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An exploration of federal water law focusing on how to search regulatory law and executive orders.
Citation preview
Applied Administrative LawWater Law
Neal R Axton Information Resources
Energy Saving Template
Water Lawbull Will I be tested over thisbull Administrative procedurebull Administrative policybull Interface of statutes regulations
cases politics amp public policy
bull Why water law
Water Quality
EPAs most recent assessment of the nations water qualityhelliplists just under half of the assessed rivers and lakes as ldquoimpairedrdquo hellip EPAs lowest classification - Christopher H Schroeder Global Warming and the Problem of Policy Innovation Lessons from the Early Environmental Movement 39 ENVTL L 285 287 (2009)(citations omitted)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Veto amp Signing Statements
Executive (Agencies)
Regulation ampEnforcement
Judiciary
Interpretation ampGap Filling
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Informal Rule-making ProcessbullAdvanced Notice of Proposed Rule-Making bullProposed RulebullComment PeriodbullFinal RulebullVariations on a theme
httpbitlyqMYiM
GSA Regulatory Help ReginfoGov
WatershedsWatershed The area of land from which rainfall (andor snow melt) drains into a single point Watersheds are also sometimes referred to as drainage basins or drainage areas - North Carolina State University Soil Management Glossary httpbitlyTlNHK
Watershed Centralbull EPA - Agency Websitersquos Educational Features
The Twin Cities Watershed
Modernity
Modern Problems Modern Solutions
bull Clean Water Act is Congressrsquo aptly-named water pollution control measurebull Clean Water Act of 1977 aka CWAndashPublic Law 95-217 ndashCodified at 33 USC 1251 et seq
bull CWA amended and strengthened the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Public Law 80-845 62 Stat1155 (1948)
Citation Review
bull Public Law (Pub Law or Pub L or PL)bull Statutes At Large (Stat)bull Public Law 80-845 62 Stat1155 (1948)bull Public Law 80-845 was 845th law adopted
by 80th Congressbull It is published in the Statutes at Large in
Volume 62 on Page 1155bull Public Law 80-845 became law in 1948bull Remember that Congresses span two
calendar years
Long Legislative Interest
bull The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 30 Stat 1151 bullPublic Health Service Act of
1912 37 Stat 309 bullOil Pollution Act of 1924
43 Stat604
Thinking it Through
Why use Statutes at Large versus public law number
Why use Statutes at Large versus United States Code
Why not use United States Code Annotated
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
Clean Water Act Impetus for Industry
bull US v Republic Steel 362 US 482 (1960)ndash Section 16 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of
1899 aka Refuse ActndashNo refuse discharged into waterwaysndash ldquoSuspended SolidsrdquondashCriminal LiabilityndashBounty to Whistleblowers
ndash Interaction of Courts and Industryndash Judicial Activism
Public Impetus
bull Santa Barbara Offshore Oil Spill ndash 11 days in 1969 killed 1000s of birdsbull Cuyahoga River Conflagrationbull Cleveland Ohio on June 22 1969bull Long History of Firesbull Drains into Lake Eriendash10000 square mile surfacendash119 cubic miles
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
1972 Amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
bull Game Changerbull Modern Schemendash Permitting of Point Sourcesndash Safe Harbor for Industry
bull Federal Waters bull Waters of the United Statesbull Jurisdiction and Enforcement
Federal Pollution Control Act
Reflects Congressional Practice to Amend Previous Enactments Updated Version
httpepwsenategovwaterpdf
Federal Water Pollution Control ActAs Amended Through Public Law 107-303
Amendment versus Revision
1972 blends into 1977
Federal Water Pollution Control Act amended again in 1977 by the ldquoofficialrdquo Clean Water Act PL 95-217
More amendments to comehellip
Memes amp Memory
bull Popular Names bull Populist Names
bull Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA)
bull Clean Water Act
Popular Name
Keeping it all straight
1972 Amendment
Tracking the Amendments
bull Perplexing at Timesbull Drafterrsquos ChoicendashAmend United States CodendashAmend prior enactment (session law)
bull Law Revision Counsel of the US House of Representativesbull Terms of Artbull Expertise
