Appendix

Table 1. Chronology of wood preservative use

ca. 4000 B.C. ca. 2000 B.C. ca. 484-424 B.c.

356-323 B.C.

33-14B.C.

23/24 to79 A.D.

Fourth century 1445 1452-1519

1469-1524 ca. 1500

1666 1705

1718

1720 1735

1756

1767

1770 1784

ca. 1800 1812 1815

Old Testament: God tells Noah to use tar in building the Ark Gilgamesh Epic: tar is poured over wood Herodotus: alum (aluminum potassium sulfate) used as a fire retardant. Describes extraction of oils, tars, and resins for the preservation of organic materials. Touches on the embalming of Egyptian mummies Alexander the Great: Decrees that pilings and other parts of bridges are to be treated against decay with olive oil Vitruvius Pollio: ten books on the art of building. Refers to the practice of preserving wood by charring or coating with residue from olive oil production Plinius Secundus: Naturalis historia in 37 volumes. Wood treated with cedar oil is reputed to be resistant to decay and insects. The wooden statue of Diana in Ephesus is impregnated with nard oil Palladius: wood preservation with saltwater Frankenspiegel: timber for a church is boiled in brine Leonardo da Vinci: backs of panel paintings and wood carvings are coated with mercury(II) chloride and arsenic(III) oxide Vasco da Gama: has shipbuilding timber charred against shipworm The Franciscan monks of San Domingo control termites with mercury(II) chloride and arsenic(III) oxide journal des Savans: compilation of many wood preservation methods W. Homberg (1652-1715): Report to the Academie des Sciences in Paris on the use of mercury (II) chloride in the South of France to protect wood floors from insects Hiarne awarded a patent by King Carl XII of Sweden for a wood balm based on copper or iron sulfate. It is the first commercially prepared wood preservative, available since 1720 The Royal William is built in England with charred timber Zedler's Universal Encyclopedia: bark borers are controlled with pepper, laurel, and myrrh in wine; also with ox urine and vinegar Use of plant tars and extracts as wood preservatives in England and America De Boissieu and Bordenare: recommend copper sulfate for wood preservation Sir John Pringle: the first list of wood preservatives is published in England Royal Society of Arts: promise of a gold medal for the discovery of the cause and control of decay in buildings Pyrethrum is known as an insecticide Kyan: starts experiments with mercury(II) chloride as a wood preservative Thomas Wade: zinc chloride as wood preservative

562

1825 1832

1836

1838 1838 1840

1841 1863

1874 1881

1881

1887 1888 1901 1912/1913 1915 1916/1918

1920 1923

1933 1935 1936

1939 1945 1947-1953 1948 1959 1976/1978

Appendix

Faraday: discovery of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) Kyan: British patent 6.253 for vat treatment with mercury(II) chloride in aqueous solution. The beginning of modern wood preservation Franz Moll: patent for wood preservation with coal tar creosote, coining the term creosote John Bethell: pressure impregnation with "creosote oil" Boucherie: French patent for a sap replacement process with copper sulfate Anna Rosauer: Dalmatian insect powder; pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium) as insecticide Erdmann: synthesis of pentachlorophenol (PCP) Great Britain: last major use of mercury(II) chloride; because of its toxicity it is replaced by other chemicals 0. Zeidler: synthesis of DDT Conservation at the Belvedere in Vienna: use of copper sulfate for the back of a Gothic winged altar Pyrethrum is used in California against grasshoppers. Pyrethrum cultivation is introduced to Japan Thompson: French patent for impregnation of wood with fluor compounds Avenarius: patent introducing the designation "Carbolineum'' Malenkovic: patent for the preservation of wood with fluor compounds Chromium compounds as components of non-leachable wood preservatives First use of 1,4-dichlorobenzene against wood borers Councellor Bolle: the Kefermarkt altar in Austria is coated annually with petroleum and hexachloroethane Mono- and dichloronaphthalene are suggested as wood preservatives A patent for chloronaphthalenes under the designation "Xylamon'' is applied for. The oily liquids are also often used for cultural property A British patent for boron compounds is applied for Hartfield (USA): research on the fungicidal effectiveness of chlorophenols Production of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in the USA, and its use in the wood industry P. Miiller (Switzerland): discovery of the insecticidal effect of DDT Lindane (y-HCH) and DDT used as insecticides in Great Britain Lindane and PCP used as biocides in Germany Production of a synthetic pyrethroid in the USA Tributyltin oxide (TBTO) used as a fungicide in Great Britain Testing of the effectiveness of synthetic pyrethroids against wood­destroying insects in Great Britain

Table 2. Chronology of the use of volatile and gaseous substances on wood

About 900 B.c. Homer's Odyssey lists sulfur dioxide as a disinfectant About 700 B.C. Hesiodos: wood can be preserved by smoke from the stove 80 A.D. Wood is treated with the smoke from the slaves' bath ca. 1225-1287 Konrad von Megenbach: beech wood exposed to smoke does not deteriorate

easily 1812 First attempt by Lukin at the Woolwich dockyard to treat wood with resinous

vapors, but the apparatus exploded 1835 Moll: wood is treated with creosote vapors 1848 Lecour: wood is exposed to heated ammonium chloride and pyroligneous

acid After 1850 Patents, which recommend impregnation of wood with ozone or carbon

dioxide 1880 Control of plant and stored products pests with prussic acid in the USA

