162

Appendix: Research Participants

Listed in alphabetical order. All names are pseudonyms. Biographical details were correct at the time of interview.

Adrienne

Adrienne is a 47-year-old from the Greek Cypriot village of Mandres near Famagusta. She became a refugee in 1974 as a teenager, shortly after the second wave of Turkish military action. Villagers fled to the nearby village of Gypsou, but were held there by Turkish troops for three months, until they were rescued by the Red Cross. A number of men from the village, including her uncle, went missing. Adrienne came to England in 1979 for an arranged marriage to a British-born Greek Cypriot, who died of cancer a year before our interview. She lives with her two sons, aged 24 and 19, in Oakwood and runs a delicatessen in Harpenden.

Ahmet

Ahmet is a 57-year-old Turkish Cypriot from Nicosia. His family were among the first displaced by the intercommunal violence, fleeing their home suddenly in 1958 and moving to the north of the town when he was 10 years old. They stayed with relatives for six months before renting a house in north Nicosia. He came to England in 1968 because it was impossible for Turkish Cypriots to continue their higher education in Cyprus at the time. He studied in Portsmouth for four years before moving to London to work as an engineer. He is married to a Turkish Cypriot and they have two daughters. He lives in Southgate, north London, and runs a computer repair business nearby.

Alpay

Alpay is a 54-year-old Turkish Cypriot from the mixed village of Strongylos, near Nicosia. He attended an English secondary school in Nicosia from the age of 11, until all Turkish Cypriots were forced to leave the school in 1963 when violence escalated. Alpays family had to leave their village and move to North Nicosia as a result of the violence. He came to England after winning a scholar-ship to Bourneville College in Birmingham and went on to study engineering in London. He has worked as an engineer in Lybia, Kenya and Saudi Arabia and now lives with his Turkish Cypriot wife and their daughter in Southgate. He is also the principal of a Turkish-language Saturday school in North London.

Andreas

Andreas is a 75-year-old Greek Cypriot from the small mixed village of Lapathos, near Famagusta district. The village was taken by Turkish forces in August 1974,

Appendix: Research Participants 163

when all the villagers left for a meeting about the unrest. As a result, they took nothing with them when they fled. Andreas had a British passport as he had worked as a civilian driver for the British forces for 15 years, so he was able to come to England with his wife and son. He spent three years at the McVities biscuit factory in Harlesden, before working as a mini-cab driver. Two of his sons are accountants and one is a doctor. He owns a house in Haringey and is presi-dent of the nearby Greek Orthodox church. Father Georgiou acted as interpreter during our conversation.

Behiye

Behiye is a 72-year-old Turkish Cypriot who moved to Nicosia after getting married. She escaped to the north of the city during intercommunal violence in 1963 and spent three months living in a school. Her husband was in Britain at the time and was able to send her an invitation to come to the country. She spent 14 months in Turkey before finally joining him. She worked for 25 years as a machinist in London and is now retired and living in rented accommodation in Haringey. She is divorced and has no children. She spends her time visiting community centres like the Turkish Cypriot Womens Project in Turnpike Lane. A worker at the project translated our conversation.

Blent

Blent is a 45-year-old Turkish Cypriot who left Cyprus in 1963 when he was two. He was born in Famagusta, but he and his brother were brought up by their grandmother in North Nicosia, while his parents were working in England. The children were sent for when the violence escalated, and came to live in Stoke Newington, North London. He went to university in Leeds and for seven years had little contact with the Cypriot community, but later married a British-born Turkish Cypriot. After not speaking much Turkish since the age of 12, he decided to take Turkish lessons as an adult. He trained as an engineer, worked designing weapons for ten years, and is now a teacher. Blent lives in Whetstone with his wife and three children.

Cemal

Cemal is a 49-year-old Turkish Cypriot from the suburb of Kk Kaymakli in Nicosia. The area was attacked in 1963 and the Turkish Cypriot residents fled to the north of the town. Cemal and his family lived in a large rented house, which was also shared by Turkish Cypriot militia. His father came to London in 1967 and worked until he had enough money to bring the rest of the family over the following year, when they were given a council house in Stamford Hill. He lives in Winchmore Hill with his British-born Turkish Cypriot wife, and they have two children. He works for Haringey Social Services. He had not been to Cyprus for 27 years when we met.

164 Appendix: Research Participants

Dimitris

Dimitris is a 50-year-old from the Greek Cypriot village of Agios Amvrosios, on the north coast of Cyprus near Kyrenia. When Turkish troops arrived in 1974, he was with his fiance and her mother, who were British citizens. They were evacu-ated, but he was not. Dimitris fled to their apartment in Famagusta, but sustained injuries when a bomb hit the building, causing him to lose his memory for three weeks. He arrived in Britain on Christmas Day 1974. He is the muhtar (mayor) of his village in exile, tracing the office through his family to his great-grandfather, and is chair of the village committee. He is a successful businessman, working in property development and the restaurant industry. His lives in Cockfosters with his wife, a Greek Cypriot brought up in North London. He has a 26-year-old son and a 23-year-old daughter.

Eleni

Eleni is a 38-year-old Greek Cypriot from Athienou, now a border village near Larnaca. When she was a child, the family split their time between the village and Nicosia, where her father worked and the children went to school. They were in the village for the summer holidays when the Turkish military attacked in 1974. They escaped to a village near Limassol and stayed in a school for several months. Her uncle in Nottingham sent for the family, but after five months their Leave to Remain was denied and they were returned to Cyprus. Eleni returned to the UK to study fashion and business when she was 18. She has worked for a Cypriot newspaper and is now a community worker for a Greek Cypriot womens centre in Camden. She lives in Palmers Green, North London.

Emine

Emine is a 51-year-old Turkish Cypriot from the village of Androlikou. Her uncle was shot when violence began in 1958. The family stayed in the town of Lefke in the 1960s, and she later moved to Nicosia to live with her uncle while stud-ying. She was in Britain on tour with a Turkish Cypriot theatre company in 1974 when war broke out and was unable to return to Cyprus, as her family fled to the north. Her first job was as a machinist in a Greek Cypriot factory where she learnt Greek. She has run her own dressmaking shop for 22 years. Along with her Turkish Cypriot husband, she also acts and produces plays for the Turkish Cypriot community in London. She lives in Edmonton and has one son.

Father Georgiou

Father Georgiou is a 45-year-old from the Greek Cypriot village of Fylia, which lies between Nicosia and Morphou. He was 15 in 1974 when the family became refugees during the Turkish bombing raids. About 50 villagers fled to a village in the Troodos Mountains where they stayed for a few weeks. After doing his mili-tary service in Cyprus, he joined the merchant navy and finally came to Britain in 1985. He became a Greek Orthodox priest in 2000 and works at a church in

Appendix: Research Participants 165

Haringey. He is one of the few Orthodox priests in Britain to have come from Cyprus rather than Greece. He also works as a postman and lives in Tottenham. He is married to a Greek Cypriot and they have two children.

Hasan

Hasan is a 44-year-old Turkish Cypriot originally from the village of Softades. His family fled the village in 1963, when he was three years old, ending up in Kivisili. They moved to Larnaca a year later but had to leave after the war in 1974, ending up in Agios Sergios/Yenibogazici in the north. Hasan came to England when he was 18 because his father did not want him to join the Turkish army. He is married to an Englishwoman and has a son and a daughter. He returned to Cyprus in 1991 for seven years but could not settle, partly because of his left-wing politics. He works as a part-time lecturer and is currently studying horticulture and garden design. He lives in Walthamstow, East London.

Kasim

Kasim is a 52-year-old Turkish Cypriot from the village of Vroisha. He was 12 when his family fled the village in 1964 and moved to Suleymaniye where his grandparents lived. They had to move again several months later to the village of Gneybakan because of ongoing fighting, until a refugee village called Yrkky was built. The family had to move again in 1974. Kasim came to London in 1971 and worked for many years as a catering manager and set up his own business. He now works for a North London business association. He has been involved in local Labour Party politics and is a member of the Rotary Club. His wife is from Suleymaniye. They live in Southgate and have a son and a daughter.

Maroulla

Maroulla is a 49-year-old Greek Cypriot from the village of Agios Amvrosios. She is active on the village committee and with the campaigning organisation Lobby for Cyprus. She fled her village after the second arrival of Turkish troops on the island in August 1974, when her brother also went missing. The family stayed in a school in a nearby village before going to the village of Pano Lefkara near Larnaca for three months. Maroulla then came to Britain where her sister and aunt were living. She studied part time and worked in a clothing factory until she had her two sons, who are now teenagers. She teaches at a Greek community school part time and also does voluntary work for the Cypriot community. She is married to a Greek Cypriot and lives in Redbridge.

