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Urbaniza(on can bring improvements to social welfare and economic development. However, it can also have serious impacts on the naturalenvironment,bothlocallyandglobally(Grimmetal.2008).Also,itisarguablythemostdras(cformoflandtransforma(on,whichresultsinirreversiblelandscapechanges(EstoqueandMurayama2014).Inthecontextoflandscapeandurbanstudies,theanalysisoftheintensityandspa(alpaKernofurban landchanges (ULCs)mightbeofhelp,as it cangivesome insightsabout thespa(otemporalpaKernof futureULCs, including theirpoten(alenvironmentalimpact.Thepurposeofthisstudyistoexamineandcomparetheintensityandspa(alpaKernofULCsinthreemajorci(esofSoutheastAsia,namelyBangkok(Thailand),Jakarta(Indonesia)andManila(Philippines),betweenthe1990s(1990‐2000)and2000s(2000‐2010).
Land‐coverclassifica2on:• Imagedata–Landsatimageries• Timepoints–1990,2000and2010• Approach–RandomForestimageclassifica(onapproach(Liaw2002;RCoreTeam2012).
Landchangeintensity(LCI)analysis(interval):– examines how the size and annual rate ofchange vary across (me intervals (Aldwaik andPon(us2012).Inthisstudy,itwasdoneby:1) calcula(ngtheannualchangeintensity(ACI)foreach(meinterval(TI)(Eq.1);
2) derivingtheuniformintensity(UI)(Eq.2);3) determiningtheintensitycategory level(CL)value(Eq.3);
4) applyingtheproposedLCIscale(Fig.2).
• TheULCs(1990s‐2000s)inthethreeci(eswerespa(allyandtemporallynon‐sta(onary.• TheLCIanalysisapproachmighthelpinthestudyofthedriversofULCs.Itcanalsobeusedasadiagnos(ctoolforevalua(nglandchangeprojec(ons.• Thethreeci(eshavebeenexperiencinganinfillingurbandevelopmentpaKern.InfillingpaKern,ifnotmonitoredandcontrolled,canresulttothelossofvaluableurbangreenandopenspaces.
• AldwaikSZ,Pon(usRG,Jr.2012.LandscapeandUrbanPlanning106:103‐114.• EstoqueRC,MurayamaY.2014.AMBIO43:943–956.• Grimm,N.B.,etal.2008.Science319:756–760.• LiawA,WienerM.2002.RNews2:18–22.• McGarigalK,etal.2012.FRAGSTATSv4:Spa2alpaKernanalysisprogram.• RCoreTeam.2012.R:Alanguageandenvironmentforsta2s2calcompu2ng.
RonaldC.ESTOQUE*andYujiMURAYAMA DivisionofSpa(alInforma(onScience,FacultyofLifeandEnvironmentalSciences
UniversityofTsukuba,1‐1‐1Tennodai,TsukubaCity,Ibaraki305‐8572,Japan *Contactemailaddress:<[email protected]>
Fig.1.Flowchartofthestudy.Note:B=Bangkok;J=Jakarta;M=Manila
Fig.3.CLvalues:1988‐1999=‐10.42(mediumslow);1999‐2009=11.46(mediumfast).
D05PosterpresentedduringtheCSISDays2014,November21‐22,2014,Chiba,Japan.
Fig.2.Landchangeintensity(LCI)scale.
Key(others,refertothetext):LC=landchangeFromNon‐builtToBuiltLA=landscapeareaTE=(meextent
Spa2al paKern analysis: The density of urbandevelopmentalongthegradientofthedistancefrom the city center, and the patch cohesionindex, which determines the level of physicalconnectednessofthecorrespondingpatchtype(e.g. built) (McGarigal et al. 2012), weredetermined.
FromNon‐builtToBuilt
Bangkok
Fig.4.CLvalues:1989‐2001=19.23(mediumfast);2001‐2010=‐25.64(slow).
Jakarta
Fig.5.CLvalues:1993‐2001=6.16(mediumfast);2001‐2009=‐6.16(mediumslow).
Manila
FromNon‐builtToBuilt
FromNon‐builtToBuilt
0
20
40
60
80
100
2009 1999 1988DoU
D(%
) Bangkok
0
20
40
60
80
100
2010 2001 1989
020406080100
0‐1.5
1.5‐3.0
3.0‐4.5
4.5‐6.0
6.0‐7.5
7.5‐9.0
9.0‐10.5
10.5‐12.0
12.0‐13.5
13.5‐15.0
15.0‐16.5
16.5‐18.0
2009 2001 1993
Intensityofurbanlandchanges(temporal) SpaNalpaOernofurbanlandchanges
Fig. 6. Density of urban development (DoUD) along the gradient of thedistance from the city center. Note: The area of the water class was notincludedinthecalcula(on.
Fig. 7. Patch cohesion index of thebuilt class. Note: Values that areclosetozeroindicatefragmenta(on,while values that are close to 100indicateaggrega(on.
Jakarta
Manila
DoU
D(%
)DoU
D(%
)
Distancefromthecitycenter(km)
(Eq.1)
(Eq.2)
(Eq.3)
