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Application Concerns for Pasture Management. Robert E. Wolf Extension Specialist Application Technology. Biological and Agricultural Engineering. Changes in the Application Industry!. Historically inefficient process Increased cost of chemicals Rates are changing (< an ounce/acre) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Application Concerns for Pasture Management
Robert E. WolfExtension Specialist Application
Technology
Biological and Agricultural Engineering
Changes in the Application Industry!
• Historically inefficient process• Increased cost of chemicals• Rates are changing (< an ounce/acre)• More pest specific products (foliar)• Biotechnology and GMO’s – Roundup Ready, Bt’s• More sophisticated equipment (electronics) $$$• Environmental impact (water and air)
– Easy to measure!– Drift!!!
• Variable rates• Site-specific
Equipment cost today?How much do these machines cost?
Equipment cost today?
How much do these machines cost?
Application Equipment
Manual Sprayers–Compressed air
–Knapsack
Spray Management Valve
CF Valve
Easy Spray Valve
Power Hydraulic
Sprayer– Low-pressure– High pressure
Application Equipment
Invasive Species Control
Nozzles are important because:
• Control the amount – GPA.
• Determine uniformity of application.
• Affects the coverage.
• Influences the drift potential.
1. Control the Amount applied:
Nozzle Flow Rate is affected by:
• Orifice size• Pressure• Solution
characteristics
Page 9 – TeeJet Guide
Calibration!!!!
Ensuring that the spray output is what it is supposed to be!
Calculations
GPA=
5940
#$!@&%!#$!@&%!
Calibration/Nozzle Selection
• What is the first step?• Use label to select the
– application volume– product rate
• Choose an appropriate travel speed• Effective width of application
– nozzle spacing• Calculate GPM – Flow rate per nozzle• Select the correct size of nozzle!
Flow rate equation
GPMGPA x MPH x SW(ft)
495
GPMGPA x MPH x W in
( )
5940
or
(5940/12” = 495)Page 14 – TeeJet Guide
5940 or 495 = a constant to convert gallons per minute, miles per hour, and feet to
gallons per acre
Where:
GPA = ______________________
GPM = ______________________
MPH = ______________________
SW = ______________________
gallons per acre
gallons per minute
miles per hour
swath width - feet
Measuring Ground Speed
Ground Speed - Miles Per Hour (MPH)
Where traveling 88 ft. in 60 seconds = 1 MPH
Doubling the ground speed reduces
the output by 1/2.
Speed(MPH)Distance(ft) x 60
Time(seconds) x 88
Hand Sprayer Calibration
Spraying to the point of runoff
• product added to each gal. or 100 gal.• uniform coverage-dripping from leaves• time and gallons per tree/1000 sq. ft.
“Dilute”
Technique important!!
Calibration ProcedureSteps:
– Mark off a calibration course of 1000 sq. ft.– Accurately measure the time required to spray
the calibration course using a proper technique. Remember only record the amount of time the gun is actually spraying.
– Measure the flow rate from the gun. Using the time recorded in step 2, spray into a calibrated container for that same length of time.
– Amount in the container represents the application rate per 1000 sq. ft.
Example:
It took 50 seconds for an applicator to spray the 1000 sq. ft. calibration course. The amount of spray collected from the gun in the 50 seconds was 1.4 gallons.
Hand Spray Guns: cont.
The application rate for this example is:
1.4 gallons per 1000 sq. ft.or
61 gallons per acre (43.56 x 1.4)
Nozzle Technology? How to use??• Nozzles designed to reduce drift• Improved drop size control• Emphasis on ‘Spray Quality’
Spray Characteristics are Important to Understand:
Demonstrates Turbo Flat vs TurboDrop-5 MPH Wind
NOZZLE TYPES:
FLAT SPRAY–Extended Range Flat-Fan–Turbo Flat-Fan–Drift Reduction Flat-Fan–Turbo Flood–Off center Flat-Fan
Others:Boomless
Handgun with disk & core or adjustable nozzle
Nozzles Types?
Is this tip good or bad?
Extended Range Flat-fan:• Tapered edge pattern• 80 and 110 degree fan• Requires overlap - 50 to 60%• 15-60 psi range
110°
80°
Nozzles Types?
Turbo Flat-fan: Turbulence chamber as in the Turbo Flood Tapered edge, wide angle flat pattern Designed to work in flat-fan nozzle holder Uniform spray distribution, 50-60% overlap Wide pressure range, 15 – 90 psi Large, drift resistant droplets Plastic with superior wear characteristics
TT
XR
Nozzles Types?