Nick

Nick is a 67-year-old Greek Cypriot from Kyrenia. His father died young and his mother worked to provide for the six children, renting a house in the town. Nick came to Britain to study in 1959 and acquired British citizenship, later becoming

166 Appendix: Research Participants

a radio operator for the merchant navy. He returned to Cyprus and met his wife, who he married in late 1973. They built a house in her village, Agios Epiktitos, but became refugees in 1974 and came to England. Nick worked for 25 years as an engineer for a company that made parking ticket machines. He and his wife live in a council house near Euston. Nick is politically left wing and is not religious, giving his two sons (27 and 30) classical Greek rather than Christian names. He volunteers at a community centre in Camden.

mer

mer is a 57-year-old Turkish Cypriot from the village of Tera near Paphos. He went to secondary school in the small town of Polis and to college in Paphos. Violence in 1963 meant he had to return to the village, which was enclaved for a number of years. He went to university in Turkey to study economics, running a coffee shop in the village on his return, before rejoining the Turkish Cypriot army. In 1974, he was undergoing officer training in Turkey and was on one of the boats sent to Cyprus. His family became refugees after the war and moved north. He came to London in 1979 with his Turkish Cypriot wife and their daughter. They had another daughter and a son in England, where he has worked in the fish and chip shop industry. He lives in Croydon.

Panos

Panos is a 46-year-old Greek Cypriot from the Famagusta region. His father was from Evrychou and his mother from a neighbouring village. He was studying at a private school in London at the time of the war and was unable to return. His mother was on holiday visiting him and they did not know his fathers wherea-bouts for two months. Although Panos and his mother were granted Leave to Remain for five years initially, his father was not and had to work in the Middle East, only moving to England when he retired. Panos is politically active in campaigns for the right of return and attends church regularly. He is a lawyer, is married to a British-born Cypriot and has no children.

Peter

Peter is a 47-year-old Greek Cypriot from the village of Agios Amvrosios. The family left the village during the second phase of Turkish military action on 14 August 1974, thinking that they would return a few days later. They went to Limassol, and a few months later Peter joined the National Guard to do his mili-tary service. He came to England in 1978, on the pretext of studying, and trained as a car mechanic. He worked in his father-in-laws fish and chip shop before working in the motor industry, and he has been a prison officer for 14 years. He is married to a British-born Cypriot and has three sons. He is active in the village committee and has lived in the same house in Ilford for 24 years.

Appendix: Research Participants 167

Salih

Salih is a 51-year-old from the Turkish Cypriot village of Vroisha (Yagmuralan) in the Troodos Mountains. All villagers fled the village under threat of violence in 1964 and the village was burned down soon afterwards. Salih was 11 years old at the time. His family moved to a neighbouring village where they lived for ten years, before having to move again in 1974 when the island was divided, as the village was in the border zone. Salih came to London in 1972, and I interviewed him at his home in Oakwood, North London, where he lives with his British-born Cypriot wife, who suffers from multiple sclerosis, and his two sons. In 2003 he set up a village association to campaign for an apology from the Greek Cypriot government and the rebuilding of his village.

Sophia

Sophia is a 38-year-old Greek Cypriot who was born in Britain and moved to Cyprus with her family in 1973, to live in her fathers village Lysi, near Famagusta. The family became refugees a year later, and Sophia and her sisters were allowed to return to Britain, while her parents had to stay in a refugee camp for several months. As a young child, she arrived in Cyprus speaking no Greek, only to return to England a year later having forgotten all her English. She describes herself as a black sheep for going to university rather than working in a factory, refusing an arranged marriage and having a daughter outside marriage when she was 30, with a non-Cypriot. She is now married to an English man and works as a social worker.

Stella

Stella is a 56-year-old Greek Cypriot from a village near Famagusta. She moved to the town to go to school when she was 12, staying with a family friend. She had trained as a teacher and was working as a travel agent before leaving Cyprus. She was pregnant with her son when the war broke out and her husband left to join the army. She fled Cyprus in 1974 and came to Britain where her brother and sister lived. Her husband joined her seven months later. She worked at home sewing for ten years, as well as teaching Greek and studying. She is now an advice worker, broadcasts on London Greek radio and works at the Cypriot womens centre in Turnpike Lane. She has a son and a daughter and lives in Palmers Green.

Stephen

Stephen is a 39-year-old Greek Cypriot from the town of Morphou, where his parents owned a number of shops. He became a refugee at the age of nine during the Turkish military action in 1974. The family stayed with friends and relatives for a few months in Cyprus before coming to Britain. After two years his family

168 Appendix: Research Participants

returned to Cyprus briefly, before going to Australia for three years and finally coming back to Britain in 1979. He studied maths at Middlesex University and worked as an accountant for eight years and a computer programmer for ten years, before retraining as a teacher. He now works at a Catholic school in North London. He lives in Palmers Green with his British-born Greek Cypriot wife and their four-year-old daughter.

169

Notes

1 Contexts and Catalysts

1 . All research participants have been given pseudonyms. Biographical notes are in Appendix 1.

2 . Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston (National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters).

3 . Trk Mukavemet Teskilati (Turkish Resistance Organisation). 4 . Many towns and villages in Cyprus have several different names. Nicosia

is the English name for the capital, which is also called Lefkosia by Greek Cypriots and Lefkosa by Turkish Cypriots. Many villages were also renamed after the island was divided. I will use the English name where one exists and otherwise will use the name used by the person whose village I am discussing. Where necessary, I will refer to both pre- and post-1974 names.

5 . The denial of the existence of Turkish Cypriot refugees was brought home to me when I gave a paper on Cypriot refugees in the TRNC in 2003. After my presentation, the under-secretary of the office of the president, who was present at the conference, questioned the content of my paper, stating that there were no Turkish Cypriot refugees.

6 . The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees defines a refugee as someone who is outside the country of his nationality (UNHCR 1997: 51). As a result, internally displaced people are excluded from its protection.

7 . It proved difficult to interview equal numbers of Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, and men and women. The Greek Cypriot community in London is larger and much better organised than the Turkish Cypriot community is, providing more obvious routes into the community. Community organisa-tions also almost invariably proposed men as possible participants. I tried to counter this by approaching Cypriot womens community centres, which was partially successful. However, Turkish Cypriot women remain the most under-represented in the study. I expected to conduct all interviews in English, as those who took part had lived in Britain for 30 to 40 years at the time of the study. However, I had to use translators for the two oldest participants.

8 . I interviewed spokespeople from Greek Cypriot campaigning organisation Lobby for Cyprus, theatre company Theatro Technis, the Turkish Cypriot Womens Project and the Greek Cypriot Committee for Relatives of the Missing, editors of Turkish-language newspapers Toplum Postasi and Londra Gazete and a representative of the Greek Archdiocese of Great Britain. Events attended included the Cyprus wine festival, Greek Cypriot village committee meetings, a Turkish Cypriot dinner dance, a play about Cypriots in London and a number of political demonstrations.

9 . For example, Peter Loizos was criticised when his writings about Greek Cypriot crimes against Turkish Cypriots were quoted by Rauf Denktash, then leader of the TRNC (Loizos 2001: 177178).

170 Notes

10 . It is difficult to find written evidence of the disaffection of left-wing Turkish Cypriots, but such sentiments have been expressed to me personally by some in London. In addition, the fact that it is estimated that more Turkish Cypriots live in Britain than in northern Cyprus points to the likelihood that it is not just economic factors that have influenced their move (Mehmet Ali 2001: 94).

2 Theres No Place Like Home The Spatial Home

1 . Chagos islanders were forced to leave their homes in 1967 by Britain, who had control of the territory, so that the island could be used as a US air base.

2 . There are now seven crossing points open in the Green Line. 3 . The poet says words were taken and rearranged from the Ledger of Lost

and Damaged Goods dated 1020 January 1964, which his mother Aye Sleyman (pizde) kept when her house was plundered and burned during the Bloody Christmas of 1963. Poem appears in English at www.poemsbymehmetyashin.blogspot.co.uk. Published in Turkish in Yashin, M. (2014).

4 . I faced difficulties when choosing a map to use during my research that would not offend participants. I eventually chose the map distributed by the Greek Cypriot tourist office because, unlike the Turkish Cypriot tourist map which only focused on the north of the island, it showed the whole island and used place names that were likely to have been in use when the partici-pants became refugees.

