from infertility are prohibited. Discriminationagainst, mistreatment, and abandonment of female infants are prohibited.

Chapter IV. Incentives and social security

Article 23. The State shall, in accordance with regulations, recognize and rewardcouples who practice family planning.Article 24. To facilitate family planning programs, the State shall establish andimprove social security arrangements providing basic old-age insurance, basicmedical insurance, childbearing insurance, and welfare benefits.In rural areas where conditions are favorable, various types of old-age supportschemes should be set up following the principle of government guidance andrural people’s willingness.Article 25. Citizens who marry late and delay childbearing are entitled to longernuptial and maternity leaves or other welfare benefits.Article 26. In accordance with applicable State regulations, women shall havespecial job-safety protections and be entitled to assistance and subsidies duringpregnancy, delivery, and while breast-feeding.Citizens who undergo surgical procedures for family planning shall be grantedleave as stipulated by the State. Local people’s governments may award themincentives.Article 27. The State shall award a “Certificate of Honor for Single-ChildParents” to couples who volunteer to have one child in their lifetime.Couples awarded such a certificate shall enjoy the incentives provided for inState regulations and in the regulations of their respective provinces, autono-mous regions, or municipalities.Employers shall obligatorily implement those incentive measures, stipulated bylaw and regulation, favoring couples in their employ who have one child over alifetime.Local people’s governments shall provide necessary assistance to couples whoseonly child is disabled or killed in accidents, and who decide not to bear or adoptanother child.Article 28. Local governments at all levels shall give households that practicefamily planning preferential access to funding, technology, and training.


Households in poverty that practice family planning shall be given priority forpoverty-alleviation loans, work relief, and other social assistance.Article 29. The People’s Congress and their standing committees in provinces,autonomous regions, municipalities and larger cities, or local people’s govern-ments, shall devise detailed implementation procedures for the incentives stip-ulated in this chapter in accordance with the provisions of this law and otherapplicable laws and regulations and in line with local conditions.

Chapter V. Family planning technical services

Article 30. The State shall establish premarital health care and maternal healthcare systems to prevent or reduce the incidence of birth defects and improve thehealth of newborns.Article 31. People’s governments at all levels shall take steps to assure allcitizens access to family planning technical services in order to enhance theirreproductive health.Article 32. Local people’s governments at all levels shall rationally allocate andcoordinate the use of health resources; establish and improve family planningservice networks comprising family planning clinics and health and medicalinstitutions providing such services; upgrade facilities and improve the condi-tions under which care is provided; and raise the level of technical services.Article 33. Family planning technical service institutions, medical and healthcareinstitutions providing family planning services shall, within the scope of theirrespective responsibilities, direct publicity and education about basic population andfamily planning information at people of reproductive age; provide pregnancycheck-ups and follow-up formarriedwomenof reproductive age; offer counseling andguidance; and provide technical services in family planning and reproductive health.Article 34. Family planning technical service providers shall give guidance toindividuals in choosing safe, effective, and appropriate contraceptive methods.Couples who have given birth are encouraged to choose long-acting contra-ceptive methods.The State shall encourage the research, development, and promotion of newfamily planning technologies and products.Article 35. Use of ultrasonography or other techniques to identify fetal genderfor non-medical purposes is strictly prohibited. Sex-selective pregnancy termi-nation for non-medical purposes is strictly prohibited.

Chapter VI. Legal liability

Article 36. Anyone who violates this law by one of the following acts shall beordered to rectify the violation and warned by the family planning or publichealth agency, and all gins derived from such illegal acts shall be confiscated bythe family planning or public health administrative departments.If the illegal gains exceed RMB 10,000, a fine of no less than two times and nomore than six times the amount shall be imposed. If no illegal gains is involvedor the amount is less than RMB 10,000, a fine of no less than RMB 10,000 andno more than RMB 30,000 shall be imposed. In serious cases, licenses shall be


revoked by the issuing agency. Acts constituting a crime shall be referred forcriminal prosecution.

1. Illegal performance of a surgical procedure related to family planning atanother’s behest.

2. Use of ultrasonogrphy or other techniques to identify fetal gender fornon-medical purposes or sex-selective pregnancy termination for non-medicalpurposes, at another’s behest.