Appendix

ca. 1900

1915 1921

1924

1928

1929

1932

1936

Since 1950 1951 1957

1980 1984 1987

1989

1992

Wood infested with insects is treated in fumigation chests with carbon disulfide and tetrachloromethane Kemner: successful fumigation of anobiid larvae with prussic acid Control of Anobiidae in the royal castle in Kalmar, Sweden, with hydrogen cyanide Nagel: gaseous hydrogen cyanide does not kill anobiid larvae

563

Rathgen warns against use of prussic acid because of its erratic efficacy and its toxicity Control of wood borers (Hylotrupes bajulus) in the Emmaus Church in Copenhagen with prussic acid The lethal effect of ethylene oxide on insect pests in wood becomes known Fumigation of the carved Gothic altar of the parish church in Kefermarkt, Austria, with the hydrogen cyanide preparation Zyklon B Le Goupil discovers the insecticidal effect of bromomethane (methyl bromide) Delicia process for fumigating stored cereals. Hydrogen phosphide is produced by hydrolysis of aluminum phosphide Increased use of bromomethane against wood-destroying insects Fumigation of infected wood with ethylene oxide In the United States, Kenaga describes the insecticidal effect of sulfuryl fluoride, and Stewart uses it to control termites Use of carbon dioxide to control pests in stored products Fumigation of three Norwegian stave churches with hydrogen phosphide Control of wood-destroying insects with carbon dioxide by Paton and Creffield Gilberg controls insect pests in museum objects by displacing oxygen with nitrogen First fumigation of a German church infested with Anobiidae with sulfuryl fluoride

Table 3. Chronology of physical methods to control insect pests

1784

1796

1848 ca. 1900 1908 Since 1930 1947 1957 1959 1961 Since 1972

1978

1979

1987

The physicist Bertolon develops a method to control wood borers in forests with electricity Wood which is being attacked by insects should be dried in an oven or by other application of heat Baudet: control of insect pests in wood by heating in an oven to 80-100 oc Rathgen: use of heat to control wood borers Haupt: control of wood borers by well-fired baking oven for several hours Hot air is used in Denmark to control wood borers in attics Attempts by Parfentiev to kill anobiid larvae in wood by low temperatures Bletchly and Fisher: use of gamma radiation to kill wood-destroying insects Thomas and White use microwaves to sterilize wood with insect infestation According to Schmidt, X-rays do not destroy wood borer larvae inside wood Irradiation of art objects infested with insects at the French nuclear research center in Grenoble Toskina: anobiid larvae in icons can be killed by prevailing winter temperatures in Russia Urban and collaborators: establishment of a conservation laboratory for radiation treatment of art objects at the Bohemian Central Museum in Roztoky near Prague Florian makes extensive studies of the application of low temperatures to insect-infested cultural property

564 Appendix

Table 4. Overview of consolidation in art conservation

Eighteenth/nineteenth centuries 1852-1855

1898

Before 1900 About 1900

1902

1924

About 1925

1934 1934-1940

Since 1935

About 1950

1956

1956

1958

Since about 1958 1970

1972

1978

1984

1989

Consolidation by soaking in glue Adalbert Stifter: use of table salt solution and copal varnish for treating the Kefermarkt altar in Austria. In his book Nachsommer, a model program for the restoration of carved Gothic altars is recommended for the first time Rathgen publishes a book on the conservation of finds from antiquity Wooden objects are soaked in kettles with hot linseed oil Frequent use of hot glue with added fungicidal substances to stabilize wood Cellulose nitrate (zapon varnishes) and cellulose acetate are used as wood consolidants C. Gurlitt soaks deteriorated wood objects in hot wax and resin solutions Rathgen uses Chinese tung oil as well as paraffin, dammar resin and rosin for the consolidation of objects severely deteriorated by insects Treatment of deteriorated wooden objects with a mixture of linseed oil, amber varnish and camphor oil at the Saxony Institute for Conservation (Sachsisches Landesamt fiir Denkmalpfiege) A Gothic winged altar is consolidated with shellac Use of resin emulsions containing methyl cellulose, alkyd resin and rosin for the stabilization of wood D. Rosen works on the development of the wax immersion method in the United States Frequent use of cellulose acetate. Poly(vinyl acetate) is used as an adhesive Consolidation of the high altar of the Gurk cathedral in Austria with 1500 1 shellac solution in alcohol Plenderleith introduces phenol-formaldehyde resins, poly(vinyl acetate), unsaturated polyester resins and polyacrylates for the consolidation of art objects Kenaga (USA) and Frejdin et al. (USSR): production of the first wood-polymer combinations by impregnating wood with monomers and polymerizing these by irradiation Use of epoxy resins to stabilize severely deteriorated wood Stabilization of a polychromed sculpture with poly( vinyl acetal) by Pluska First investigations of the impregnation of art objects with styrene/polyester and polymerization in situ by irradiation at the French nuclear research center in Grenoble Klapwijk describes the Dutch 'Beta-process' for the strengthening of beam ends with epoxy resins Schiess!: publication on the state of strengthening treatments in wood conservation. Schniewind and Kronkright investigate the effectiveness of several consolidants for deteriorated wood Unger et al. impregnate parts of the carriage of an old piece of large bore, heavy artillery with methyl methacrylate followed by a thermocatalytic polymerization in situ. Cuany et al. test various consolidants for their suitability to stabilize wood damaged by insects and decay fungi