3 Rhythms of Life The Temporal Home

1 . A new border crossing was opened here in 2008 and the observation point removed.

2 . The use of the word muhtar by both Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots is an example of the ways in which the island has been influenced by diverse cultures. The word, which is Arabic in origin and is also found in Turkish, is still used by both Cypriot communities.

3 . The UNHCRs three durable solutions to forced migration are settlement, resettlement and repatriation, with repatriation regarded as the most desir-able durable solution provided that return is genuinely voluntary and sustainable (UNHCR 2006: 130).

4 . It is difficult to arrive at a concrete number for Turkish settlers, who were encouraged to move to the island by the governments of Turkey and the TRNC. Figures vary from 31,000 to 115,000, and the Council of Europe esti-mated that, by 2000, settlers outnumbered indigenous Turkish Cypriots (Ronen 2010). It is not clear if second- and third-generation settlers are counted or are defined as Cypriot.

Notes 171

4 Senses of Belonging The Material Home

1 . Freedom from Torture (formerly the Medical Foundation for the Care of the Victims of Torture) is a charity based in London, which provides various types of therapy for refugees who have suffered torture. The mailing in July 2007 was an appeal for the charitys Natural Growth project, which aims to use nature through the centres garden to help those who are not ready for psychotherapy.

2 . www.mwanakafreshfarmfoods.com

172

References

Abdulrahim, D. (1993) Defining gender in a second exile: Palestinian women in West Berlin, in Buijs, G. (ed.) Migrant Women Crossing Boundaries and Changing Identities . Oxford: Berg.

Adelman, H. and Barkan, E. (2011) No Return, No Refuge: Rites and Rights in Minority Repatriation . New York: Columbia University Press.

Agosin, M. (1994) I invented a country, in Afkhami, M. (ed.) Women in Exile . Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.

Al-Ali, N. (2002) Trans- or a-national? Bosnian refugees in the UK and the Netherlands, in Al-Ali, N. and Koser, K. (eds) New Approaches to Migration? Transnational Communities and the Transformation of Home . London: Routledge.

Al-Ali, N. and Koser, K. (eds) (2002) New Approaches to Migration? Transnational Communities and the Transformation of Home . London: Routledge.

Allan, D. (2005) Mythologizing al-Nakba: Narratives, collective identity and cultural practice among Palestinian refugees in Lebanon, in Oral History 33(1): 4756.

Allende, I. (2003) My Invented Country . London: Flamingo. Al-Rasheed, M. (1994) The myth of return: Iraqi Arab and Assyrian refugees in

London, in Journal of Refugee Studies 7(2/3): 199219. Anderson, B. (1991) Imagined Communities (revised edition). London: Verso. Andrews, M. (2000) Introduction to Part II: Narrative and life history, in

Andrews, M., Sclater, S.D., Squire, C. and Treacher, A. (eds) Lines of Narrative: Psychosocial Perspectives . London: Routledge.

Andrews, M., Sclater, S.D., Squire, C. and Treacher, A. (eds) (2000) Lines of Narrative: Psychosocial Perspectives . London: Routledge.

Anthias, F. (1983) Sexual divisions and ethnic adaptation: The case of Greek Cypriot women, in Phizacklea, A. (ed.) One Way Ticket Migration and Female Labour . London: Routledge.

Anthias, F. (1992) Ethnicity, Class, Gender and Migration . Aldershot, Hants: Avebury.

Anthias, F. (2006) Researching society and culture in Cyprus Displacements, hybridities and dialogical frameworks, in Papadakis, Y., Peristianis, N. and Welz, G. (eds) Divided Cyprus: Modernity, History and an Island in Conflict . Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.

Anthias, F. and Yuval-Davis, N. (1993) Racialized Boundaries: Race, Nation, Gender, Colour and Class and the Anti-Racist Struggle . London: Routledge.

Appadurai, A. (1996) Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization . Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Arendt, H. [1951] (2004) The Origins of Totalitarianism . New York: Schocken Books.

Asmussen, J. (1998) Leaving the past. The exodus of the Cyprus mixed villages The social and historical dimension, in Bozkurt, I., Atesin, H. and Kansu, M. (eds) Second International Congress for Cyprus Studies 2427 November 1998. Volume 1a Papers presented in English: Cyprus Issue History . Famagusta,

References 173

Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus: Centre for Cyprus Studies Publications, Eastern Mediterranean University.

Bauman, Z. (2001) Community: Seeking Safety in an Insecure World . Cambridge: Polity Press.

Baxter, R. and Brickell, K. (2014) For home un making, in Home Cultures 11(2): 133144.

BBC Radio 4 (2015) The Documentary: Olive Wars . Transmitted on 12 January 2015, 8pm. Presented by Jeremy Bowen.

Ben-Zeev, E. (2004) The politics of taste and smell: Palestinian rites of return, in Lien, M.E. and Nerlich, B. (eds) The Politics of Food . Oxford: Berg.

Billig, M. (1995) Banal Nationalism . London: Sage. Bisharat, G.E. (1997) Exile to compatriot: Transformations in the social identity

of Palestinian refugees in the West Bank, in Gupta, A. and Ferguson, J. (eds) Culture, Power, Place: Explorations in Critical Anthropology . Durham and London: Duke University Press.

Black, R. and Koser, K. (eds) (1999) The End of the Refugee Cycle? Refugee Repatriation and Reconciliation . Oxford: Bergham Books.

Black, R. (2002) Conceptions of home and the political geography of refugee repatriation: between assumption and contested reality in Bosnia-Herzegovina, in Applied Geography 22(2): 123138.

Bloch, A. (2002) The Migration and Settlement of Refugees in Britain . Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.

Borger, J. (2007) Exiled islanders win 40-year battle to return home as judges accuse UK of abuse of power, in The Guardian (24 May 2007). London.

Bottomley, G. (1992) From Another Place: Migration and the Politics of Culture . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bourdieu, P. (1977) Outline of a Theory of Practice . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bourdieu, P. (1986) The forms of capital, in John G. Richardson (ed.) Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education . Westport: Greenwood Press.

Bourdieu, P. (1990) The Logic of Practice . [Translated by Richard Nice. Original French text: 1980.] Cambridge: Polity Press.

Bourdieu, P. (1991) Language and Symbolic Power . Cambridge: Polity Press. Bourdieu, P. and Wacquant, L.J.D. (1992) An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology .

Cambridge: Polity Press. Brah, A. (1996) Cartographies of Diaspora: Contesting Identities . London: Routledge. Braverman, I. (2009) Planted Flags: Trees, Land, and Law in Israel/Palestine . New

York: Cambridge University Press. Bryant, R. (2004) Imagining the Modern The Cultures of Nationalism in Cyprus .

London: I.B. Tauris. Bryant, R. (2010) The Past in Pieces: Belonging in the New Cyprus . Philadelphia and

Oxford: University of Pennsylvania Press. Burrell, K. (2006) Narratives of Nation and Migration among Europeans in Post-War

Britain . Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate. Calotychos, V. (ed.) (1998) Cyprus and Its People: Nation, Identity and Experience in

an Unimaginable Community 19551997 . Oxford: Westview. Camp, G.D. (1998) Peacemaking on Cyprus, 19801994, in Calotychos, V.

(ed.) Cyprus and Its People: Nation, Identity and Experience in an Unimaginable Community 19551997 . Oxford: Westview.

174 References

Carr, E.H. (1987) What Is History? (Second edition, edited by R.W. Davies.) London: Penguin.

Castles, S. and Davidson, A. (2000) Citizenship and Migration . Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

elik, A.B. (2005) I miss my village!: Forced Kurdish migrants in Istanbul and their representation in associations, in New Perspectives on Turkey 32: 137163.

Cernea, M.M. (1996) Understanding and preventing impoverishment from displacement: Reflections on the state of knowledge, in McDowell, C. (ed.) Understanding Impoverishment: The Consequences of Development Induced Displacement . Oxford: Berghahn.

Chamberlain, M. (2000) The global self: Narratives of Caribbean migrant women, in Cosslett, T., Lury, C. and Summerfield, P. (eds) Feminism and Autobiography: Texts, Theories, Methods . London: Routledge.

Chambers, I. (1994) Migrancy, Culture, Identity . London: Routledge. Chapman, G.E. and Beagan, B.L. (2013) Food practices and transnational identi-

ties: Case studies of two Punjabi-Canadian families, in Food, Culture and Society 6(3): 367386.