3. Faking a birth control procedure related to family planning, falsifying a medicalreport, or counterfeiting certificates related to family planning.

Article 37. Anyone who forges, alters, buys or sells certificates related to familyplanning shall have the illegal gains confiscated by the family planningadministrative departments. If the illegal gains exceed RMB 5000, a fine of noless than two times and no more than ten times the amount shall be imposed. Ifno illegal gains is involved or the amount is less than RMB 5000, a fine of noless than RMB 5000 and no more than RMB 20,000 shall be imposed. Actsconstituting a crime shall be referred for criminal prosecution.The family planning administrative departments shall render voidimproperly-obtained certificates related to family planning. Administrativepenalties shall be imposed on both the executive in charge of the agency issuingflawed certificates and the individuals directly responsible.Article 38. Family Planning service providers who commit malpractice or whodelay emergency response, diagnosis or treatment with dire results shall be heldliable under the applicable laws and regulations.Article 39. Staff of state organs who commit one of the following acts in thecourse of family planning activities shall, if the act constitutes a crime, bereferred for criminal prosecution; or, if the act does not constitute a crime, besubject to both administrative penalties and confiscation of any illegal gains.

1. Infringing on a citizen’s personal rights, property rights or other legitimate rightsand interests.

2. Abuse of power, dereliction of duty or graft.3. Seeking or accepting a bribe.4. Withholding, reducing, redirecting or embezzling family planning program

funds or social compensation fees.5. Distorting, under-reporting, fabricating, modifying or refusing to report statis-

tical data on population or family planning.

Article 40. Those who violate provisions of this law or are derelict in familyplanning program management shall be ordered to rectify the violation andrebuked in a circular by their local government. Administrative penalties shallbe imposed on both the executive in charge of the agency and the individualsdirectly responsible.


Article 41. Citizens who give birth not in accordance with the stipulations inArticle 18 shall pay a social compensation fee prescribed by this law. Thosefailing to pay the full amount before the due date shall be levied a late paymentpenalty specified in applicable State regulations. Those who persist innon-payment shall be sued for payment in People’s Court by the family plan-ning administrative departments that levied the social compensation fee.Article 42. The state employees levied the social compensation fee described inArticle 41 shall be subject to additional administrative penalties, according tolaw. Others levied such a fee shall be subject to additional disciplinary measuresimposed by their employing units.Article 43. Those who resist or hinder family planning administrative depart-ments and staff in the performance of their legitimate duties shall be subject tocriticism and ordered to amend their conduct by the family planning adminis-trative departments involved. Conduct breaching public security regulationsshall be subject to public security penalties. Acts constituting a crime shall bereferred for criminal prosecution.Article 44. Citizens, entities treated as legal persons or other organizationsdeeming that an administrative organ has infringed on their legitimate rights andinterests while implementing family planning policy may appeal for review orsue for redress.

Chapter VII. Supplementary provisions

Article 45. The State Council shall devise specific measures for managingfamily planning program among migrants, specific measures for managingfamily planning technical services, and measures for the administration ofcollecting social compensation fees.Article 46. Detailed measures for implementing this law by the ChinesePeople’s Liberation Army shall be devised by the Central Military Commissionin accordance with this law.Article 47. This law shall enter into effect on 1 September 2002.Source: Downloaded website of UNHCR dated 02.08.2016—reference:refworld.2

Extracts from Documents of Populationand Development Review, Volume 42, Number 4,December 2015

China’s Abandonment of the One-Child PolicyThe Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Partyof China was held in Beijing over 26–29 October 2015. The main business of the

2No copyright conditionality


Session was to consider the draft of the Thirteenth Five Year Plan, set to begin in2016. At the meeting’s conclusion, the Committee issued a brief communiquésummarizing the principles and goals of the Plan and, a few days later, a fullerreport covering the same ground. A translation captured in Population andDevelopment Review noted the intention to ‘universally implement the that acouple can have two children’. This sentence was in effect the first publicannouncement of the ending after some 35 years, of China’s one-child policy.