Appendix 565

Table 5. Chronology of stabilization methods for waterlogged archaeological wood

1858/1860 Since 1890

1903/1904

1921

1924

1937

1948

1949/1956

Since 1950

1950/1955

About 1956 1957/1958

1961/1962

1967

1970 1970/1972 1972

1975/1976

1982

Since 1985 1986

C.F. Herbst in Denmark treats waterlogged wood with alum [AlK(S04)z·12H20] G. Rosenberg: attempts to improve the alum method for the conservation of waterlogged wood W. Powell applies for a patent for the stabilization of wood with sugar in both the United States and Germany A large steel container is built for the treatment of waterlogged wood finds from Hjortspring, Norway. A mixture of alum and glycerol is used F. Rathgen lists a number of methods for the conservation of waterlogged wood in his book A. J. Stamm points out that a variety of sugars would be suitable for wood conservation R. Cebertowicz treats the wood unearthed at Biskupin, Poland, by petrification with silica B. Brorson Christensen: development of new methods of waterlogged wood conservation, such as freeze-drying in the presence of tert-butanol W. Kramer of Switzerland develops the alcohol-ether-resin method, which comes into extensive use beginning in 1952 B. Centerwall and R. Moren: impregnation of waterlogged wood with poly( ethylene glycol) (PEG) A 3m-long boat is freeze-dried in Groningen, Holland H. Mueller-Beck and A. Haas: first use of melamine-formaldehyde resin (Arigal C) for wet-wood conservation Barkman and collaborators: beginning of the conservation of the Wasa in Stockholm, using PEG R.A. Munnikendam treats waterlogged oak with methyl methacrylate (MMA) and gamma radiation Freeze-drying of swamp wood using PEG 400 by W.R. Ambrose Italian researchers treat archaeological wet wood with sugar Stabilization of wet wood with styrene and polyester resins and gamma radiation in the project Nucleart at the nuclear research center in Grenoble U.V. Vichrov and collaborators obtain a USSR patent for conservation of archaeological finds with phenol alcohol (phenol-formaldehyde precondensate), the "Method of Minsk" K. Borgin tries out the Thessaloniki process, where barium borate and barium silicate are precipitated inside the wood Start of the conservation of the Mary Rose. The hull is sprayed with PEG, and smaller parts are soaked in PEG and freeze-dried Increasing interest in using sugar and sugar alcohols for wet wood Two-step PEG treatment for waterlogged wood of varying degrees of deterioration recommended by P. Hoffmann

Chemicals and Materials Index

Acetyl cellulose ---7 cellulose acetate Acrylic compounds (resins) 456ff, 496ff,

551,555,564 Aldrin 197 Alkali silicates 377f, 565 Alkylammonium compounds ---7 ammonium

compounds, quaternary Alkylene glycols 402f Alsystin ---7 triflumuron Alum ---7 aluminum potassium sulfate Aluminum potassium sulfate 6, 372ff, 561,

565 Aluminum sulfate 372 Ammonium compounds, quaternary 185,

224ff Animal glues 6, 378ff, 544f, 554, 564 Argon 4, 293f, 314 Arsenic trioxide 4, 17 4f, 561 Asphalt 546

Bassa 199f Beeswax 386ff, 546, 554, 564 Bitumen 546 Bone glue ---7 animal glues Borax 180f, 375f Boric acid 179f Bromomethane 4, 46, 193,297, 299ff, 313f,

316,563

Camphor oil 385, 564 Carbendazim 220f Carbon dioxide 4, 46, 285ff, 314,317, 562f Carbon disulfide 295f, 563 Carbon oxysulfide ---7 carbonyl sulfide Carbon tetrachloride ---7 tetrachloromethane Carbonyl sulfide 296f Carnauba wax 389f, 546 Casein 381,544 Castor oil 385 Cellulose acetate 6, 434f, 54 7f, 564 Cellulose nitrate 6, 432ff, 554, 564

Chitosan 244f Chloronaphthalenes 190ff, 562 Chromic anhydride ---7 chromium(VI) oxide Chromium(VI) oxide 48, 184f, 376 Chromium trioxide ---7 chromium(VI) oxide Coal tar oil 187f Colophony 396ff, 546, 564 Copper naphthenates 234f Copper(II) sulfate 169ff, 56lf Copper-HDO 185, 233f Cyfluthrin 206 Cypermethrin 206