Comparative Codificationbull Session Laws
ndash Statutes at Largendash Enactmentsndash House Billsndash Senate Bills
bull Codificationndash United States Code (Statutes)ndash Code of Federal Regulations (Regulations)
ndash Minnesota Statutes (Statutes)ndash Minnesota Rules (Regulations)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
InformalRule-Making
Federal Register amp CFR
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Historical Administrative Research
CFR as it changed year to year
Federal Register Library
Find by Date
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Water Lawbull Will I be tested over thisbull Administrative procedurebull Administrative policybull Interface of statutes regulations
cases politics amp public policy
bull Why water law
Water Quality
EPAs most recent assessment of the nations water qualityhelliplists just under half of the assessed rivers and lakes as ldquoimpairedrdquo hellip EPAs lowest classification - Christopher H Schroeder Global Warming and the Problem of Policy Innovation Lessons from the Early Environmental Movement 39 ENVTL L 285 287 (2009)(citations omitted)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Veto amp Signing Statements
Executive (Agencies)
Regulation ampEnforcement
Judiciary
Interpretation ampGap Filling
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Informal Rule-making ProcessbullAdvanced Notice of Proposed Rule-Making bullProposed RulebullComment PeriodbullFinal RulebullVariations on a theme
httpbitlyqMYiM
GSA Regulatory Help ReginfoGov
WatershedsWatershed The area of land from which rainfall (andor snow melt) drains into a single point Watersheds are also sometimes referred to as drainage basins or drainage areas - North Carolina State University Soil Management Glossary httpbitlyTlNHK
Watershed Centralbull EPA - Agency Websitersquos Educational Features
The Twin Cities Watershed
Modernity
Modern Problems Modern Solutions
bull Clean Water Act is Congressrsquo aptly-named water pollution control measurebull Clean Water Act of 1977 aka CWAndashPublic Law 95-217 ndashCodified at 33 USC 1251 et seq
bull CWA amended and strengthened the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Public Law 80-845 62 Stat1155 (1948)
Citation Review
bull Public Law (Pub Law or Pub L or PL)bull Statutes At Large (Stat)bull Public Law 80-845 62 Stat1155 (1948)bull Public Law 80-845 was 845th law adopted
by 80th Congressbull It is published in the Statutes at Large in
Volume 62 on Page 1155bull Public Law 80-845 became law in 1948bull Remember that Congresses span two
calendar years
Long Legislative Interest
bull The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 30 Stat 1151 bullPublic Health Service Act of
1912 37 Stat 309 bullOil Pollution Act of 1924
43 Stat604
Thinking it Through
Why use Statutes at Large versus public law number
Why use Statutes at Large versus United States Code
Why not use United States Code Annotated
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
Clean Water Act Impetus for Industry
bull US v Republic Steel 362 US 482 (1960)ndash Section 16 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of
1899 aka Refuse ActndashNo refuse discharged into waterwaysndash ldquoSuspended SolidsrdquondashCriminal LiabilityndashBounty to Whistleblowers
ndash Interaction of Courts and Industryndash Judicial Activism
Public Impetus
bull Santa Barbara Offshore Oil Spill ndash 11 days in 1969 killed 1000s of birdsbull Cuyahoga River Conflagrationbull Cleveland Ohio on June 22 1969bull Long History of Firesbull Drains into Lake Eriendash10000 square mile surfacendash119 cubic miles
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
1972 Amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
bull Game Changerbull Modern Schemendash Permitting of Point Sourcesndash Safe Harbor for Industry
bull Federal Waters bull Waters of the United Statesbull Jurisdiction and Enforcement
Federal Pollution Control Act
Reflects Congressional Practice to Amend Previous Enactments Updated Version
httpepwsenategovwaterpdf
Federal Water Pollution Control ActAs Amended Through Public Law 107-303
Amendment versus Revision
1972 blends into 1977
Federal Water Pollution Control Act amended again in 1977 by the ldquoofficialrdquo Clean Water Act PL 95-217
More amendments to comehellip
Memes amp Memory
bull Popular Names bull Populist Names