The reform is presented as a shift from a one-to a two-child limit on births, withthe implication that the same family planning bureaucracy as before would continueto oversee birth planning.


Appendix DQuotations on Population Stabilisation

Quotes:

• Unlike plagues of the dark ages or contemporary diseases we do not understand, themodern plague of overpopulation is soluble by means we have discovered and withresources we posses. What is lacking is not sufficient knowledge of the solution butuniversal consciousness of the gravity of the problem and education of the billions whoare its victim.

—Martin Luther King, Jr., civil rights leader and Nobel laureate

• The point of population stabilization is to reduce or minimize misery.

—Roger Bengston, founding board member, World Population Balance

• Pressures resulting from unrestrained population growth put demands on the naturalworld that can overwhelm any efforts to achieve a sustainable future. If we are to haltthe destruction of our environment, we must accept limits to that growth.

—World Scientists’ Warning to Humanity, signed by 1600 senior scientists from 70countries, including 102 Nobel Prize laureates

• If we don’t halt population growth with justice and compassion, it will be done for usby nature, brutally and without pity- and will leave a ravaged world.

—Nobel Laureate Dr. Henry W. Kendall

• When the family is small, whatever little they have they are able to share. There ispeace.

—Philip Njuguna, pastor, Nairobi, Kenya


379

• Once it was necessary that the people should multiply and be fruitful if the race was tosurvive. But now to preserve the race it is necessary that people hold back the power ofpropagation.

—Helen Keller, world-renowned deaf and blind author and lecturer

• The key problem facing humanity in the coming century is how to bring a better qualityof life – for 8 billion or more people – without wrecking the environment entirely in theattempt.

—Edward O. Wilson, scientist, Pulitzer prize winning author and father of biodiversity

• If the world is to save any part of its resources for the future, it must reduce not onlyconsumption but the number of consumers.

—B.F. Skinner, psychologist and author (Introduction toWalden Two, 1976 edition)

• ‘Smart growth’ destroys the environment. ‘Dumb growth’ destroys the environment.The only difference is that ‘smart growth’ does it with good taste. It’s like bookingpassage on the Titanic. Whether you go first-class or steerage, the result is the same.

—Dr. Albert A. Bartlett, Emeritus Professor of Physics, University of Colorado; WorldPopulation Balance Board of Advisors

• We must stabilize population. This will be possible only if all nations recognize that itrequires improved social and economic conditions, and the adoption of effective, vol-untary family planning.

—Lester Milbrath, professor emeritus and author, Learning to Think Environmentally(While there is Still Time)

• Which is the greater danger - nuclear warfare or the population explosion? The latterabsolutely! To bring about nuclear war, someone has to DO something; someone has topress a button. To bring about destruction by overcrowding, mass starvation, anarchy,the destruction of our most cherished values-there is no need to do anything. We needonly do nothing except what comes naturally - and breed. And how easy it is to donothing.

—Dr. Isaac Asimov, biochemist and science writer (in this 1966 interview he predicted thatworld population would reach 6 billion around 2000. Most leaders dismissed his predictionas outrageous. Population passed 6 billion in 1999.)

• The greatest shortcoming of the human race is our inability to understand the expo-nential function.

—Dr. Albert A. Bartlett, Emeritus Professor of Physics, University of Colorado; WorldPopulation Balance Board of Advisors

380 Appendix D: Quotations on Population Stabilisation

Index

AAbsolute employment, 44Acceptor data, 179Access to information/counselling, 158Accountable and inclusive institutions, 228,

240Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA),

302, 306, 307Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

(AIDS), 159, 259Action plan, 269, 271Action taken report, 213Activities

at international level, 166at national level, 166

Adaptation, 220, 230, 237, 238, 244Adolescents, 165

care for, 106Age-mix, 333Agenda for population stabilisation, 261, 268,

271Age of marriage, 68, 70, 74, 123, 158, 256Aids to family welfare, 188Anaemia, 37Analysis and dissemination, 166Annual Sentinel Surveillance for HIV