Christou, A. (2013) Gendered and emotional spaces: Nordic-Hellenic nego-tiations of ethno-cultural belongingness in narrating segmented selves and diasporic lives of the second generation, in Oso, L. and Ribas-Mateos, N. (eds) The International Handbook on Gender, Migration and Transnationalism . Cheltenham: Elgar.

Cieraad, I. (2010) Homes from home: Memories and projections, in Home Cultures 7(1): 85102.

Cockburn, C. (2004) The Line Women, Partition and the Gender Order in Cyprus . London: Zed Books.

Cohen, R. (1994) Frontiers of Identity: The British and the Others . London: Longman.

Coleman, J.S. (1990) Foundations of Social Theory . Cambridge, MA, and London: The Belknap Press/Harvard University Press.

Colic-Peisker, V. (2008) Migration, Class, and Transnational Identities: Croatians in Australia and America . Champaign: University of Illinois Press.

Connerton, P. (1989) How Societies Remember . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Constantinides, P. (1977) The Greek Cypriots: Factors in the maintenance of ethnic identity, in Watson, J.L. (ed.) Between Two Cultures: Migrants and Minorities in Britain . Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Cresswell, T. and Merriman, P. (eds) (2011) Geographies of Mobilities: Practices, Spaces, Subjects . Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate.

Delanty, G. (2003) Community . London: Routledge. Dike, M.R. (2014) Exploring evolving Moroccan identities in the diaspora, in

Digest: A Journal of Foodways and Culture 3(1). Dikomitis, L. (2004) A moving field: Greek Cypriot refugees returning home,

in Durham Anthropology Journal 12(1): 720. Dona, G. and Berry, J. (1999) Refugee acculturation and re-acculturation, in

Ager, A. (ed.) Refugees: Perspectives on the Experience of Forced Migration . London: Cassell.

Dorai, M.K. (2002) The meaning of homeland for the Palestinian diaspora: Revival and transformation, in Al-Ali, N. and Koser, K. (eds) New Approaches to

References 175

Migration? Transnational Communities and the Transformation of Home . London: Routledge.

Douglas, M. (1991) The idea of home: A kind of space, in Arien Mack (ed.) Home: A Place in the World . Special edition of Social Research 58(1): 287307.

Downing, T.E. (1996) Mitigating social impoverishment when people are invol-untarily displaced, in McDowell, C. (ed.) Understanding Impoverishment: The Consequences of Development-Induced Displacement . Oxford: Berghahn.

Dubin, M. (2002) The Rough Guide to Cyprus . London: Rough Guides/Penguin Group.

Durrell, L. (1957) Bitter Lemons of Cyprus . London: Faber. Eastmond, M. (1993) Reconstructing life: Chilean refugee women and the

dilemmas of exile, in Buijs, G. (ed.) Migrant Women Crossing Boundaries and Changing Identities . Oxford: Berg.

Eastmond, M. (1997) The Dilemmas of Exile: Chilean Refugees in the USA . Gothenburg, Sweden: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis.

Eastmond, M. (2007) Stories as lived experience: Narratives in forced migration research, in Journal of Refugee Studies 20(2): 248264.

Elliott S. and Yusuf, I. (2014) Yes, we can; but together: Social capital and refugee resettlement, in Ktuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online 9(2): 101110.

Engel, S. (1999) Context Is Everything The Nature of Memory . New York: W.H. Freeman & Co.

Essed, P., Frerks, G. and Schrijvers, J. (eds) (2004) Refugees and the Transformation of Societies: Agency, Policies, Ethics and Politics . Oxford: Berghahn.

Fieldhouse, P. (1986) Food and Nutrition Customs and Culture . London: Chapman and Hall.

Fortier, A. (2000) Migrant Belongings: Memory, Space, Identity . Oxford: Berg. Freeman, M. (1993) Rewriting the Self: History, Memory, Narrative . London and New

York: Routledge. Freeman, M. (2003) Too late: The temporality of memory and the challenge of

moral life, in Journal fr Psychologie (11): 5474. Freeman, M. (2005) Science and story. Unpublished paper delivered at the

University of East Londons Centre for Narrative Researchs Methods in Dialogue Residential Event, Hemingford Grey, Cambridgeshire, 20 May 2005.

Frost, N. (2011) Green curry: Politics and place-making on Brick Lane, in Food, Culture & Society 14(2): 225242.

Gallie, J. (1997) The memory of place: repetitions and narratives in the Palestinian refugee camp. Unpublished dissertation, Diploma in Architecture, Cambridge University.

Gardner, K. (1999) Narrating location: Space, age and gender among Bengali elders in East London, in Oral History 27(1): 6574.

Gasparetti, F. (2009) The cultural meaning of food and its polyvalent role in the construction of identity among Senegalese migrants in Italy, Food and Migration Workshop, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 23 February.

Geertz, C. (1993) The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays . London: Fontana Press.

Gilroy, P. (2001) Between Camps: Nations, Cultures and the Allure of Race . London: Penguin.

176 References

Gold, S.J. (2007) Using photography in studies of immigrant communities reflecting across projects and populations, in Stanczak, G.C. (ed.) Visual Research Methods Image, Society and Representation . Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Goodwin-Gill, G. (1998) The Refugee in International Law . Oxford: Clarendon. Graham, M. and Khosravi, S. (1997) Home is where you make it: Repatriation

and diaspora culture among Iranians in Sweden, in Journal of Refugee Studies 10(2): 115133.

Granovetter, M.S. (1973) The strength of weak ties, in American Journal of Sociology 78(6): 13601380.

Gunnis, R. (1956) Historic Cyprus . London: Methuen. Habib, N. (1996) The search for home, in Journal of Refugee Studies 9(1): 96102. Hadjipavlou-Trigeorgis, M. (2000) The role of joint narrative in conflict reso-

lution: The case of Cyprus, in Yashin, M. (ed.) Step-mothertongue From Nationalism to Multiculturalism: Literatures of Cyprus, Greece and Turkey . London: Middlesex University Press.

Hage, G. (1997) At home in the entrails of the west: Multiculturalism, ethnic food and migrant home-building, in Grace, H., Hage, G., Johnson, L., Langsworth, J. and Symonds, M. (eds) Home/World: Space, Community and Marginality in Sydneys West . Western Sydney: Pluto Press.

Hall, S. (1990) Cultural identity and diaspora, in Rutherford, J. (ed.) Identity: Community, Culture, Difference . London: Lawrence and Wishart.

Hall, S. (1996) Who needs identity? in Hall, S. and du Gay, P. (eds) Questions of Cultural Identity . London: Sage.

Hammond, L.C. (2004) This Place Will Become Home: Refugee Repatriation to Ethiopia . Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.

Hannam, K., Sheller, M. and Urry, J. (2006) Editorial: Mobilities, immobilities and moorings, in Mobilities 1(1): 122.

Hartman, G.H. (ed.) (1994) Holocaust Remembrance: The Shapes of Memory . Oxford : Basil Blackwell.

Highmore, B. (2009) The Taj Mahal in the high street: The Indian restaurant as diasporic popular culture in Britain, in Food, Culture & Society 12(2): 174190.

Hirsch, M. (1996) Past lives: Postmemories in exile, in Poetics Today 17(4): 659686. Hirsch, M. and Spitzer, L. (2003) We would not have come without you

Generations of nostalgia, in Hodgkin, K. and Radstone, S. (eds) Contested Pasts: The Politics of Memory . London: Routledge.

Hirschon, R. (1998) Heirs of the Greek Catastrophe The Social Life of Asia Minor Refugees in Piraeus . Oxford: Berghahn.

Hirschon, R. (2000) The creation of community: Well-being without wealth in an urban Greek refugee locality, in Cernea, M.M. and McDowell, C. (eds) Risks and Reconstruction: Experiences of Resettlers and Refugees . Washington, DC: The World Bank.

Hoffman, E. (1998) Lost in Translation . London: Vintage. Hollander, J. (1991) It all depends, in Mack, A. (ed.) Home: A Place in the World .

Special edition of Social Research 58(1): 3149. Hopkins, L. (2009) Why narrative? Reflections on the politics and processes of

using narrative in refugee research, in Tamara Journal 8(2): 135145. Jackson, M. (2006) The Politics of Storytelling Violence, Transgression and

Intersubjectivity . Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press/University of Copenhagen.

References 177

Jacobsen, K. and Landau, L.B. (2003) The dual imperative in refugee research: Some methodological and ethical considerations in social science research on forced migration, in Disasters 27(3): 185206.