bull Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA)
bull Clean Water Act
Popular Name
Keeping it all straight
1972 Amendment
Tracking the Amendments
bull Perplexing at Timesbull Drafterrsquos ChoicendashAmend United States CodendashAmend prior enactment (session law)
bull Law Revision Counsel of the US House of Representativesbull Terms of Artbull Expertise
Comparative Codificationbull Session Laws
ndash Statutes at Largendash Enactmentsndash House Billsndash Senate Bills
bull Codificationndash United States Code (Statutes)ndash Code of Federal Regulations (Regulations)
ndash Minnesota Statutes (Statutes)ndash Minnesota Rules (Regulations)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
InformalRule-Making
Federal Register amp CFR
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Historical Administrative Research
CFR as it changed year to year
Federal Register Library
Find by Date
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Water Quality
EPAs most recent assessment of the nations water qualityhelliplists just under half of the assessed rivers and lakes as ldquoimpairedrdquo hellip EPAs lowest classification - Christopher H Schroeder Global Warming and the Problem of Policy Innovation Lessons from the Early Environmental Movement 39 ENVTL L 285 287 (2009)(citations omitted)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Veto amp Signing Statements
Executive (Agencies)
Regulation ampEnforcement
Judiciary
Interpretation ampGap Filling
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Informal Rule-making ProcessbullAdvanced Notice of Proposed Rule-Making bullProposed RulebullComment PeriodbullFinal RulebullVariations on a theme
httpbitlyqMYiM
GSA Regulatory Help ReginfoGov
WatershedsWatershed The area of land from which rainfall (andor snow melt) drains into a single point Watersheds are also sometimes referred to as drainage basins or drainage areas - North Carolina State University Soil Management Glossary httpbitlyTlNHK
Watershed Centralbull EPA - Agency Websitersquos Educational Features
The Twin Cities Watershed
Modernity
Modern Problems Modern Solutions
bull Clean Water Act is Congressrsquo aptly-named water pollution control measurebull Clean Water Act of 1977 aka CWAndashPublic Law 95-217 ndashCodified at 33 USC 1251 et seq
bull CWA amended and strengthened the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Public Law 80-845 62 Stat1155 (1948)
Citation Review
bull Public Law (Pub Law or Pub L or PL)bull Statutes At Large (Stat)bull Public Law 80-845 62 Stat1155 (1948)bull Public Law 80-845 was 845th law adopted
by 80th Congressbull It is published in the Statutes at Large in
Volume 62 on Page 1155bull Public Law 80-845 became law in 1948bull Remember that Congresses span two
calendar years
Long Legislative Interest
bull The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 30 Stat 1151 bullPublic Health Service Act of
1912 37 Stat 309 bullOil Pollution Act of 1924
43 Stat604
Thinking it Through
Why use Statutes at Large versus public law number
Why use Statutes at Large versus United States Code
Why not use United States Code Annotated
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
Clean Water Act Impetus for Industry
bull US v Republic Steel 362 US 482 (1960)ndash Section 16 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of
1899 aka Refuse ActndashNo refuse discharged into waterwaysndash ldquoSuspended SolidsrdquondashCriminal LiabilityndashBounty to Whistleblowers
ndash Interaction of Courts and Industryndash Judicial Activism
Public Impetus
bull Santa Barbara Offshore Oil Spill ndash 11 days in 1969 killed 1000s of birdsbull Cuyahoga River Conflagrationbull Cleveland Ohio on June 22 1969bull Long History of Firesbull Drains into Lake Eriendash10000 square mile surfacendash119 cubic miles
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
1972 Amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
bull Game Changerbull Modern Schemendash Permitting of Point Sourcesndash Safe Harbor for Industry
bull Federal Waters bull Waters of the United Statesbull Jurisdiction and Enforcement
Federal Pollution Control Act
Reflects Congressional Practice to Amend Previous Enactments Updated Version
httpepwsenategovwaterpdf
Federal Water Pollution Control ActAs Amended Through Public Law 107-303
Amendment versus Revision
1972 blends into 1977