Infection, 31120A of the concurrent list, 198Article 243G, 194, 195Article 243W, 194, 195Audio visual aids, 188Auxiliary Nursing Midwifery (ANM), 300,

302, 303, 307Availability of geographical, 330

BBalika Samridhi Yojana, 270Basic data collection, 166Basket of choices, 259

Below poverty line, 27Better health for all, 248Bhore committee, 255BIMARU, 333Bio capacity, 222, 223Biodiversity, 222, 239, 240

loss, 228, 239Birth

avertion, 327interval, 179, 318, 320order, 318rate, 6, 7spacing, 98, 102, 123, 158

Block Health & Family Welfare Samity, 195Block panchayat, 196Block wise and municipality wise data, 184BMI, 37BPL, 32

families, 309population, 328

Breast feeding, 102–104, 107, 108, 123, 211,212

Buddhist, 173Build resilient infrastructure, 228, 235Burgeoning number, 333

CCalorie intake, 34Carrying capacity, 218, 220, 221, 328, 330,

333Census, 2011, 10, 15, 21, 24Census Act, 256Census Report, 2011, 271Central assistance, 256Centrally sponsored scheme, 198, 297, 310Central plan allocations, 256Reproductive, Maternal, New born, Child and

Adolescent Health Services(RMNCH + A), 301, 305


381

Child care centres, 270Child care issues including

child nutrition, 106Child health, 258, 259, 261–265, 269, 271Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1976, 265, 270Child mortality, 167–169, 224, 225Child Mortality Rate (CMR), 178Child nutrition, 34, 35Child population by sex

and religion, 183, 184Child sex ratio, 172Child survival, 165Christian, 173Civilization crisis, 336Civil registration system, 66, 67Civil societies, 196Clarion call, 329Climate change, 52, 218, 220, 227–230, 237,

238, 243, 244Combat desertification, 228, 239, 240Command system, 313Commercial crops, 24Communicable diseases, 159, 259Communication, 264Community incentive scheme, 310Community-level health care services, 270Compound annual growth rate, 252Compulsory birth planning system, 313Conceptual clarifications, 177Concurrent evaluation, 213Concurrent list, 2142nd Constitutional Amendment, 268, 270Constitutional provisions, 132Constitution of India, 21Consumption expenditure, 26, 27Contraception, 158, 258–261, 269

issues, 90, 92prevalence rate, 179technology, 266

Convergence, 259, 261, 271of health related interventions, 308

Coordination cell, 269Co-partner for population control, 328Copper-T, 299Cost of living index, 27Counselling services, 262, 270Counselling set-up, 92, 123Couple currently and effectively protected, 325Couple Protection Rate (CPR), 179, 184–186,

258, 327Crèches, 270Crude Birth Rate (CBR), 58, 64, 177, 184, 253,

258, 316, 328, 332, 333Crude Death Rate (CDR), 178, 255, 314

Cultural issues, 71Current status of human development, 331

DData structure, 212Death rate, 6, 7, 184Deaths, 158, 159, 255, 259–262Decadal growth

of muslim population, 21incremental size of population, 10increment of, 184, 185rate, 183–185, 328rate of SC population, 173of ST population, 173

Decentralisation, 194–196Decentralised planning, 261Decentralized governance, 193Declaration at Alma Ata in 1978, 248Deconcentration, 194Delayed marriage, 158, 259Delegation, 194, 195Deliveries by trained persons, 158Delivery Points (DPs), 305Demographic

challenges, 171data, 58, 59, 172, 183–185disaster, 336dividend, 333indicators, 314, 328issues, 58

Demographically weaker states, 210, 211Density of population, 15, 172, 182–184Department of Health Research, 189Departments of Health and Family Welfare,

189Dependency ratio, 179Devolution, 194, 195Devolved functional responsibilities, 195, 196Directorate of Health Services, 190Distribution of population, 183, 184District Family Welfare Bureau, 297District Health & Family Welfare Samity, 195District level data, 183–185Diverse Health Care Providers, 265DLHS III, 327Documented migrants, 164, 166Dowry, 70, 75, 136–139Dowry Prohibition Act, 70, 136, 137, 140Draft National Health Policy, The, 254