Dammar 394ff, 546, 564 DDT 193ff, 259ff, 562 Deltamethrin 203f Diazinon 198f Dichlofluanid 217f Dichlorobenzenes 192f, 562 Dichlorvos 199 Dieldrin 197 Diflubenzuron 207 Dimilin ---7 diflubenzuron Dinitrocresols 209f Dinitrophenols 209f Disodium octaborate-tetrahydrate ---7

polybor

a-Ecdysone 249f Epoxy resins 45, 479ff, 552, 555, 564 Ethylene glycol 29, 370, 402f Ethylene oxide 4, 303ff, 313f, 316f, 563

Fenoxycarb 200f Fenvalerate 206 Fish glue ---7 animal glues Flufenoxuron 206f Fluorosilicates 177f Flurox ---7 flufenoxuron Formaldehyde 46, 307f, 314,317 Furmecyclox 238f

568

Gelatins --7 animal glues Glycerol 403ff, 565

Heptachlor 197 Hexaflumuron 207 Hide glue --7 animal glues Hydrogen cyanide 4, 46, 277ff, 312,314£,

562f Hydrogen phosphide 280ff, 312,314£,563 Hydroxypropyl cellulose 430ff

3-Iodo-2-propynyl-butyl-carbamate 201f Isothiazolones 228f

Juvenile hormones 248f

Kerosene 188ff

Lactitol --7 sugar alcohols Lanolin 385f Leather glue --7 animal glues Lindane 191, 195ff, 204, 261ff, 561 Linseed oil 45, 381ff, 554,564

Maltitol --7 sugar alcohols Melamine-formaldehyde resins 441ff, 549,

565 Mercury chloride --7 mercury(II) chloride Mercury(II) chloride 4, 171f, 561f Methyl bromide --7 bromomethane Methyl cellulose 430ff, 547,564

Neem (tree) 245f Nitrocellulose --7 cellulose nitrate Nitrogen 4, 289ff, 314,317,563

Oils, essential 241ff, 561 Organosilicon compounds 492ff, 555 Orthoboric acid --7 boric acid

Paraffin 390ff, 554, 564 Parathion 199 Pentachlorophenol 193, 210ff, 261ff, 562 Pentaerythritol --7 sugar alcohols Permethrin 191, 204f Phenol 207ff, 217 Phenol-formaldehyde resins 435ff, 564f PhenoUresorcinol-formaldehyde resins

548f o-Phenylphenol 214f Phosphine --7 hydrogen phosphide Phoxim 199 Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) 489 Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) 47lff

Chemicals and Materials Index

Polyamides, linear 488f Polybor 181 Poly(butyl methacrylate) 467ff Poly(caprolactone) 479 Polyester resins, unsaturated 475ff, 498,

564f Poly( ethylene glycol)s 6, 213, 405ff, 496ff,

499f, 501ff, 565 Poly( ethyl methacrylate) 463ff Poly(glycol methacrylate) --7 poly

(2- hydroxyethyl methacrylate) Polyisocyanates --7 polyurethanes Poly(methyl methacrylate) 456ff, 564f Polysiloxanes --7 organosilicon

compounds Polystyrene --7 styrene Polyurethanes 490ff, 552, 555 Poly( vinyl acetal)s 451f, 550f, 564 Poly( vinyl acetate) 445ff, 550, 555, 564 Poly( vinyl alcohol) 449f Poly( vinyl butyral) 451ff, 555 Poly( vinyl chloride) 454f Poly(vinylidene chloride) 456 Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) 456 Poppyseed oil 385 Potassium aluminum sulfate --7 aluminum

potassium sulfate Potassium dichromate 184f Potassium bichromate --7 potassium

dichromate Propiconazole 22lf Propoxur 202 Propylene oxide 306 Protein borates 232 Protein glues --7 animal glues Prussic acid --7 hydrogen cyanide Pyrethrum 246ff, 561f Pyroligneous acid 240f, 562

Rapeseed oil 385

Shellac 399ff, 546, 564 Silafluofen 236f Silico fluorides --7 fluorosilicates Silicons --7 organosilicon compounds Sodium bichromate --7 sodium dichromate Sodium chloride 4, 28, 29, 45, 168£,561,564 Sodium dichromate 183f, 376 Sodium fluoride 175f Sodium pentachlorophenolate 183, 212ff,

215 Sodium tetraborate-decahydrate --7 borax Styrene 473ff, 564f Sucrose 6, 28, 422ff, 565

Chemicals and Materials Index

Sugar --t sucrose Sugar alcohols 6, 428ff, 565 Sulfur dioxide 45, 276f, 312,562 Sulfuryl difluoride --t sulfuryl fluoride Sulfuryl fluoride 46, 282ff, 310f, 313ff, 563