Federal Water Pollution Control Act amended again in 1977 by the ldquoofficialrdquo Clean Water Act PL 95-217
More amendments to comehellip
Memes amp Memory
bull Popular Names bull Populist Names
bull Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA)
bull Clean Water Act
Popular Name
Keeping it all straight
1972 Amendment
Tracking the Amendments
bull Perplexing at Timesbull Drafterrsquos ChoicendashAmend United States CodendashAmend prior enactment (session law)
bull Law Revision Counsel of the US House of Representativesbull Terms of Artbull Expertise
Comparative Codificationbull Session Laws
ndash Statutes at Largendash Enactmentsndash House Billsndash Senate Bills
bull Codificationndash United States Code (Statutes)ndash Code of Federal Regulations (Regulations)
ndash Minnesota Statutes (Statutes)ndash Minnesota Rules (Regulations)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
InformalRule-Making
Federal Register amp CFR
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Historical Administrative Research
CFR as it changed year to year
Federal Register Library
Find by Date
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Veto amp Signing Statements
Executive (Agencies)
Regulation ampEnforcement
Judiciary
Interpretation ampGap Filling
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Informal Rule-making ProcessbullAdvanced Notice of Proposed Rule-Making bullProposed RulebullComment PeriodbullFinal RulebullVariations on a theme
httpbitlyqMYiM
GSA Regulatory Help ReginfoGov
WatershedsWatershed The area of land from which rainfall (andor snow melt) drains into a single point Watersheds are also sometimes referred to as drainage basins or drainage areas - North Carolina State University Soil Management Glossary httpbitlyTlNHK
Watershed Centralbull EPA - Agency Websitersquos Educational Features
The Twin Cities Watershed
Modernity
Modern Problems Modern Solutions
bull Clean Water Act is Congressrsquo aptly-named water pollution control measurebull Clean Water Act of 1977 aka CWAndashPublic Law 95-217 ndashCodified at 33 USC 1251 et seq
bull CWA amended and strengthened the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Public Law 80-845 62 Stat1155 (1948)
Citation Review
bull Public Law (Pub Law or Pub L or PL)bull Statutes At Large (Stat)bull Public Law 80-845 62 Stat1155 (1948)bull Public Law 80-845 was 845th law adopted
by 80th Congressbull It is published in the Statutes at Large in
Volume 62 on Page 1155bull Public Law 80-845 became law in 1948bull Remember that Congresses span two
calendar years
Long Legislative Interest
bull The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 30 Stat 1151 bullPublic Health Service Act of
1912 37 Stat 309 bullOil Pollution Act of 1924
43 Stat604
Thinking it Through
Why use Statutes at Large versus public law number
Why use Statutes at Large versus United States Code
Why not use United States Code Annotated
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
Clean Water Act Impetus for Industry
bull US v Republic Steel 362 US 482 (1960)ndash Section 16 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of
1899 aka Refuse ActndashNo refuse discharged into waterwaysndash ldquoSuspended SolidsrdquondashCriminal LiabilityndashBounty to Whistleblowers
ndash Interaction of Courts and Industryndash Judicial Activism
Public Impetus
bull Santa Barbara Offshore Oil Spill ndash 11 days in 1969 killed 1000s of birdsbull Cuyahoga River Conflagrationbull Cleveland Ohio on June 22 1969bull Long History of Firesbull Drains into Lake Eriendash10000 square mile surfacendash119 cubic miles
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
1972 Amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
bull Game Changerbull Modern Schemendash Permitting of Point Sourcesndash Safe Harbor for Industry
bull Federal Waters bull Waters of the United Statesbull Jurisdiction and Enforcement
Federal Pollution Control Act
Reflects Congressional Practice to Amend Previous Enactments Updated Version
httpepwsenategovwaterpdf
Federal Water Pollution Control ActAs Amended Through Public Law 107-303
Amendment versus Revision
1972 blends into 1977
Federal Water Pollution Control Act amended again in 1977 by the ldquoofficialrdquo Clean Water Act PL 95-217
More amendments to comehellip
Memes amp Memory
bull Popular Names bull Populist Names
bull Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA)