EEAG states, 333Early neonatal mortality rate, 178Earth-space of India, 337

382 Index

Ecological economics, 222Ecological footprint, 222, 223Ecology, 222Economic and social life, 331Economic resources, 333Economy, 222Education, 188, 255, 258, 261–265, 268, 271Education and communication issues, 122Effective couple protection rate, 179Effect of economic growth, 6Effect of growing population, 6Eight five year plan, 286Eleventh five year plan, 290, 292Eleventh schedule, 194Eligible Couple and Children Register, 186,

210, 212Eligible couples, 184, 185Emergency contraceptive pills, 299, 300Emergency method, 299Employment, 228, 234Employment scenario, 328Empowered Action Group (EAG), 188, 301,

309, 310, 333Empowerment of women, 162, 165, 167, 224,

225End hunger, 218, 229Energy requirement, 34Environmental and climatic scenario, 54Environmental protection, 259Environmental sustainability, 167, 222Equity, 218, 222Establishment and Maintenance of Rural

Family Planning Sub-centres, 297Establishment and Maintenance of Sterilisation

Beds, 298Establishment and Maintenance of Urban

Family Planning, 298Estimated children, 186Estimated eligible couples, 186Estimated utilizable water, 53Expert group, 257Extension education, 188Extent of coverage, 318, 322External assistance, 188Extreme poverty and hunger, 167

FFamily planning, 4, 162, 163, 165, 167

indicators, 314, 318for male, 76services, 158welfare data, 185, 194, 196for women, 79

Family Planning Cell at the State Secretariat,297

Family welfare, 194, 196health insurance plan, 270matters, 188–190, 192schemes, 188statistics, 316, 327structure, 187, 188, 190, 191

Famine, 4, 5FAO, 34Female education, 256Fertility regulation, 158Field inspection, 213Fifth five year plan, 279Financial monitoring, 210First five year plan, 274, 275Food grain production scenario, 22, 26Food production, 4, 5, 7Food security, 228, 229Forest coverage area, 53Forest resources, 52Foster innovation, 228, 235Fourth five year plan, 278Free diagnostics service initiative, 305Free drugs and free diagnostic service, 305Free drug service initiative, 305Free supply scheme, 299Freezing the population base, 256Full employment, 335Fundamentals, 331Future generations, 218, 220–223, 243

GGDP, 24, 34Gender equality, 162, 165, 167, 224, 225, 228,

232Gender inequalities, 265Gender issues, 75Gender mainstreaming, 254Geographical area, 51, 53Girl child, 71, 73, 74, 123, 162, 163, 165Global CO2emission, 54Global Footprint Network, 222, 336Global partnership, 162, 167, 224, 228, 229,

242Global warming, 54Globe’s land area, 257Goal, 228Gram panchayat, 195Green house gases, 54Group incentives, 256Growth

of absolute number, 10

Index 383

Growth (cont.)of food grains, 24rate, 179

HHDI, 47Head count ratio, 27, 30Health agenda, 335Health care infrastructure, 259, 261, 262, 265,

269Health–care sector, 165Health issues, 90, 99, 149Health personnel, 259Health sector, 247, 248, 250, 252, 254Health Survey and Development Committee,

255Healthy lives, 228, 230Height for age, 35Higher order live births, 320Higher training, 188Hill areas, 264Hindustan Latex Limited, 188HIV/AIDS, 69, 78, 92, 97, 104, 106, 167, 224,

226Homeopathy, 266Hospital, 321Housing & Urban Poverty

Alleviation, 307Huge size of poverty, 333Human development, 4, 6, 328

indicators, 269profile, 47report, 47

Human resource development, 166Human Resource Women & Child

Development, 307Human settlements, 228, 236Human sexuality, 165

IImmediate supervisory authority, 212Immunisation, 211, 212Immunisation programme, 264Immunisation coverage, 186Improved access, 158Improved life expectancy, 267IMR over the years for Rural and Urban years,

184Incentives versus disincentives, 153Increased participation of men, 265Incremental per year population, 331Indian systems of medicine, 259, 266Inequality, 235Inequities in health outcomes, 253