Tebuconazole 223f Tetrachloromethane 297f, 563 Thiabendazole 221 Thymol 216f Tolylfluanid 219f Tributyltin benzoate 239 Tributyltin naphthenate 239 Tributyltin oxide 237f, 562 Tributyltin phosphate 239 Triflumuron 207 Trihexylene glycol biborate 232 Trimethyl borate 231f

Tung oil 383f, 564 Turpentine oil 385

Urea-formaldehyde resins 439ff, 549

Wax, microcrystalline 393f Woad 243f Wood tar 185f, 546 Wood vinegar --t pyroligneous acid Wool fat --t lanolin

Xyligen Al 230f Xylitol --t sugar alcohols

Zinc(II) chloride 173f, 561 Zinc naphthenate 174 Zinc octoate 174

569

Trade Name Index

Accelerator CY 830 481 Accelerator DY 219 487 Aclar 309 Acronal D 300 445, 454 Acrylit X 20/5 456 Acryloid B44 456 Acryloid B48-N 456 Acryloid B72 463, 555 Aczol 169f Adiprene 490 Adolit Holzbau B 179 Adolit SM 201 Adolit TA 50 223 Agateen 432 AGELESS 291f Aidol Anti-Insekt 203 Aidol Bliiueschutz 219 Aidol Bliiue- und Fiiulnisschutz 223 Aidol HWT 206 Aidol Impriigniergrund 217,230 Aidol Multi GS 223 Alkydal 397,431 Altarion Carbo-Gas 285 Altarion Mebrofum 299 Altarion Nitrogeno-Gas 289 Altarion Vikane 282 Ambush 204 Anabol 190ff Antingermin 209 Antinonnin 209f Antorgan 173 Araldite 479, 552 Araldite 103 482 Araldite 506 481 Araldite AV 1253 484 Araldite AW 106 485,556 Araldite AW 134 485, 557 Araldite AZ 3456 485, 556 Araldite BY 155 483 Araldite BY 158 483, 485ff Araldite CY 219 481,487 Araldite D 485

Araldite DY 022 482 Araldite DY 026 483f, 486 Araldite E 482 Araldite GY 252 481 Araldite H 482 Araldite LY 554 486 Araldite R-D-1 482 Araldite SV 426 481f, 484f Araldite SV 427 485, 557 Arbezol-Spezial 193, 195, 198 Arbocel 263 Arbocol 439 Arbocol H 440 Arigal C 441,565 Arquat 16-50 224 Ascu 169f Avenarol Holzwurmfrei 203 AVENAROL HOLZSCHUTZGRUND. 221

Bakelite 435 Bakelite AYAA 445 Bakelite AYAC 445 Bakelite AYAF 445 Bakelite AYAT 445 Bakelite Vinyl Butyral 453 Bakelite XYHL 451 Bardap 26 224, 228 Barol 187 Basileum 199 Basileum Holzwurm BV U 155 204 Basileum Holzwurm BV U 1551 206 Basileum LX Hiirtend 196,467 Basilit 176, 209 Basilit B 179 Basilit BF 176 Basilit BS 178 Basilit CCO 179 Basilit CFK 178 Basilit M 225 Basilit M -P 221 Basilit NT 178f Basilit SF 178

572

Basilit SP 178 Basilit TS 176 Basilit U 175 Basilit UAS 176 Basilit UB 176, 179 Basilit UHL 178 Basilit ULL 175 Basiment Holzschutzlasur waBrig U 4942

201 Basiment Tauchgrundierung U 4112 223 Basudin 198 Baycarb 199 Baysilon 492 Bedacryl122 X 467 Bedacryl L 456 Beetleurea 439 Bellit 176, 209f Boliden BIS 17 4 Boliden S 174 Bondaglas 475 BP Hylosan PT (Permapruf T) 237 Butvar 451,550 Butvar B79 451 Butvar B90 451 Butvar B98 451, 555

Calaton 488 Calaton CA 489 Calaton CB 488 Carbolineum 187f, 562 Carbolineum Avenarius 187 Carbowax 405 Carbowax 400 409 Carbowax 1540 410 Carbowax 4000 407,409 Cartapip 97 359 Cartox 280 Cascade 206 Celcure A 169 Celcure CB 169, 179 Celcure N 169 Celcure-Gemische 181 Cellit 434 Cellit L 435 Cellon 434 Cellosolve 21 Celluloid 432 Celodal 439 Chemonite 169 ChS Epoxy 479 ChS Epoxy 15 484 ChS Epoxy 1200 484 ChS Epoxy 2200 481 ChS Epoxy 300 AC 481,484,487

Collodion 432 Collodion wool 432

Trade Name Index

Consolan Holzschutz (Wetterschutz)-Farbe 220

Cosmolloid 393 Creolin 187 Creosote 187, 562 Creosote oil 562 Cryptogil 212 Crystik 475 Crystik UP R 176 477 Cuprinol 234f Cyanogas 277 Cyanosil 277