bull Clean Water Act
Popular Name
Keeping it all straight
1972 Amendment
Tracking the Amendments
bull Perplexing at Timesbull Drafterrsquos ChoicendashAmend United States CodendashAmend prior enactment (session law)
bull Law Revision Counsel of the US House of Representativesbull Terms of Artbull Expertise
Comparative Codificationbull Session Laws
ndash Statutes at Largendash Enactmentsndash House Billsndash Senate Bills
bull Codificationndash United States Code (Statutes)ndash Code of Federal Regulations (Regulations)
ndash Minnesota Statutes (Statutes)ndash Minnesota Rules (Regulations)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
InformalRule-Making
Federal Register amp CFR
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Historical Administrative Research
CFR as it changed year to year
Federal Register Library
Find by Date
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Informal Rule-making ProcessbullAdvanced Notice of Proposed Rule-Making bullProposed RulebullComment PeriodbullFinal RulebullVariations on a theme
httpbitlyqMYiM
GSA Regulatory Help ReginfoGov
WatershedsWatershed The area of land from which rainfall (andor snow melt) drains into a single point Watersheds are also sometimes referred to as drainage basins or drainage areas - North Carolina State University Soil Management Glossary httpbitlyTlNHK
Watershed Centralbull EPA - Agency Websitersquos Educational Features
The Twin Cities Watershed
Modernity
Modern Problems Modern Solutions
bull Clean Water Act is Congressrsquo aptly-named water pollution control measurebull Clean Water Act of 1977 aka CWAndashPublic Law 95-217 ndashCodified at 33 USC 1251 et seq
bull CWA amended and strengthened the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Public Law 80-845 62 Stat1155 (1948)
Citation Review
bull Public Law (Pub Law or Pub L or PL)bull Statutes At Large (Stat)bull Public Law 80-845 62 Stat1155 (1948)bull Public Law 80-845 was 845th law adopted
by 80th Congressbull It is published in the Statutes at Large in
Volume 62 on Page 1155bull Public Law 80-845 became law in 1948bull Remember that Congresses span two
calendar years
Long Legislative Interest
bull The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 30 Stat 1151 bullPublic Health Service Act of
1912 37 Stat 309 bullOil Pollution Act of 1924
43 Stat604
Thinking it Through
Why use Statutes at Large versus public law number
Why use Statutes at Large versus United States Code
Why not use United States Code Annotated
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
Clean Water Act Impetus for Industry
bull US v Republic Steel 362 US 482 (1960)ndash Section 16 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of
1899 aka Refuse ActndashNo refuse discharged into waterwaysndash ldquoSuspended SolidsrdquondashCriminal LiabilityndashBounty to Whistleblowers
ndash Interaction of Courts and Industryndash Judicial Activism
Public Impetus
bull Santa Barbara Offshore Oil Spill ndash 11 days in 1969 killed 1000s of birdsbull Cuyahoga River Conflagrationbull Cleveland Ohio on June 22 1969bull Long History of Firesbull Drains into Lake Eriendash10000 square mile surfacendash119 cubic miles
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
1972 Amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
bull Game Changerbull Modern Schemendash Permitting of Point Sourcesndash Safe Harbor for Industry
bull Federal Waters bull Waters of the United Statesbull Jurisdiction and Enforcement
Federal Pollution Control Act
Reflects Congressional Practice to Amend Previous Enactments Updated Version
httpepwsenategovwaterpdf
Federal Water Pollution Control ActAs Amended Through Public Law 107-303
Amendment versus Revision
1972 blends into 1977
Federal Water Pollution Control Act amended again in 1977 by the ldquoofficialrdquo Clean Water Act PL 95-217
More amendments to comehellip
Memes amp Memory
bull Popular Names bull Populist Names
bull Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA)
bull Clean Water Act
Popular Name
Keeping it all straight
1972 Amendment
Tracking the Amendments
bull Perplexing at Timesbull Drafterrsquos ChoicendashAmend United States CodendashAmend prior enactment (session law)
bull Law Revision Counsel of the US House of Representativesbull Terms of Artbull Expertise
Comparative Codificationbull Session Laws
ndash Statutes at Largendash Enactmentsndash House Billsndash Senate Bills