Air-Induction/Venturi NozzlesWhere air is drawn into the nozzle
cavity and exits with the fluid.
Air/Induction – Venturi Nozzle:• Greenleaf – TurboDrop• Air intake venturi section• Mixing Chamber - air and
spray solution blended• Pattern tip forms large air-
bubble drops• Exit tip flow 2X venturi orifice• Better Penetration?• Reduced run-off?• Improved coverage?• Adequate efficacy?• Reduced drift?
XR Flat-fan and Turbo Flat-fan compared to Venturi Style
5.0 MPH wind at 40 psi
XR vs TurboDrop Turbo Flat vs Turbo Drop
Off-Center Venturi Flat-fan
Boom Buster
Aerial Applications
The CP STRAIGHT STREAM NOZZLE
2. Set up for UniformityGoal is to put the material on evenly from nozzle to nozzle, end of boom to end of boom, and across the entire field.
20-inch spacing requires 17-19” above target for 50-60% overlap.
3. Coverage:
• Need knowledge of the product being used.– Systemic– Contact
• What is the target?– Soil– Grass– Broadleaf (smooth, hairy, waxy)– Leaf orientation – time of day
Origin Of Standardized Spray Droplet Size Categories
• 1985 -- British Crop Protection Council (BCPC)– Droplet size classifications, primarily designed
to enhance efficacy.– Uses the term SPRAY QUALITY for droplet
size categorie• 2000 -- ASAE Standard S572
– Droplet size classifications, primarily designed to control spray drift.
– Uses the term DROPLET SPECTRA CLASSIFICATION for droplet size categories.
4. Will affect drift:
• Movement of spray particles off-target.
• Creating smaller spray drops will result in increased drift.
• Is it Coverage vs Drift?
• What is the answer?$64,000 Question?
Why Interest in Drift?• Spotty pest control• Wasted chemicals• Off-target damage• More high value specialty crops• Urban sprawl and.....• Less tolerant neighbors• Litigious Society• More wind?? (Timing)• Environmental impact
– Water and Air Quality
• Public more aware of pesticideconcerns! (Negative) (Perceptions)
• Result-higher costs-$$$
Technical Aspects of Spray Drift
Definition of Drift
Movement of spray particles and vapors off-target causing less effective control and possible injury to susceptible vegetation, wildlife, and people.
Adapted from National Coalition on Drift Minimization 1997 as adopted from the AAPCO Pesticide Drift Enforcement Policy - March 1991
Types of Drift
Vapor Drift - associated with volatilization (gas, fumes)
Particle Drift - movement of spray particles during or after the spray application
Factors Affecting Drift
Spray Characteristics chemical formulation drop size evaporation
Equipment & Application nozzle type nozzle size nozzle pressure height of release
Weather air movement (direction and
velocity) temperature and humidity air stability/inversions topography
Wind Direction
• Wind direction is very important– Know the location of sensitive areas -
consider safe buffer zones.– Do not spray at any wind speed if it is blowing
towards sensitive areas - all nozzles can drift.– Spray when breeze is gentle, steady, and
blowing away from sensitive areas.– “Dead calm” conditions are never
recommended.
Under normal conditions air tends to rise and mix with the air above. Droplets will disperse and will usually not cause problems.
Normal Temperature Profile
Altitude
Cooler
Warmer
Temperature decreases with height
Increasing Temperature
Inversions
Under these conditionsthe temperature increases as you move upward. This prevents air from mixing with the air above it. This causes small suspended droplets to form a concentrated cloud which can move in unpredictable directions.
Temperature Inversion
Altitude
Temperature increases with height
Warm Air
Cool Air
Increasing Temperature
Temperature Inversions
Cloud of 5-25 u oil droplets generated under unstable conditions
105 foot temperature monitoring tower
8’ 41°F
16’ 41°F
32’ 40°F
64’ 40°F
105’ 38°F
8’ 33°F16’ 36°F32’ 37°F64’ 38°F
105’ 38°F
.5 mph wind
2.5 mph wind
Shallow surface inversionSTABLE conditions up to 64’ NEUTRAL conditions at 105’
Cloud is dispersing
Courtesy – George Ramsay, Dupont
Strategies to Reduce Drift:• Select nozzle to increase drop size• Increase flow rates - higher application volumes• Use lower pressures• Use lower spray (boom) heights• Avoid adverse weather conditions• Consider using buffer zones• Consider using new technologies:
– drift reduction nozzles– drift reduction additives– shields, electrostatics, air-assist
www.bae.ksu.edu/rewolf/