Decis 203 Delicia-GASTOXIN 280f Deltox IT 204f Derosa! 220 Desmodur 490 Desmodur L 491 Desmophen 490 Detia Gas Ex-B 280 Detia Gas Ex-M 299 Dicophane 193 Diffusit M 179 Dodigen 227 Dodigen 226 224 Dow Corning 7091 556 Dow Corning 734 RTV 493f Dow Corning 738 RTV 493f DOW DER 479 DOW DER 334 482 DOW DER 736 482 Dow-Fume MC-2 299 Dowfume 75 297 Dowicide 1 214 Dowicide 7 210 Dowicide A 214f Dowicide G 212 Duco Cement 432, 547 Durex 435 Durofix 432 Durofix HMG 547

EKIBON 299, 303 Elmer's Carpenter's Glue 550 Elmer's White Glue 550 Elvacet 445,550 Elvacite 2013 456, 467 Elvamide 8063 488 Elvanol 449 EP-BM 09 479,486 Epidian 479

Trade Name Index

Epidian 5 481 Epikote 479 Epolack 487 Epon 812 481 Eporapid 552 Eporezit FM 20 552 Eposet 485 EpoxyEm 479 Epoxy Em 7530 A/B 484 Epsilon E 1210-A/B 483 Ercolene 432 ERL 479 ERL-0810 481 ERL-2795 481f Ethylsilicate 40 494 ETOX 303ff ETOXIAT 303ff Euparen 217 Euparen M 219 Eurecid 9047 224, 227 Evertite 550

Fimofix 551 Fluorex S 177 Fluralsil 177ff Freon 304 Frigilene 432 Frisin 280

Gammexan 195 Geiseltallack 43 2 Gelva 550 Gelva V 7 445 Gelvatol 449 Gesarol 193 Gloquat C 224 Glutolin 430

Halowax 190 Haltox 299 Hardener CY 208 481 Hardener HV 426 479 Hardener HV 427 485 Hardener HV 953 556 Hardener HV 1253 484 Hardener HY 219 487 Hardener HY 956 482, 485 Hardener HY 977 481 Hardener HY 991 482 Hardener HY 994 485, 557 Hardener HY 2996 483f, 485, 487 Hardener HY 3456 556 Hostacor H 502 Hostacor IT 502f

Hostacor KS 1 502 Hydlar ZF 489 Hylotox 59 193, 195 Hylotox IP 193

impra-MSK 10 225 impralit-BKD 2 236 impralit-CX 4 233 impralit-CX 12 233 impralit-TSK 17 236 impralit-TTS 225 lnsegar 200 Isopar E 551 ISRAEL BROMINE 299

Karlsons-Klister 548 Kathone 228ff Kathone CG 228ff Kathone WT 228 Kathone WTE 426 Kauramin 441 Kauramin CE 5549 444 Kauresin 435 Kaurit 439 Kauritglue 549 Klucel 430 Klucel E 431 Klucel G 431f, 547 Kombinal TO 237 Kreosot 186 KULBA-Lasur 223 Kulbanol Holzbau 120 B 230 KULBANOL HB-PM 204 Kulbasal B 179 Kulbasal KB 233 Kulbasal M 179 Kulbasal ULL 176

Lamp kerosene 188 Leguval 475 Lignal-Spezial 198 Lignosan 224 Liquid wood 554 Ludopal 475 Ludopal U 150 477f Luviskol 456, 503 Lyofix 441 Lyofix 4036 441 Lyofix DML 441 Lysol 214

Malenit 209f Maltox 299 Maranyl Soluble Nylon C109/P 488

573

574

Marco 475 Marco SB 26C 477 Master-Model-Paste 479 Mattolakk 565A 487 Meidi 461 Mergal BCM 220 Meth-0-Gas 299 Methocel 430 Microbizid DP III 228 Modolog antiqua 179,405 Modopeg 405 Mouldrite 439 Mowicoll 445, 550 Mowilith 445 Mowilith 20 448 Mowilith 30 448 Mowilith 35/73 447 Mowilith 40 447 Mowilith DM 5 448 Mowiol 449 Mowiol 4-98 450 Mowital 451,550 Mowital B 30 H 451 Mowital B 60 H 451 Mykantin 209f

Novolak 4, 436 Nylon 66 488

Oborex Cu 234 Oligo(furfuryloxysiloxane) 08 HS 1.50 494 Olimith C 20 190 Organosilicate E-2 493 Osolan K 467 Osolan KL 467 Oxyfume 303

Palatal 475 Paracide 192 Paradow 192 Paraloid B44 456 Paraloid B48 N 456 Paraloid B67 467 Paraloid B 72 211 f, 463 Parylene 418 Penngas 303 Permetar 204 Petrifo 485 PHOSTOXIN 280f Piaflex LT 30 456, 467 Piazep ME/2 441 Planatol 550 Plastopal 439 Plexigum MB 319 456

