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Learning from land suitability analysis and Dutch
spatial policy for sustainable land use in Japan
Toru Nagayama
22 January 2009
GIS Research Group Seminar, University of Tsukuba
Highlights from : Nagayama., T. (2008) Application of Geo-information to support sustainable land
use in Japan, Individual Final Assignment Report submitted to International Institute for Geo-
information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), Enschede, the Netherlands
2
Background
• Rapid urbanization in Japanese suburban
areas after the Second World War
– Inhabitation in disaster prone areas / sprawl
– Degradation of nature / reduce of farmland
• No sign of improvement
– Problems of land use policy
– Lack of (geo-)information and its sharing
• Opportunities for improving land use policy
– Review of land use policy
– Application of geo-information
3
Objectives
1. Summarize land use policy in Japan
2. Conduct a case study to support land
use planning
3. Review spatial planning in the
Netherlands
4. Identify possible ways to apply geo-
information in Japanese land use policy
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Legal system• National Land Use Planning Act
– National land use plan (National, Prefectural, Municipal)
– Prefectural land use master plan
• Compile five land uses from the following laws
• Individual spatial planning laws
– Urban: City Planning Law
– Agriculture: Law Concerning the Improvement of
Agricultural Promotion Areas
– Forest: Forest Law
– Natural park areas: Natural Parks Law
– Nature reserve areas: Nature Conservation Law
1. Land use policy in Japan
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Schematic land use zoning
Urban planning area
Blank areas called
“White areas”
Urban
promotion
zone
Urban control zone
Agricultural promotion zone
Agricultural land zone
Forest areaNatural park area
Nature
Conservation
area
1. Land use policy in Japan
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Identified problems• Physical
– Inhabitation in disaster prone areas
– Nature degradation
– Loss of beautiful landscapes
– Inefficient energy and resource use by urban sprawl
• Institutional
– Weak coordination of relevant laws
– Uneven and inconsistent land use regulation
– No representation for secondary- (semi-) nature areas
– Centralized policy and planning
– Poor public participation
– Poor information sharing
1. Land use policy in Japan
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The case study
• Objective: To examine the suitability of actual
land use and planned land use zoning
• Study area: Toride municipality
– A suburban municipality of Tokyo
– Belongs to Ibaraki prefecture
– 70 square kilometers
– 110,000 inhabitants
– Experienced rapid
urbanization
1965-1990Tokyo
Metropolitan
area
Toride-shi
(Municipality)
20km
50km
2. Case study
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GeographyTerrace
Elevation: 20-25 m
Alluvial plain
Elevation: 5-10 m
slope and ‘yatsu’
valley
NatureUrban Agriculture
2. Case study
©Environmental NPO Toride
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Method
• Preparation of geo-information
– Land use, Slope, Land form, Land use zones etc.
• Suitability criteria
– For Developed, Agriculture and Nature area
• Suitability mapping
• Evaluation
– Suitability vs. actual/planned land use
– Combined relative suitability mapping
– Identify possible direction to future land use
2. Case study
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Provision of Geo-information• Land use data
– Japanese ALOS satellite images (March, August)
– Supervised classification (7 classes): Paddy Field,
Other Cultivation, Forest, Grassland, Developed
area, Bare area and Water
– Landscape units for classification
2. Case study
Landscape Unit for
classificationDescription Paddy
Other
CultivationGrass Forest Bare Urban Water
No cultivation, No
artificial
No organized cultivation. Vegetation
management by human are included.
No artificial structure, excluding
bridges.
* * * *
No-rice cultivationNo rice cultivation mainly on terrace
areas. * * * * *
Rice field cultivation Rice cutlgation dominating areas * * * * * *
Intense cultivationGreen areas mainly for cultivation. No
grass lands are expected * * * * *
Urban No cultivation is recognzied. * * * *
Legend
No cultivation, no artificial No rice cultivation Rice cultivation Intense cultivation Urban
Legend
LCLUClassUnitPoly
<all other values>
UnitClass
1
2
3
4
5
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Provision of Geo-information2. Case study
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Suitability criteria
• Three classification for each criterion
– Suitable / less suitable / unsuitable
• Equal weighting
• Simple overlaying method
2. Case study
Criterion Developed Agriculture Nature
Flatness * *Vulnerability to floods *Vulnerability to earthquakes *Land use compatibility * * *Distance from urban centers * * *Land use zoning *Valuable nature *Proximity to nature *
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Suitability mapping
(an example for assessing actual developed areas)
Legend
0
1
10
TorideArea
Suitable Less Suitable Unsuitable
Primary Suitable Secondary Suitable (Gradation shows No. of ‘less suitable’ Evaluations)
Unsuitable
Legend
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
10
TorideArea
Flatness Vulnerability
to floods
Vulnerability
to earth-
quakes
Land use
compatibility
Distance from
urban centers
Land use
zoning
2. Case study
All criteria ‘suitable’
‘Unsuitable’ in any criteria
More than one ‘less suitable’
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Suitability map (example, planned developed)
Block zoning regardless
suitability
Legend
Primary Suitable
Secondary Suitable
(Gradation shows
No. of ‘less suitable’
Evaluations)
Unsuitable
Urban Promotion Zones
Municipality boundary
Station
Railway
Main roads
Legend
lu_au_toride
TorideArea
! station
railroad
road
Legend
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
10
TorideArea
2. Case study
Development in
alluvial plain
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Combining relative suitability
• Developed: Red– relative suitable area for 1680 ha (2061 ha, current)
• Agriculture: Green– relative suitable area for 4340 ha (2740 ha, current)
• Nature: Blue– relative suitable area for 3220 ha (1841 ha, current)
• Developed and Agriculture: Yellow
• Developed and Nature: Magenta
• Agriculture and Nature: Cyan
• All: White
• None: Black
2. Case study
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Combined relative suitability map2. Case study
Nature vs.