bull Codificationndash United States Code (Statutes)ndash Code of Federal Regulations (Regulations)
ndash Minnesota Statutes (Statutes)ndash Minnesota Rules (Regulations)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
InformalRule-Making
Federal Register amp CFR
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Historical Administrative Research
CFR as it changed year to year
Federal Register Library
Find by Date
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Informal Rule-making ProcessbullAdvanced Notice of Proposed Rule-Making bullProposed RulebullComment PeriodbullFinal RulebullVariations on a theme
httpbitlyqMYiM
GSA Regulatory Help ReginfoGov
WatershedsWatershed The area of land from which rainfall (andor snow melt) drains into a single point Watersheds are also sometimes referred to as drainage basins or drainage areas - North Carolina State University Soil Management Glossary httpbitlyTlNHK
Watershed Centralbull EPA - Agency Websitersquos Educational Features
The Twin Cities Watershed
Modernity
Modern Problems Modern Solutions
bull Clean Water Act is Congressrsquo aptly-named water pollution control measurebull Clean Water Act of 1977 aka CWAndashPublic Law 95-217 ndashCodified at 33 USC 1251 et seq
bull CWA amended and strengthened the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Public Law 80-845 62 Stat1155 (1948)
Citation Review
bull Public Law (Pub Law or Pub L or PL)bull Statutes At Large (Stat)bull Public Law 80-845 62 Stat1155 (1948)bull Public Law 80-845 was 845th law adopted
by 80th Congressbull It is published in the Statutes at Large in
Volume 62 on Page 1155bull Public Law 80-845 became law in 1948bull Remember that Congresses span two
calendar years
Long Legislative Interest
bull The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 30 Stat 1151 bullPublic Health Service Act of
1912 37 Stat 309 bullOil Pollution Act of 1924
43 Stat604
Thinking it Through
Why use Statutes at Large versus public law number
Why use Statutes at Large versus United States Code
Why not use United States Code Annotated
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
Clean Water Act Impetus for Industry
bull US v Republic Steel 362 US 482 (1960)ndash Section 16 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of
1899 aka Refuse ActndashNo refuse discharged into waterwaysndash ldquoSuspended SolidsrdquondashCriminal LiabilityndashBounty to Whistleblowers
ndash Interaction of Courts and Industryndash Judicial Activism
Public Impetus
bull Santa Barbara Offshore Oil Spill ndash 11 days in 1969 killed 1000s of birdsbull Cuyahoga River Conflagrationbull Cleveland Ohio on June 22 1969bull Long History of Firesbull Drains into Lake Eriendash10000 square mile surfacendash119 cubic miles
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
1972 Amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
bull Game Changerbull Modern Schemendash Permitting of Point Sourcesndash Safe Harbor for Industry
bull Federal Waters bull Waters of the United Statesbull Jurisdiction and Enforcement
Federal Pollution Control Act
Reflects Congressional Practice to Amend Previous Enactments Updated Version
httpepwsenategovwaterpdf
Federal Water Pollution Control ActAs Amended Through Public Law 107-303
Amendment versus Revision
1972 blends into 1977
Federal Water Pollution Control Act amended again in 1977 by the ldquoofficialrdquo Clean Water Act PL 95-217
More amendments to comehellip
Memes amp Memory
bull Popular Names bull Populist Names
bull Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA)
bull Clean Water Act
Popular Name
Keeping it all straight
1972 Amendment
Tracking the Amendments
bull Perplexing at Timesbull Drafterrsquos ChoicendashAmend United States CodendashAmend prior enactment (session law)
bull Law Revision Counsel of the US House of Representativesbull Terms of Artbull Expertise
Comparative Codificationbull Session Laws
ndash Statutes at Largendash Enactmentsndash House Billsndash Senate Bills
bull Codificationndash United States Code (Statutes)ndash Code of Federal Regulations (Regulations)
ndash Minnesota Statutes (Statutes)ndash Minnesota Rules (Regulations)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
InformalRule-Making
Federal Register amp CFR
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Historical Administrative Research
CFR as it changed year to year