Plexigum N 80 463 Plexigum P 26 467 Plexigum P 28 467 Plexigum P 675 467

Trade Name Index

Plexigum PQ 610 467,551,555 Plexisol P 550 467 Plextol B 500 456, 551, 555f Plextol D 360 456, 551 Pluracol 824 415 Polyglycol 405 Polymeric Betaine 224, 227f Polyviol 449 Polywachs 405 Ponal 445,547,550 Preventol A 4 217 Preventol A 5 219 Preventol A 8 223f Preventol 0 extra 214f Preventol OF 214 Preventol ON extra 214 Preventol P 210 Preventol PN fliissig 212 Priem Impriigniergrund AN 33/5 221 Primal AC 33 456,551,555 PUR-resin A 2244 491

Rabasan 299 Rentokil 192 Resinol 435 Resistol 2629 201, 223 Resol 436 Resopal 439 Rhodopas 445 Rhodoplex 551 Rhoplex AC 33 456 Ridsol 190 Riitapox 479, 552 Riitapox R 1210 485 Riitapox SG 482

S-Gas 299 Santobrite 212 Saran 456 Saranex 309 Schwammschutz Rutgers 209f Serpalit 2000 201 Setalux 479 Setalux UV-2276 484 Shell Epon 479 Shell Epon 815 482 Sikkuid 177 Silastic 492 Silastomer 492 Simplex-Holzkitt 432

Trade Name Index

Sinmast 484 Sinmast S 4 484 Skane M-8 228f Solakryl BMX 467 Soluble Nylon 488 Spinosad 357 Steinol 188f Sterogenol 224, 227 Stockholm tar 185 Stratyl 475 Stratyl 703 477 Stratyl750 477 Styrodur 473 Styron 473 Styropor 473 Synolite 475

T-Gas 303 Tanalith C 169 TC oil 207 Tego 51 224 Tego SIB 224,227 Tenite 434 Terr-0-Gas 299 Tim-bor 179, 181 Tipox 479 Tipox IHS 485 Titebond 550 Titeron B 1 477 Troysan Polyphase 201 Tylose 430

UHU-coll express 552 UHU Hart 547 UHU Plus Endfest 300 552 Ultramid 488 Upon 300 AC 480

Vestopal 475 Vibrathane 490 Vibrin 475 Vibrin 117 477 Viczsol 169 Vikane 282 Vinac B 800 445 Vinacet 445 Vinavil 445, 550 Vinavil K -45 446 Vinavil K-50 447 Vinnapas 445

Vinoflex 454 Vinoflex MP 400 454 Vinylite 445, 550 Vipolit 445

Wacker Silicone 492 Washcoat B 491 Waterproof Adhesive 547 Winacet 445 WOCOSEN Grundierung 217 WOCOSEN Holzschutzlasur 221 WOCOSEN Technical 221 Wolman salts 175 Wolmanit CB 179 Wolmanit CX-10 233 Wolmanit CX-S 233 Wolmanol-Holzbau B 230 Wolmanol-Holzwurmfrei 204 Wood-tar cresote 185 Wykamol 190, 192

Xyladecor plus U 4052 201 Xyladecor U 4015 219 Xylamon 190f, 562 Xylamon Braun 237 Xylamon Grundierung U 2012 217 Xylamon Grundierung U 2013 219 Xylamon Hell 190

575

Xylamon Holzschutz-Grundierung U 1051 221

Xylamon Holzwurm-Tod 195 Xylamon Holzwurm-Tod U 103 204 Xylamon gegen Holzwiirmer 206 Xylamon LX Hardening N 552 Xylamon LX Hartend 196,467 Xylasan Al 230f Xyligen B 238f Xyligen Cu 233 Xyligen NCH 230f Xylophen SC 195, 197, 270f

Zapon 547 Zaponlack 432 Zedesa-Methylbromid 299 Zellhorn 432 Zellodyl 434 Zyklon B 277,563 Zytel 488 ZZL-0872 481

Index of the Scientific Names of Organisms

Alternaria spp. 124, 131 Anobium mollis 63 Anobium pertinax 65 Anobium punctatum 52, 55ff, 62ff, 87, 88f,

183, 201, 287f, 291f, 332, 336f, 339ff, 343, 345f, 355f

Anobium striatum 62 Antrodia carbonica 358 Antrodia vaillantii 96ff, 112f, 118, 130, 234 Apate monachus 71 Arthrographis spp. 107 Arthrographis cuboidea 125 Aspergillus jlavus 282, 356 Aspergillus fumigatus 131 Aspergillus niger 127, 131,282 Aspergillus versicolor 131 Aureobasidium pullulans 106, 123f

Bacillus subtilis 358 Bankia spp. 134 Beauveria bassiana 356 Bostrychus capucinus 70f

Callidium violaceum 64 Camponotus herculeanus 83 Ceratocystis spp. 106f, 122, 358 Ceratocystis coerulescens 122f Ceratocystis fagacearum 282 Chaetomium globosum 105, 121f, 129, 131 Chalara spp. 122 Chlorociboria spp. 106f Chlorociboria aeruginosa 125f Chlorosplenium aeruginosum 125 Chrysosporium lignorum 120 Cladosporium spp. 123f, 131 Coelostethus pertinax 52, 57, 61, 65f Coniophora cerebella 108 Coniophora puteana 96£, 102, 108f, 110, 113,