Jansen, S. (1998) Homeless at home: Narratives of post-Yugoslav identities, in Rapport, N. and Dawson, D. (eds) Migrants of Identity Perceptions of Home in a World of Movement . Oxford: Berg.

Jansen, S. (2007) Troubled locations: Return, the life course and transformations of home in Bosnia-Herzegovina, in Focaal European Journal of Anthropology 49: 1530.

Jepson, A. (2006) Gardens and the nature of Cyprus, in Papadakis, Y., Peristianis, N. and Welz, G. (eds) Divided Cyprus: Modernity, History and an Island in Conflict . Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.

Jones, O. and Cloke, P. (2002) Tree Cultures: The Place of Trees and Trees in Their Place . Oxford: Berg.

Kabachnik, P. (2012) Nomads and mobile places: Disentangling place, space and mobility, in Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power 19(2): 210228.

Kabachnik, P., Regulska, J. and Mitchneck, B. (2010) Where and when is home? The double displacement of Georgia IDPs from Abkhazia, in Journal of Refugee Studies 23(3): 315336.

Kaplan, C. (1996) Questions of Travel Postmodern Discourses of Displacement . Durham: Duke University Press.

Kay, D. (1987) Chileans in Exile: Private Struggles, Public Lives . Wolfeboro, New Hampshire: Longwood Academic.

Khattak, S.G. (2002) Floating upwards from history: Afghan womens experience of displacement, in Development 45(1): 105110.

Killoran, M. (2000) Time, space and national identities in Cyprus, in Yashin, M. (ed.) Step-mothertongue From Nationalism to Multiculturalism: Literatures of Cyprus, Greece and Turkey. London: Middlesex University Press.

King, N. (2000) Memory, Narrative, Identity Remembering the Self . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Kora, M. (2009) Remaking Home: Reconstructing Life, Place and Identity in Rome and Amsterdam . New York and Oxford: Berghahn.

Koser, K. (2002) From refugees to transnational communities, in Al-Ali, N. and Koser, K. (eds) New Approaches to Migration? Transnational Communities and the Transformation of Home . London: Routledge.

Kunz, E.F. (1981) Exile and resettlement: Refugee theory, in International Migration Review 15(12): 4251.

Ladbury, S. (1977) The Turkish Cypriots: Ethnic relations in London and Cyprus, in Watson, J.L. (ed.) Between Two Cultures: Migrants and Minorities in Britain . Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Loizos, P. (1981) The Heart Grown Bitter A Chronicle of Cypriot War Refugees . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Loizos, P. (1999) Ottoman half-lives: Long-term perspectives on particular forced migrations, in Journal of Refugee Studies 12(3): 237263.

Loizos, P. (2000) Are refugees social capitalists? in Baron, S., Field, J. and Schuller, T. (eds) Social Capital: Critical Perspectives . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Loizos, P. (2001) Confessions of a vampire anthropologist, in Unofficial Views. Cyprus: Society and Politics . Cyprus: Intercollege Press. Originally published in 1994 in Anthropological Journal of European Cultures (1994).

178 References

Loizos, P. (2003) Grace in Exile. Nicosia: Moufflon Publications. Loizos, P. (2007) Generations in forced migration: Towards greater clarity, in

Journal of Refugee Studies 20(2): 193209. Loizos, P. and Kelly, T. (2010) The refugee factor in two protracted conflicts: Cyprus

and Palestine compared, in Chatty, D. and Finlayson, B. (eds) Dispossession and Displacement: Forced Migration in the Middle East and North Africa . Oxford: British Academy/Oxford University Press.

Malkki, L. (1992) National geographic: The rooting of peoples and the terri-torialization of national identity among scholars and refugees, in Cultural Anthropology 7(1): 2444.

Malkki, L. (1995) Refugees and exile: From refugee studies to the national order of things, in Annual Review of Anthropology 24: 495523.

Mannur, A. (2009) Culinary Fictions: Food in South Asian Diasporic Culture . Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Mantel, H. (2012) Bring Up the Bodies . London: Fourth Estate. Marfleet, P. (1998) Global migration, in Kiely, R. and Marfleet, P. (eds) Globalisation

and the Third World . London: Routledge. Marfleet, P. (2006) Refugees in a Global Era . London: Palgrave Macmillan. Marfleet, P. (2007) Refugees and history: Why we must address the past, in

Refugee Survey Quarterly 26(3): 136148. Marte, L. (2011) Afro-diasporic seasonings: Food routes and Dominican place-

making in New York City, in Food, Culture & Society 14(2): 181284. Massey, D. (2005) For Space . London: Sage. Mehmet Ali, A. (2001) No Delight: Turkish Speaking Communities and Education .

London: Fatal. Meneley, A. (2011) Blood, sweat and tears in a bottle of Palestinian extra-virgin

olive oil, in Food, Culture & Society 14(2): 275292. Mennell, S., Murcott, A. and Van Otterloo, A.H. (1992) The Sociology of Food:

Eating Diet and Culture . London: Sage. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cyprus (2006) The Cyprus ques-

tion: Historical review, www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/mfa2006.nsf/cyprus01_en/cyprus01_en?OpenDocument (accessed 17 April 2015).

Minority Rights Group (1978) Cyprus: Report No 30 . London: Minority Rights Group.

Morton, C. (2007) Remembering the house: Memory and materiality in Northern Botswana, in Journal of Material Culture 12(2): 157179.

Motasim, H. and Heynen, H. (2011) At home with displacement? Material culture as a site of resistance in Sudan, in Home Cultures 8(1): 4370.

Mountz, A. (2011) Refugees performing distinction: Paradoxical positionings of the displaced, in Cresswell, T. and Merriman, P. (eds) Geographies of Mobilities: Practices, Spaces, Subjects . Surrey: Ashgate.

Muggeridge, H. and Dona, G. (2006) Back home? Refugees experiences of their first visit back to their country of origin, in Journal of Refugee Studies 19(4): 415432.

Nassari, J. (2007) Narratives of exile and identity: Experiences of Turkish and Greek Cypriot refugees in Cyprus and London. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of East London.

Nawyn, S.J., Gjokaj, L., Agbnyiga, D.L. and Grace, B. (2012) Linguistic isolation, social capital, and immigrant belonging in Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 41: 255282.

References 179

Novak, P. (2007) Place and Afghan refugees: A contribution to Turton, in Journal of Refugee Studies 20(4): 551578.

Oakley, R. (1989) Cypriot migration to Britain prior to World War II, in New Community 15(4): 509525.

Ochs, E. and Capps, L. (1996) Narrating the self, in Annual Review of Anthropology 25: 1943.

Olwig, K.F. (1997) Sustaining a home in a deterritorialised world, in Olwig, K.F. and Hastrup, K. (eds) Siting Culture: The Shifting Anthropological Object . London: Routledge.

OMalley, B. and Craig, I. (2001) The Cyprus Conspiracy: America, Espionage and the Turkish Invasion . London: I.B. Tauris.

Pahl, K. (2012) Every object tells a story: Intergenerational stories and objects in the homes of Pakistani heritage families in South Yorkshire, UK, in HOME Cultures 9(3): 303328.

Papadakis, Y. (1993) The politics of memory and forgetting in Cyprus, in Journal of Mediterranean Studies 3(1): 139154.

Papadakis, Y. (1998) Enosis and Turkish expansionism: Real myths or mythic real-ities? in Calotychos, V. (ed.) Cyprus and Its People: Nation, Identity and Experience in an Unimaginable Community 19551997 . Oxford: Westview.

Papadakis, Y. (2005) Echoes from the Dead Zone Across the Cyprus Divide . London: I.B. Tauris.

Papadakis, Y., Peristianis, N. and Welz, G. (eds) (2006) Divided Cyprus: Modernity, History and an Island in Conflict . Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.

Papastergiadis, N. (1998) Dialogues in the Diasporas: Essays and Conversations on Cultural Identity . London: Rivers Oram Press.

Pitcher, B. (2014) Consuming Race . London: Routledge. Pollis, A. (1998) The role of foreign powers in structuring ethnicity and ethnic

conflict in Cyprus, in Calotychos, V. (ed.) Cyprus and Its People: Nation, Identity and Experience in an Unimaginable Community 19551997 . Oxford: Westview.

Pottier, J. (2014) Savoring the authentic: The emergence of a Bangladeshi cuisine in East London, Food, Culture and Society 17(1): 726.

Povrzanovic Frykman, M. (2002) Homeland lost and gained, in Al-Ali, N. and Koser, K. (eds) New Approaches to Migration? Transnational Communities and the Transformation of Home . London: Routledge.