Federal Register Library
Find by Date
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
httpbitlyqMYiM
GSA Regulatory Help ReginfoGov
WatershedsWatershed The area of land from which rainfall (andor snow melt) drains into a single point Watersheds are also sometimes referred to as drainage basins or drainage areas - North Carolina State University Soil Management Glossary httpbitlyTlNHK
Watershed Centralbull EPA - Agency Websitersquos Educational Features
The Twin Cities Watershed
Modernity
Modern Problems Modern Solutions
bull Clean Water Act is Congressrsquo aptly-named water pollution control measurebull Clean Water Act of 1977 aka CWAndashPublic Law 95-217 ndashCodified at 33 USC 1251 et seq
bull CWA amended and strengthened the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Public Law 80-845 62 Stat1155 (1948)
Citation Review
bull Public Law (Pub Law or Pub L or PL)bull Statutes At Large (Stat)bull Public Law 80-845 62 Stat1155 (1948)bull Public Law 80-845 was 845th law adopted
by 80th Congressbull It is published in the Statutes at Large in
Volume 62 on Page 1155bull Public Law 80-845 became law in 1948bull Remember that Congresses span two
calendar years
Long Legislative Interest
bull The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 30 Stat 1151 bullPublic Health Service Act of
1912 37 Stat 309 bullOil Pollution Act of 1924
43 Stat604
Thinking it Through
Why use Statutes at Large versus public law number
Why use Statutes at Large versus United States Code
Why not use United States Code Annotated
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
Clean Water Act Impetus for Industry
bull US v Republic Steel 362 US 482 (1960)ndash Section 16 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of
1899 aka Refuse ActndashNo refuse discharged into waterwaysndash ldquoSuspended SolidsrdquondashCriminal LiabilityndashBounty to Whistleblowers
ndash Interaction of Courts and Industryndash Judicial Activism
Public Impetus
bull Santa Barbara Offshore Oil Spill ndash 11 days in 1969 killed 1000s of birdsbull Cuyahoga River Conflagrationbull Cleveland Ohio on June 22 1969bull Long History of Firesbull Drains into Lake Eriendash10000 square mile surfacendash119 cubic miles
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
1972 Amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
bull Game Changerbull Modern Schemendash Permitting of Point Sourcesndash Safe Harbor for Industry
bull Federal Waters bull Waters of the United Statesbull Jurisdiction and Enforcement
Federal Pollution Control Act
Reflects Congressional Practice to Amend Previous Enactments Updated Version
httpepwsenategovwaterpdf
Federal Water Pollution Control ActAs Amended Through Public Law 107-303
Amendment versus Revision
1972 blends into 1977
Federal Water Pollution Control Act amended again in 1977 by the ldquoofficialrdquo Clean Water Act PL 95-217
More amendments to comehellip
Memes amp Memory
bull Popular Names bull Populist Names
bull Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA)
bull Clean Water Act
Popular Name
Keeping it all straight
1972 Amendment
Tracking the Amendments
bull Perplexing at Timesbull Drafterrsquos ChoicendashAmend United States CodendashAmend prior enactment (session law)
bull Law Revision Counsel of the US House of Representativesbull Terms of Artbull Expertise
Comparative Codificationbull Session Laws
ndash Statutes at Largendash Enactmentsndash House Billsndash Senate Bills
bull Codificationndash United States Code (Statutes)ndash Code of Federal Regulations (Regulations)
ndash Minnesota Statutes (Statutes)ndash Minnesota Rules (Regulations)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
InformalRule-Making
Federal Register amp CFR
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Historical Administrative Research
CFR as it changed year to year
Federal Register Library
Find by Date
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
GSA Regulatory Help ReginfoGov
WatershedsWatershed The area of land from which rainfall (andor snow melt) drains into a single point Watersheds are also sometimes referred to as drainage basins or drainage areas - North Carolina State University Soil Management Glossary httpbitlyTlNHK
Watershed Centralbull EPA - Agency Websitersquos Educational Features
The Twin Cities Watershed
Modernity
Modern Problems Modern Solutions