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), 178, 258, 314,333

Infiltration, 210, 211Influx, 210, 211Information

education and communication, 267in relation to population and family welfare,

188Informed consent, 270In-service training, coordinating, 311Institutional deliveries, 158, 259Integrated service delivery, 259, 262, 264Integration of Indian Systems of Medicine

(ISM), 159Internal migration, 166International conference, 248International Conference on Population and

Development(ICPD), 161International cooperation, 166International Institute for Population Sciences

(IIPS), 188, 312International migration, 166Inter-sectoral coordination, 188IPAT equation, 222IUD insertion, 310

JJain, 173Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakarm (JSSK),

303Janani Suraksha Yojana(JSY), 303Jansankhya Sthirata Kosh (JSK), 188, 308Justice, access to, 240

LLakdawala methodology, 29Land degradation, 228, 239Lassiaze faire approach, 328Legal age of marriage, 83, 132Legal issues, 123, 131Legislation, 268Legislature of a State, 194Life expectancy, 258Life support systems, 337List of business, 188Literacy growth rate, 185Literates, 183–185Literates and Literacy Rates by

sex/SC/ST/Religion, 183, 184Local self-governments, 195, 196

MMaharashtra Family Act, 1976, The, 148Malaria, 167, 224, 226, 230

384 Index

Male and female population, 183–185Male sterilisation, 158Malthu, 4, 5Malthusian theory of population, 4, 5Marginalized communities, 253Marriage and pregnancy, 159, 259, 265Maternal, 301, 303–305Maternal health, 167, 169, 224, 225Maternal mortality rate, 178Maternal mortality ratio, 178, 253, 259, 262,

314Maternity benefit scheme, 270Media issues, 121Medical attention, 318, 321Medical Termination Of Pregnancy Act, 1971,

146, 150Medium term objective, 259Methods of family planning, 258, 318, 322Migrant population, 264Migration, 184Migration related data, 183Millennium development, 167Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 167,

224, 227Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, 187,

189, 191, 192, 327, 328Ministry of Home Affairs, The, 328Minoritism, 83Miscellaneous business, 188Mobility of ANMs, 270Monetary compensation, 256Monitoring, 209–213

authority, 211, 213indicators, 211items, 210mechanism, 211meeting, 213of birth spacing, 212report, 213responsibility, 211review, 212technique, 213

Mother and Child Health Wings(MCH), 304

Mother and Child Tracking Facilitation Centre(MCTFC), 306

Mother and Child Tracking System (MCTS),304, 306

Mudaliar Committee of 1962, The, 248Municipalities, 194, 196Muslim population, 173Muslim population in India, 19Muslim rate of growth more than Hindu rate of

growth, 15

NNational AIDS control organisation, 159National average, 172, 173National Commission on Population, 188, 268National Development Committee, 257National Family Welfare programme, 299, 310National Health Mission (NHM), 301,

305–307, 328National Health Policy, 158National Institute of Health and Family

Welfare (NIHFW), 188, 306, 311National Iron + Initiative, 305National Mobile Medical Units (NMMU), 303National policies and plans of action, 166National Population Commission (NPC), 311,

327National Population Policy, 157, 219, 247,

250, 255–258, 268, 271National Population Stabilization Fund

(NPSF), 308National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), 188,

189, 301–303, 305, 308, 311National socio-demographic goals, 259, 261National Urban Health Mission (NUHM), 301,

307, 308Natural growth rate, 184Natural resources, 331, 333Natural sex ratio, 172, 173Natural stock of resources, 328NDC Committee on Population, 199NDC report, 198, 199Necessary condition, 330, 333Neo-natal care, 263Neonatal mortality rate, 178New born, 305New framework, 329New multi-media national strategy, 256NFHS-1, 35, 327NFHS-2, 35, 327NFHS-3, 35NGO guidelines, 306, 307NHP, 1983, 248Ninth five year plan, 287, 288Non-agriculture, 24Non-coercive approach, 158, 335Non-Government Organisations (NGOs), 196,

265Non-renewable resources, 336NSS, 27, 30, 35, 41Number of births, 322Number of married couples, 184Nutritional services, 265Nutritional status, 34, 35, 37, 41Nutrition profile, 328