117f, 128ff, 243f, 330,344,347,486 Coptotermes acinaciformis 79 Coptotermes formosanus 79, 207

Coriolus versicolor 118 Corynetes coeruleus 87 Cryptotermes brevis 77,291

Daedalea quercina 113f Dendrobium pertinax 65 Dermestes lardarius 55, 84 Dinoderus minutus 71 Discula spp. 107 Donkioporia expansa 67, 117f

Ernobius mollis 52, 61, 63f

Fibroporia vaillantii 112 Fornes expansus 117 Fusarium spp. 107, 125

Gliocladium spp. 127, 358 Gloeophyllum spp. 96, 98, 103, 111, 114f Gloeophyllum abietinum 114f Gloeophyllum sepiarium 96£, 114f, 330 Gloeophyllum trabeum 97, 114f, 244,344 Graphium spp. 122

Heterobasidion annosum 104 Heterobostrychus brunneus 71 Heterotermes spp. 77 Humicola spp. 122 Hylotrupes bajulus 52, 55, 57ff, 72f, 87, 89f,

152,177,183,201,239,243,246,249, 286f, 305,328, 331f, 343f, 345,355

Hypocrea spp. 127

Kalotermes jlavicollis 76 Korynetes caeruleus 87,355

Lasioderma serricorne 59, 61 Lasiodiplodia theobromae 123 Lasius fuliginosus 83 Lecythophora spp. 122 Lentinus lepideus 96ff, 115f, 130,344,359

578

Lenzites abietina 114 Lenzites quercinus 113 Lenzites sepiaria 114 Lenzites trabea 114 Limnoria lignorum 135f Limnoria quadripunctata 136 Limnoria tripunctata 136 Lycopodium spp. 554 Lyctus africanus 70, 305 Lyctus brunneus 52, 57ff, 69f, 183, 201, 249,

286, 292, 332, 343, 345f, 355f Lyctus cavicollis 70 Lyctus linearis 70 Lyctus planicollis 70

Mastotermes spp. 77 Meruliporia incrassata 96 Merulius domesticus 109 Merulius lacrymans 109 Metarhizium anisopliae 356f Minthea rugicollis 70 Monodictys spp. 122 Monolexis fuscicornis 86, 355

Nacerda me/anura 82 Nacerdes me/anura 82 Nasutitermes spp. 77 Neolentinus lepideus 115, 359 Nicobium castaneum 68,301 Nicobium hirtum 68 Niptus hololeucus 85

Oligomerus ptilinoides 68 Ophiostoma spp. 122 Ophiostoma ( Ceratocystis) piliferum 359 Opilo domesticus 87,355

Paecilomyces spp. 105, 122 Paecilomyces variotii 127 Paururusjuvencus 80 Paxillus panuoides 96f, 116f Pediculoides ventricosus 88 Penicillium spp. 127, 131,238, 282f Penicillium funicolosum 356 Phanerochaete chrysosporium 120 Phellinus megaloporus 117 Phellinus pini 104 Phialophora spp. 122 Phoma spp. 123 Photinus pyralis 128 Pleurotus ostreatus 120f Polyporus versicolor 118

Index of the Scientific Names of Organisms

Polystictus versicolor 118 Poria expansa 117 Poria megalopora 117 Poria vaillantii 112 Priobium carpini 57, 61 Ptilinus pectinicornis 52, 57, 61, 67f Pullularia pullulans 123 Pyemotes tritici 88 Pyemotes ventricosus 88

Reticulitermes flavipes 79 Reticulitermes lucifugus 78 Reticulitermes santonensis 79 Rhyssa persuasoria 86, 355

Saccheropolyspora spinosa 357 Schizophyllum commune 119f, 131 Scleroderma domesticum 87,355 Sclerophoma spp. 124 Scytalidium spp. 358f Serpula lacrimans 109 Serpula lacrymans 96ff, 102, 109ff, 112f,

127ff, 131, 147, 157ff, 178, 181,299,302, 305, 330, 332f, 338, 343f, 346f, 358f

Sirex gigas 80 Sirex juvencus 80f Sirex noctilio 80f, 303 Spathius exarator 86f, 355 Sporotrichum pulverulentum 120 Stachybotrys spp. 131 Stachybotrys chartarum 131 Stegobium paniceum 59, 61, 286, 336 Stemphylium spp. 124 Stereum sanguinolentum 104

Tapinella panuoides 116 Teredo spp. 134 Teredo navalis 134f Thielavia spp. 122 Trametes quercina 113 Trametes versicolor 111, 118f Trichoderma spp. 126f, 283, 358f Trichoderma aureoviride 126 Trichoderma harzianum 126, 358 Trichoderma koningii 126 Trichoderma (Gliocladium) virens 359 Trichoderma viride 126, 131,356,359

Urocerus gigas 80f

Xestobium rufovillosum 52, 57, 59, 61, 66f, 87,89,109,118,205,345f