Powles, J. (2002) Home and homelessness: The life history of Susanna Mwana-uta, an Angolan refugee, in Journal of Refugee Studies 15(1): 81101.

Powles, J. (2004) Life history and personal narrative: Theoretical and method-ological issues relevant to research and evaluation in refugee contexts. New issues in refugee research: Working paper no. 106. Geneva: UNHCR. www.unhcr.org/research/RESEARCH/4147fe764.pdf.

Putnam, R.D. (1992) Making Democracy Work Civic Traditions in Modern Italy . Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Putnam, R.D. and Goss, K.A. (2002) Introduction, in Putnam, R.D. (ed.) Democracies in Flux: The Evolution of Social Capital in Contemporary Society . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Rapport, N. and Dawson, A. (1998) The topic and the book, in Rapport, N. and Dawson, A. (eds) Migrants of Identity Perceptions of Home in a World of Movement . Oxford: Berg.

180 References

Ray, K. (2011) Dreams of Pakistani grill and vada pao in Manhattan, in Food, Culture and Society 14(2): 243273.

Renne, E.P. (2007) Mass producing food traditions for West Africans abroad, in American Anthropologist 109(4): 616625.

Riessman, C. (2001) Analysis of personal narratives, in Gubrium, J.F. and Holstein, J.A. (eds) Handbook of Interview Research Context and Method . Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Robbins, D. (2000) Bourdieu and Culture . London: Sage. Rodgers, G. (2004) Hanging out with forced migrants: Methodological and

ethical challenges, Forced Migration Review 21: 4849. Ronen, Y. (2010) Displacement and repatriation: The future of Turkish settlers

in Northern Cyprus, in Chatty, D. and Finlayson, B. (eds) Dispossession and Displacement: Forced Migration in the Middle East and North Africa . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Sabar, G. and Posner, R. (2013) Remembering the past and constructing the future over a communal plate, Food, Culture and Society 16(2): 197222.

Sava, . (2010) The collective Turkish Home in Vienna: Aesthetic narratives of migration and belonging, in Home Cultures 7(3): 313340.

Schama, S. (1991) Homelands, in Mack, A. (ed.) Home: A Place in the World . Special edition of Social Research 58(1): 1130.

Schrager, S. (1998) What is social in oral history? in Perks, R. and Thomson, A. (eds) The Oral History Reader . London: Routledge.

Seed, P. (1999) The key to the house, in Naficy, H. (ed.) Home, Exile and Homeland: Film, Media and the Politics of Place . London: Routledge.

Sert, D.S. (2010) Cyprus: Peace, return and property, in Journal of Refugee Studies 23(2): 238259.

Shaw, W. (2005) Out of Enfield, in The Observer Magazine (23 October 2005). London.

Sirriyeh, A. (2013) Inhabiting Borders, Routes Home: Youth, Gender and Asylum . Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate.

Solomos, J. and Woodhams, S. (1993) The Politics of Cypriot Migration to Britain: Research Papers No 4 . London: Department of Politics and Sociology, Birkbeck College, University of London.

Srensen, B.R. (1997) The experience of displacement: Reconstructing places and identities in Sri Lanka, in Olwig, K.F. and Hastrup, K. (eds) Siting Culture: The Shifting Anthropological Object . London: Routledge.

Spitzer, L. (1994) Andean waltz, in Hartman, G.H. (ed.) Holocaust Remembrance: The Shapes of Memory . Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Stanley, L. (1992) The Auto/biographical I. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Stein, B.N. (1997) Returning refugees in Central America, in Kumar, K. (ed.) Rebuilding Societies After Civil War Critical Roles for International Assistance . London and Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

Stewart, K. (1992) Nostalgia A polemic, in Marcus, G.E. (ed.) Rereading Cultural Anthropology . Durham and London: Duke University Press.

Stewart, P. and Strathern, A. (2003) Introduction, in Stewart, P. and Strathern, A. (eds) Landscape, Memory and History Anthropological Perspectives . London: Pluto.

References 181

Sutton, D. (2001) Remembrance of Repasts An Anthropology of Food and Memory . Oxford: Berg.

Taylor, H. (2002) Which we? The challenged and challenging identities of Cypriot refugees in London. Unpublished MA thesis, University of East London.

Taylor, H. (2013a) You Dont Believe Me? Truth and Testimony in Cypriot Refugee Narratives, in Adler, N. and Leydesdorff, S. (eds) Tapestry of Memory: Evidence and Testimony in Life Story Narratives . New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.

Taylor, H. (2013b) Refugees, the state and the concept of home, in Refugee Survey Quarterly 32(2): 130152.

Thompson, E.P. (1963) The Making of the English Working Class . London: Victor Gollancz.

Tilley, C. (2008) From the English cottage garden to the Swedish allotment: Banal nationalism and the concept of the garden, in Home Cultures 5(2): 219250.

Tolia-Kelly, D.P. (2010) Landscape, Race and Memory: Material Ecologies of Citizenship . London: Ashgate.

Tllyan, K. (1996) Rethinking diaspora(s): Stateless power in the transnational moment, in Diaspora 5(1): 336.

Tonkin, E. (1992) Narrating Our Pasts: The Social Construction of Oral History . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Toplum Postasi (2005) Mulihiya Tencere column (24 March 2005). London. Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (1983) The Constitution of the Turkish

Republic of Northern Cyprus , www.kktcb.org/upload/pdf/12951.pdf (accessed 17 April 2015).

Turton, D. (2005) The meaning of place in a world of movement: Lessons from long-term field research in Southern Ethiopia, in Journal of Refugee Studies 18(3): 258280.

UNHCR (1997) The State of the Worlds Refugees: A Humanitarian Agenda . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

UNHCR (2006) The State of the Worlds Refugees: Human Displacement in the New Millennium . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Vroisha Yagmuralan Association (2004) The Destruction of Vroisha A Former Turkish Cypriot Village on the Island of Cyprus .

Wahlbeck, . (1999) Kurdish Diasporas: A Comparative Study of Kurdish Refugee Communities . London: Macmillan Press.

Warner, D. (1994) Voluntary repatriation and the meaning of return home: A critique of liberal mathematics, in Journal of Refugee Studies 7(2/3): 160174.

Williams, L. (2006) Social networks of refugees in the United Kingdom: Traditions, tactics and new community spaces, in Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 32(5): 865879.

Wimmer, A. and Glick Schiller, N. (2002) Methodological nationalism and the study of migration, in Archives of European Sociology 43(2): 217240.

Wood, N. (1992) Vichy memories: A review of Henry Roussos The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France Since 1944 , New Formations (17): 148156.

Yashin, M. (ed.) (2000) Step-mothertongue From Nationalism to Multiculturalism: Literatures of Cyprus, Greece and Turkey . London: Middlesex University Press.

Yashin, M. (2014) Dokuz iir Kitab Toplu iirler: 19752013 . Istanbul: YKY.

182 References

Yiftachel, O. (2005) Neither two states nor one: The disengagement and creeping apartheid in Israel/Palestine, in The Arab World Geographer 8(3): 125129.

Yuval-Davis, N. (2006) Belonging and the politics of belonging, in Patterns of Prejudice 40(3): 197214.

Yuval-Davis, N. (2007) Intersectionality, citizenship and contemporary politics of belonging, in Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 10(4): 561574.

Zetter, R. (1991) Labelling refugees: Forming and transforming a bureaucratic identity, in Journal of Refugee Studies 4(1): 3962.

Zetter, R. (1998) We are strangers here Continuity and transition: The impact of displacement and protracted exile on the Greek Cypriot refugees, in Vangelis Calotychos (ed.) Cyprus and Its People: Nation, Identity and Experience in an Unimaginable Community 19551997 . Oxford and Boulder: Westview.

Zetter, R. (2007) More labels, fewer refugees: Remaking the refugee label in an era of globalisation, in Journal of Refugee Studies 20(2): 172192.

Zetter, R., Griffiths, D. and Sigona, N. (2005) Social capital or social exclusion? The impact of asylum-seeker dispersal on UK refugee community organisa-tions, in Community Development Journal 40(2): 169181.