Index 385

OOlder population, 267Optimum population, 5, 218, 219, 243Optimum theory of population, 5Oral contraceptive pills, 298–300Organisation, 188–190, 192Organisational issues, 149Organisational set-up, 150, 151Output food grains, 24Outreach, 254Over population, 218

PPanchayats, 194, 195, 261, 262, 269Parliamentary Committee, 336Partnership with the Non-Government Sector,

166Per capita, 26–28, 32, 34, 47, 53Percentage distribution, 319–321Percentage growth of food grains production,

26Percentage growth of yield, 24Percentage of FW expenditure, 206Perinatal mortality rate, 178Permanent methods, 298, 299Physical limits, 337Plan and non-plan expenditure, 199Plan expenditure, 198Planned parenthood, 265Planning commission, 26, 28, 29, 32, 34, 4112th Plan document, SRS 2013, 199Plan-wise expenditure, 199Policy and organisation of Family Welfare, 188Political issues, 119Population, 3–7

and development, 330clock, 330control, 3, 4, 254distribution, 166education, 119, 120, 126growth and family planning, 21growth and structure, 165load, 330, 331, 335matters, 221, 222of Muslims and other minorities, 183, 184of SC and ST, 183, 184policy, in India, 255projection, 59, 258scenario, 206stabilization, 254, 333, 335status, 9watch, 328

Post neonatal mortality rate, 178Post partum care/post natal care, 101

Poverty, 26–30, 32, 34, 35end to, 224, 227, 243estimation, 27, 32line, 26–30, 32ratio, 32

Pre-conception and Pre-natal DiagnosticTechnique Act, 188

Preconception and Pre-natal Diagnostic TestAct, 140

Pregnancy care/prenatal care, 99Pregnancy test kits, 299Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994,

270Prerna strategy, 308Prevention of human immunodeficiency virus

(HIV), 165Primary health care, 165Private sector, 265, 266Production patterns, 228, 237Programme implementation, 261Programme Implementation Plans (PIP), 308Programme management, 166Projected population, 183, 184

and actual population in India, 315size, 335

Promote sustained, 228, 234Promotional and motivational measures, 269Proportion

of muslim population, 19to total population, 183, 184

Protect, 228, 231, 233, 234, 236, 238, 239, 241Public expenditure, 200, 201Public private partnership, 188Public support and new structures, 268

QQualified professional, 321Quality Assurance (QA), 306Quality education, 228, 231Quality of life, 9, 41, 218, 219, 221–223, 257Quick fix, 337

RRashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK),

304Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram

(RKSK), 304Reduction of drop outs, 158Reduction of Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), 158,

308, 310Reduction of Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR),

158, 308Refugees

asylum-seekers, 166

386 Index

displaced persons, 166Regional Family Planning Training Centres,

297Registration

of births, 159, 259, 261of marriage, 133, 134, 136

Reliable, 228, 233, 235Religious agenda, 328Religious issues, 83Renewable resources, 336Replacement level population, 333Replacement levels of TFR, 159Report card of development, 228Reported coverage of Eligible Couples and its

Percentage, 184, 185Report of working group, 327Reproduction, 298, 301, 304, 305

and child health care, 188, 259, 261–264,266

health, 162, 163, 165health research, 166phase, 335rights, 165tract illness, 254

Reproductive Tract Infection (RTI), 103, 159Research on Reproductive and Child health,

266Resilient and sustainable, 228, 236Resource mobilization and allocation, 166Resources scenario, 52Revisits the policy area, 272Revolving fund, 270Rogi Kalyan Samiti, 302Runaway population, 328Rural, 26, 27, 30, 32, 34, 45Rural and Urban Composition of Population,

183, 184

SSafe, 228, 229, 231–234, 236, 237Safe abortion services, 254Safe motherhood, 165Sample registration system, 66Santushti strategy, 308School education, 158, 259SDG platform, 336SDGs journey, 335Secondary and tertiary facilities, 264Second five year plan, 275, 276Service delivery, 254Services for fertility regulation, 259Seventh five year plan, 282, 284Seventy Third and the Seventy Forth