developed
Potential
development
Legend
Developed Agriculture Nature Developed and Agriculture Developed and Nature Agriculture and Nature All None
Urban promotion zones Agricultural land areas Forest zones River areas Municipality boundary Station Railway Main roads
Relative suitability for Legend
UPZToride
ALZToride
fz_toride
RZToride
TorideArea
! station
railroad
road
Legend
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Fragmented zoning for nature White areas
Agriculture vs. developed
Integrated land use planning covering the
whole area
Need a strategy for conserving and
strengthening nature areas
Need a strategy for conserving rural
landscapes in terrace areas
Reconsideration of zoning for urban
promotion zones
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Spatial planning policy structure(example: municipality of Haaksbergen)
Spatial Planning Act
Reconstruction Act and
Land Consolidation Act*
The National Spatial Strategy
Relevant plans
Given conditions
All human spatial
activities Provincial spatial plan
‘Spatial
translation’ Structure planAllocation plan
Land consolidation project
Reconstruction plan
Land use pattern
Implementation
3. Dutch Spatial Planning
*At present, Rural Land Development Act
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Key features
• Application of geo-information
– Thematic geo-information for planning process
– Summary maps to express spatial plans
– Making spatial plan accessible by the internet
• Public involvement
• Decision making
• Consideration of environmental aspects
• Application of geo-information and whole spatial planning policy framework are mutually supportive
3. Dutch Spatial Planning
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Thematic geo-information for
planning processes• Haaksbergen Municipality
3. Dutch Spatial Planning
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Summary maps to express spatial plans
• The National Spatial Strategy
3. Dutch Spatial Planning
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Summary maps to express spatial plans• Provincial Spatial Plan, Overijssel province
3. Dutch Spatial Planning
Urban area
Business area
Urban expansion limit lines
Development for business area till 2010
Agriculture area
Agriculture and cultural
landscape area
Nature, cultural landscape and
agriculture area
Nature area
Recreation area
Forests (Dotted area)
Waste treatment area
Groundwater wells (W)
Airport
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Summary maps to express spatial plans
• Structure Plan, Haaksbergen municipality
3. Dutch Spatial Planning
Expansion of Residential area
Expansion of business area
Planned N18 route
Green structure
Possible areas for water retention
Good cycle path linking center and
surroundings Separation of business and
residential function
Urban center for restructuring
Better crossing environment over N18
road
Considered for commercial area
Considered for green / recreation
area
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Summary maps to express spatial plans
• Allocation Plan, Haaksbergen municipality
3. Dutch Spatial Planning
Forest and nature area
Forest and nature area
Forest and nature area
Nature friendly agriculture area (B)
Water with landscape and nature value
Border shop (GW) and upper limit of building volume (5,000 cubic meters)
Archaeological value terrain
Residential parcel (W) and maximum number of houses
(2)
Camp house (KH) with upper limit of building volume
Micro relief protection area
(horizontal stripe)
Border between the Netherlands and
Germany
Summer house parcel (Z)
Stay recreation area
Agricultural enterprise
category 1 (large)
New establishment is
not allowed
Agricultural support enterprise (AH) and monument (M)
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Making spatial plans accessible by the Internet
• Enschede municipality
3. Dutch Spatial Planning
Allocation (zoning) information Map information
Magnified view
Overview Addresses
Parcel Information
Parcel Owner Information
Land use zoning information
Link to regulation document
Legend for the digital maps
Menu Palette
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Application of Geo-information to
land use policy in Japan
• The case study
– Awareness raising for integrated approach
– One of policy formulation tools in future
• Spatial planning in the Netherlands
– Technologically feasible, but
– Institutional setting is required featured with
• Integrated approach
• Decentralized policy making
• Public participation
• Physical and environmental consideration
4. Geo-information application
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Conclusions
1. Sectored approach in land use policy in Japan
– Need of integrated approach
2. Case study visualized suburban land use problems
– Physical and environmental consideration
3. Key features in spatial planning in the Netherlands
– Geo-information application
– Public involvement
– Decision making
– Consideration of environmental aspects
4. Applicability of Geo-information to land use policy
– Appropriate Institutional setting which is mutually
supportive with geo-information application is required