183

Index

age (impact on exile), 5960, 62, 63, 129

agency, 69, 83, 85, 139, 154, 155, 160Agios Amvrosios, 1, 58, 64, 65, 67, 68,

9495, 146, 164, 165, 166Agios Epiktitos, 42Al-Ali, Nadje, 152, 154Al-Ali, Nadje and Koser, Khalid,

3, 24, 150Allende, Isabel, 97Al-Rasheed, Madawi, 28, 80, 85Anderson, Benedict, 25, 135Andrews, Molly, 16, 17Androlikou, 164Annan Plan, 42, 74, 85, 145Anthias, Floya, 25, 49, 135, 138,

140, 143anti-colonial struggle, 8, 69, 125Appadurai, Arjun, 2728, 46, 47apricot dance, 94, 95apricot trees, 94, 9596Arendt, Hannah, 136Armenians, 124Athienou, 164

banal nationalism, 100Bauman, Zygmunt, 120, 122belonging, 24, 2930, 41, 100, 101,

104, 105, 110, 120122, 149150national, 96, 97politics of, 121, 124

Ben-ZeEv, Efrat, 4, 89, 100, 110bi-communalism, 72, 109, 125, 147Billig, Michael, 100border crossings, 37, 39border opening, 75, 80, 83, 108,

116, 154borders, 3637, 45, 69Bottomley, Gillian, 128, 142Bourdieu, Pierre, 119, 120, 128, 130,

131, 132, 133, 136Brah, Avtar, 11, 28, 36, 49, 150British citizenship, 11, 12, 13, 42

British colonialism, 8, 11, 69, 121, 122, 124, 144, 148

British immigration policy, 1213Bryant, Rebecca, 37, 66, 85, 92building restrictions (for Turkish

Cypriots), 31, 32burial, 46, 97burial in exile, 98Burrell, Kathy, 121, 138, 143Butler, Judith, 90

calendar time, 54, 67, 69, 90, 105Carr, E.H., 17, 66Cernea, Michael M., 119, 131, 150Chamberlain, Mary, 59choice, 85

absence of, 9, 17, 18, 24, 36, 52, 77, 154

clothing industry (employment of Cypriot women), 134, 138, 141

Cockburn, Cynthia, 45, 50coexistence of Cypriots

in Cyprus, 125126, 127in London, 11, 50, 129

coffee shops (men only), 78, 115, 147Coleman, James S., 130collective memory, 59, 60, 64, 65, 68,

69, 72, 160colonialism, 114commemoration, 6972communality, 50, 118, 120community, 51, 105, 119, 120127

restrictions imposed by, 123, 138, 139

community centres (in London), 49, 50, 115

community events, 67, 69community schools (in London),

71, 135136Connerton, Paul, 68cosmo-multiculturalism, 114Cresswell, Tim and Merriman,

Peter, 25

184 Index

crops, 35, 41, 8889, 91, 92, 105economic value of, 91

Cypriots in Britain, 1012, 13, 73, 129, 141, 148, 170

Cypriot-turks, 122Cyprus

economic development of, 57, 76geographical position, 45history of, 8, 27relationship with Britain, 8, 11, 151relationship with Turkey, 8representation of, 43, 46

Cyprus problem, 8

deeds (to houses in Cyprus), 3233diaspora, 2425, 86diaspora space, 11, 28, 49, 101, 113,

150, 156disempowerment (of refugees),

47, 53, 129displacement, 9, 10, 23

of Greek Cypriots, 9, 42of Turkish Cypriots, 9, 42

divide and rule (British policy of), 124Dona, Giorgia and Berry, John W., 74Downing, Theodore E., 55, 60dowry houses, 29, 138dwelling, 92

Eastmond, Marita, 56, 137education

in Cyprus, 71, 124, 133134, 135in London, 60, 133

embodied experience, 4, 6, 27, 29, 68, 88, 92, 102, 104, 106, 111, 112, 115, 117, 156, 157

embodied memory, 68, 110emplacement, 19, 22, 4648, 49, 51,

52, 53, 156employment, 132, 140, 141

ethnic employment networks, 141enclaves, Turkish Cypriot, 9, 12,

3537, 53, 107enculturation, 67, 71, 111, 113, 134English language (acquisition of), 60,

132, 133134Enosis, 8, 9EOKA (Ethniki Organosis Kyprion

Agoniston), 8, 36, 65

Essed, Philomena et al, 154, 160ethnic clustering (of Cypriots in

London), 49, 53ethnicity, 3, 5, 8, 18, 19, 21, 26, 49,

90, 95, 104, 111, 114, 115, 121, 122, 124, 125, 134, 135

exclusion, 124, 152exile as temporary, belief in, 7879

Famagusta, 37, 39, 72, 83, 121, 162, 163, 166

family networks, 11, 33, 35, 48, 120, 141, 148

festivals, 67, 108109in London, 109religious, 108

Fieldhouse, Paul, 104fieldwork, 1314, 169flight narratives, 5859food, 4, 6, 7, 20, 104115

and authenticity, 109, 111, 112, 113, 114

cultural significance of, 104, 105in London, 109preparation of, 106, 109, 111,

112, 137seasonality of, 54, 89, 92,

105106, 108food industry (employment of Cypriot

men), 114, 132, 141food practices, 104, 109, 111, 113forgetting, 65Fortier, Anne-Marie, 90, 95Freeman, Mark, 14, 15, 57, 59furniture, as symbol of home, 2930, 31Fylia, 164

gardening, 100, 101, 102103Geertz, Clifford, 119gender, 78generation gap, 60generations, 5963, 84, 92, 128,

132133Geneva Convention (Convention

Relating to the Status of Refugees), 12, 169

Gilroy, Paul, 25Graham, Mark and Khosravi,

Shahram, 64

Index 185

Granovetter, Mark, 6, 131Greece, 8, 45, 125, 144, 152Greek coup, 9, 69, 145Greek Cypriot experience of war,

77, 83, 107, 125, 127, 137, 158Greek language, 4950Greek Orthodox church, 49, 68, 69,

108, 109, 135, 143and Cypriot state, 144, 147

Green Lanes, 49, 111Green Line, 37, 45, 50, 69, 83, 170

Habib, Nala, 57habitus, 20, 119, 127130, 136,

140, 155Hage, Ghassan, 47, 5051, 67, 8687,

103, 105, 110, 112, 114, 121, 124Hall, Stuart, 100Hammond, Laura, 46, 51, 139140, 148Hannam, Kevin et al, 23, 25Haringey, London Borough of, 49,

111, 139here or there paradigm, 45Highmore, Ben, 104, 110Hirsch, Marianne, 60, 6162, 69Hirschon, Rene, 108, 140Hoffman, Eva, 55Holocaust, 60, 62, 67, 69Holocaust memory, 60, 69home

as constructed, 3, 4, 2728, 153, 156as journey, 5, 28, 42as process, 2, 3, 5, 54remaking, 89, 90, 117, 131, 153unmaking, 4

home food, 67, 88, 110, 111, 112, 157home-building, 50, 67, 86, 102,

110, 148homeland, 7, 25, 26, 28, 50, 86, 90,

94, 97hospitality, 105, 107, 115116houses, 2934, 75

capacity for memory, 30, 5455in Cyprus, 2933, 35demolished, 32, 57, 81, 96inaccessibility of, 58, 76in London, 3334, 141occupation of abandoned, 41, 82

hybridity, 129, 151, 160

identity, 18, 51, 68, 95, 104, 110, 121122

Cypriot, 11, 90, 101, 113, 116, 135, 141, 160

Greek Cypriot, 107, 125, 136, 142, 143, 144

refugee, 12, 13, 18Turkish Cypriot, 72, 100, 125, 135

idyllic lost home (belief in), 58, 64, 65, 91, 158

imagined community, 25, 135immigration controls, 18, 26, 123, 160inclusion, 124, 152inherited memory, 20, 60, 6263, 68,

71, 84, 160intercommunal violence, 8, 9, 10,

3536, 69, 71, 77internally displaced persons (IDPs),

9, 10, 12, 85intersectionality, 18Islam, 108, 144Israel, 26, 62

Jackson, Michael, 18, 27, 58, 84Jansen, Stef, 3, 27, 56, 75Jepson, Anne, 43, 97, 102103Jones, Owain and Cloke, Paul, 28, 92,

93, 95

Kabachnik, Peter et al, 3, 5, 28, 30, 51, 54

keys (to houses in Cyprus), 3233Killoran, Moira, 57Kora, Maja, 4, 5, 18, 23, 80, 131,

148, 149Kk Kaymakli, 163Kyrenia, 42, 47, 72, 165

land, 89working on the, 92

landscape, 2526, 34, 46, 92, 122Lapathos, 162Larnaca, 164left-wing Cypriots, 50, 7172, 7374,

95, 122, 123, 147, 169liminality, 56, 159linguistic capital, 133Linobambaki, 124Lobby for Cyprus, 146