Amendments, 194

Sex ratio, 172, 173, 179, 183, 184, 253at Birth, 179of SC/ST population, 173

Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI), 103, 159,165

Shrivastav Committee of 1975, The, 248Sikh, 173Sixth five year plan, 280, 281Size of population, 33, 41, 52, 54, 171,

182–185, 330, 331, 333, 336Small family norm, 159, 256, 257, 259–261,

265, 268–270Social and economic research, 166Social development, 259Social issues, 68, 154Social marketing schemes, 264, 270, 299Socio-religious Issues, 82Soft voluntary approach, 333Sons preference, 75Spacing methods, 298, 300Spell of population boom, 335Stable population, 179, 219, 243, 259, 333, 335State average, 173State Family Welfare Bureau, 297State Health & Family Welfare Samity, 195State Health Society, 301, 308State level data, 182, 183, 185Stationary population, 179Still birth, 178Structure of monitoring format, 213Sub-centre, 196Sub-district level data, 185Sub regional and regional activities, 166Supplementary nutrition, 211, 212Sustainability, 221, 222, 237, 241

equation, 222agenda, 328agriculture, 229consumption, 228, 237development, 162–164, 166, 220–223, 227,

228, 232, 237, 238, 240–244, 329, 330development summit, 272economic growth, 162, 164, 228, 234, 243,

259forest management, 228, 240global partnership for development, 241industrialization, 228, 235management, 228, 233and modern energy, 228, 233

population, 218–220, 244, 272, 330, 333,335–337

Sustainable development goals, 218, 227, 229,242, 243, 331

Sustainable use

Index 387

of oceans, 228, 238of terrestrial ecosystems, 228, 239

Swaminathan, M.S. Dr., 257

TTake off, 335Target-free approach in family planning, 211Technological level of achievement, 333Technology mission, 269Tendulkar committee, 29, 30Tenth five year plan, 288TFR over the years, 184Theory of demographic transition, 6, 7Third five year plan, 276Total expenditure, 206Total Fertility Rate (TFR), 65, 177, 253, 254,

256–260, 271, 314, 317, 332, 335Total Marital Fertility Rates (TMFR), 319Total population, 15, 183, 184Training and research, 188Transforming our world

the 2030 Agenda for SustainableDevelopment, 329

Trendsin census population, 183, 184, 314of proportion of muslim population, 19

Tribal communities, 264Tubectomy, 308, 310Twelfth five year plan, 292, 293Twelfth schedule, 194

UUN’s Sustainable Summit, 2015, 336UN, 218, 229Under-5 child mortality rate, 184Under population, 218Underweight children, 35Undocumented migrants, 164, 166Un-employment rate, 41, 45Unemployment scenario, 41UNICEF, 248Union business, 188Universal access to information/counselling,

259Universal access to reproductive health care,

308Universal awareness, 258Universal Health Coverage (UHC), 305Universal immunization, 158Universal immunization of children, 259

Universal primary education, 167, 224Unmet needs

of monitoring, 210for contraception, 259, 319, 327for family welfare services, 264

UN Millennium Summit, 223UN population division, 330UN projection, 331Unprotected couples, 327Untrained functionary, 321Urban, 26, 27, 32, 34, 45Urban Community Health Centre (U-CHC),

307Urbanization, 166Urban Primary Centre (U-PHC), 307Urban-rural inequities, 253Urban slums, 264, 270User data, 179

VVasectomy, 299, 300, 308, 310Vertical, 194Village Health Sanitation and Nutrition

Committee (VHSNC), 302Vital statistics, 184, 185Vocational training schemes for girls, 270Voluntary efforts, 257Voluntary family planning, 313Vulnerable groups, 253

WWater demand utilimation, 54Water resource, 52, 53Weekly Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation

(WIFS), 305Weight for age, 35Weight for height, 35Women’s health, 165, 254Women nutrition, 34, 37Working population, 26World’s surface area, 330World Health Organization, 248World population, 330, 336World summit, 220

ZZilaParishads, 269Zilla Panchayat, 196

388 Index