186 Index

locality production, 35, 46, 47, 56Loizos, Peter, 12, 13, 18, 29, 59, 60, 62,

64, 87, 93, 136, 138, 139, 140, 154Lysi, 167

Mandres, 162Mantel, Hilary, 97Makarios, President Archbishop, 9, 144Malkki, Liisa, 22, 23, 97, 99maps, 4446, 170Marfleet, Philip, 17, 18, 19, 77, 81,

85, 154Maronites, 124marriage, 123, 125, 139, 142

mixed marriage, 125Marte, Lidia, 67, 110, 111Massey, Doreen, 21, 27, 28, 40, 43, 48,

75, 154master narratives, 16, 68, 72Mehmet Ali, Aydin, 149memorialisation, 68, 71, 72memory, 6, 20, 30, 43, 5960, 62, 66,

86, 88, 160vicissitudes of, 59, 66

memory loss (amnesia), 6566memory work, 67metanarratives, 16, 90methodological nationalism, 22missing Cypriots, 9, 65, 6869, 70,

81, 146mixed villages, 9, 35, 36, 37, 125, 158mnemonic devices, 98, 100mobilities/mobility, 23, 25, 26, 42moral codes (of community), 123,

124, 137, 138, 139Morphou, 42, 48, 60, 62, 72, 167Morton, Christopher, 29, 30, 40, 54mother tongue, 134Muggeridge, Helen and Dona,

Giorgia, 80muhtars (mayors), 72, 170Muslims (Turkish Cypriots as), 144, 145myth of return, 79, 80, 85

narrative interviews, 1314narrative research, 1417, 160161narratives, communal, 71, 84nation (discourses of), 91, 92, 93, 96,

97, 99, 157

nation state, 3, 22, 24, 26, 46nationalism, 7, 26, 73, 125natural life, 91, 105, 113neighbourhood, 35, 154Nicosia, 9, 37, 38, 41, 44, 69, 70, 71,

156, 162, 163nostalgia, 56, 58, 61, 6364, 67, 160

organic souvenirs (from first visits home), 9293, 116

Palestine, 26, 90, 97Palestinian refugees, 33, 50, 51, 62,

89, 91, 9394, 110, 111Papadakis, Yiannis, 27, 45, 69, 71, 73partition, 8, 10, 2627, 37, 69

Greek Cypriot support for, 127Turkish Cypriot state discourse of,

35, 45, 46, 126, 147Turkish Cypriot support for, 74, 147

past frozen in time, 57, 68, 7576performativity, 67, 68, 90, 95, 101,

110, 113, 116Pitcher, Ben, 99place, see also space

connection to, 51, 5253, 118construction of, 22, 25, 27, 53,

118, 153and ethnic identity, 2627 natural connection between

people and, 2223, 26, 41, 43, 90, 99, 153, 155

placemaking, 27, 46, 48, 49, 50, 100, 149

plants, 8889authenticity of, 103Cypriot plants in London, 20, 90,

95, 100104, 157in national discourses, 99regional connections of, 94

pluri-local life in Cyprus, 4143, 53, 92

police force in Cyprus, Turkish Cypriots in, 125

political activism in London, 67, 69, 72, 145147

Greek Cypriot, 44, 58, 6061, 62, 65, 68, 72, 142

Turkish Cypriot, 7374

Index 187

political demonstrations in London, 44, 69, 7273, 146

population exchange, 9population of Cyprus, 8post-colonialism, 122, 148postmemory, 60, 62poverty, 131, 132property, compensation for loss of, 2,

33, 43, 53, 154proxy return, 8385Putnam, Robert D., 130131

racism, 122, 123refugee children, 60refugees

as agents/victims, 17, 19, 115, 155, 161

definition of, 12, 13, 169hostile discourses of, 16, 160labeling, 12, 87as outside the natural order, 23, 74as outsiders, 123pathologising, 5, 23, 55, 99rights of, 22as rooted/uprooted, 19, 22, 23

religion, 142145remembering (project of), 58, 60, 62,

64, 71repatriation, 4resilience

of refugee children, 60, 129, 133of refugees, 4748, 119, 139, 141,

142, 153, 155return, 2, 4, 50, 51, 53, 7486, 148,

158159attitudes to, 7778, 79, 80, 81, 82,

83, 85campaign for, 62, 67, 68, 71, 72, 73,

75, 85, 127, 145, 146, 147, 160first return visits, 7, 3940, 42, 47,

8082, 92, 154reunification, 10, 35

Greek Cypriot discourse of, 35, 43, 45, 126, 147

right to return, 10, 35, 52, 62, 75, 85, 95

ritual, 68rootedness, 91, 97, 99rootlessness, 23, 42, 99, 153, 156

roots, 99100rural (the), 90, 91, 92, 104

Sabar, Galia and Posner, Rachel, 106, 115

Schrager, Samuel, 1617second generation refugees, 11, 51,

6062, 67, 68, 85, 95, 100, 111, 113, 135

security, 10, 32, 48, 65, 77, 82, 125, 127

lack of, 10, 31, 123sedentarism, 23, 23, 25, 27, 42,

75, 153Seed, Patricia, 33sensory memory, 89Sert, Deniz Senol, 89settlement, 50shops (in London), 49, 50, 111,

134, 140social capital, 7, 20, 119, 120, 123,

130133, 134, 147, 149, 155bridging and bonding, 131, 140, 148

social capitalists (refugees as), 139, 154social disarticulation, 119, 131, 148,

150, 155social networks, 20, 51, 75, 118, 119,

120, 123, 130, 154loss of, 118119, 120, 136, 137,

138, 155rebuilding, 139142, 148women and, 137139

Softades, 165soil, 4, 6, 8889, 90, 9699, 157

in national discourse, 97symbolic importance of for refugees,

97, 157Srensen, Birgitte Refslund, 5, 55space, 21, 2526, 27, see also place

connection to, 26, 41, 53, 156as constructed, 2728, 51, 5253fluidity of, 26, 156

spatial knowledge, 37, 47, 48, 53, 156Spitzer, 56, 67state narratives, 16, 27, 68, 69, 158

Greek Cypriot, 10, 35, 45, 68, 69, 7172, 126, 147

Turkish Cypriot, 10, 35, 45, 7172, 74, 126127, 147

188 Index

statist bias, 23strong ties, 131, 148Strongylos, 162Sutton, David E., 4, 89, 104, 105, 106,

107, 110, 111

Taksim, 8, see also partitionTera, 166throwntogetherness, 28, 40, 154Tilley, Christopher, 100, 101TMT (Trk Mukavemet Teskilati), 8Tolia-Kelly, Divya P., 4, 89, 101,

122, 148Tonkin, Elizabeth, 5657transnationalism, 2, 5, 23, 80,

149150, 154trees, 6, 8889, 90, 9396, 157

felling of, 94, 9596as symbol of nation, 90, 9394, 96

TRNC (Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus), 10, 126127, 147

constitution of, 126127Turkey, 8, 41, 45, 125, 152Turkish Cypriot villages

destruction of, 31, 83evacuation of, 8

Turkish Cypriotsmarginalisation of (in Cyprus),

35, 36, 126, 129, 136, 158violence against, 8, 12, 65, 69, 71,

77, 126, 158Turkish language, 50, 124Turkish military action, 9, 43, 65,

6971, 73, 125, 145Turkish peace operation,

126127

Turkish settlers, 76, 82, 95, 124, 144, 170

Turton, David, 2, 10, 22, 27, 41, 43, 44, 46, 118

United Nations, 4, 37buffer zone, 37, 38durable solutions, 4, 74, 154, 170

United States of America (USA), 152

Varosha, 37, 39village committees, 35, 146147villages (in Cyprus), 31, 3435, 36, 41,

42, 82, 9192, 108, 120naming of, 45, 57, 169perceived beauty of, 91symbolic importance in exile,

35, 41, 49, 72, 84Vroisha, 31, 32, 40, 105, 147, 165, 167

Warner, Daniel, 66, 75weak ties, 6, 131, 148wealth, loss of, 132Wimmer, Andreas and Glick Schiller,

Nina, 2223, 24, 25women, 29, 36, 78, 106, 109, 112,

116, 122, 123, 131, 134, 137139, 169

world city (of London), 53, 153, 156

Yashin, Mehmet, 40, 170Yuval-Davis, Nira, 5, 18, 121, 124

Zetter, Roger, 12, 29, 30, 33, 55, 79, 85, 98, 99, 108, 118

Zionism, 26, 93