bull Clean Water Act is Congressrsquo aptly-named water pollution control measurebull Clean Water Act of 1977 aka CWAndashPublic Law 95-217 ndashCodified at 33 USC 1251 et seq
bull CWA amended and strengthened the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Public Law 80-845 62 Stat1155 (1948)
Citation Review
bull Public Law (Pub Law or Pub L or PL)bull Statutes At Large (Stat)bull Public Law 80-845 62 Stat1155 (1948)bull Public Law 80-845 was 845th law adopted
by 80th Congressbull It is published in the Statutes at Large in
Volume 62 on Page 1155bull Public Law 80-845 became law in 1948bull Remember that Congresses span two
calendar years
Long Legislative Interest
bull The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 30 Stat 1151 bullPublic Health Service Act of
1912 37 Stat 309 bullOil Pollution Act of 1924
43 Stat604
Thinking it Through
Why use Statutes at Large versus public law number
Why use Statutes at Large versus United States Code
Why not use United States Code Annotated
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
Clean Water Act Impetus for Industry
bull US v Republic Steel 362 US 482 (1960)ndash Section 16 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of
1899 aka Refuse ActndashNo refuse discharged into waterwaysndash ldquoSuspended SolidsrdquondashCriminal LiabilityndashBounty to Whistleblowers
ndash Interaction of Courts and Industryndash Judicial Activism
Public Impetus
bull Santa Barbara Offshore Oil Spill ndash 11 days in 1969 killed 1000s of birdsbull Cuyahoga River Conflagrationbull Cleveland Ohio on June 22 1969bull Long History of Firesbull Drains into Lake Eriendash10000 square mile surfacendash119 cubic miles
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
1972 Amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
bull Game Changerbull Modern Schemendash Permitting of Point Sourcesndash Safe Harbor for Industry
bull Federal Waters bull Waters of the United Statesbull Jurisdiction and Enforcement
Federal Pollution Control Act
Reflects Congressional Practice to Amend Previous Enactments Updated Version
httpepwsenategovwaterpdf
Federal Water Pollution Control ActAs Amended Through Public Law 107-303
Amendment versus Revision
1972 blends into 1977
Federal Water Pollution Control Act amended again in 1977 by the ldquoofficialrdquo Clean Water Act PL 95-217
More amendments to comehellip
Memes amp Memory
bull Popular Names bull Populist Names
bull Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA)
bull Clean Water Act
Popular Name
Keeping it all straight
1972 Amendment
Tracking the Amendments
bull Perplexing at Timesbull Drafterrsquos ChoicendashAmend United States CodendashAmend prior enactment (session law)
bull Law Revision Counsel of the US House of Representativesbull Terms of Artbull Expertise
Comparative Codificationbull Session Laws
ndash Statutes at Largendash Enactmentsndash House Billsndash Senate Bills
bull Codificationndash United States Code (Statutes)ndash Code of Federal Regulations (Regulations)
ndash Minnesota Statutes (Statutes)ndash Minnesota Rules (Regulations)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
InformalRule-Making
Federal Register amp CFR
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Historical Administrative Research
CFR as it changed year to year
Federal Register Library
Find by Date
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
WatershedsWatershed The area of land from which rainfall (andor snow melt) drains into a single point Watersheds are also sometimes referred to as drainage basins or drainage areas - North Carolina State University Soil Management Glossary httpbitlyTlNHK
Watershed Centralbull EPA - Agency Websitersquos Educational Features
The Twin Cities Watershed
Modernity
Modern Problems Modern Solutions
bull Clean Water Act is Congressrsquo aptly-named water pollution control measurebull Clean Water Act of 1977 aka CWAndashPublic Law 95-217 ndashCodified at 33 USC 1251 et seq
bull CWA amended and strengthened the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Public Law 80-845 62 Stat1155 (1948)
Citation Review
bull Public Law (Pub Law or Pub L or PL)bull Statutes At Large (Stat)bull Public Law 80-845 62 Stat1155 (1948)bull Public Law 80-845 was 845th law adopted
by 80th Congressbull It is published in the Statutes at Large in
Volume 62 on Page 1155bull Public Law 80-845 became law in 1948bull Remember that Congresses span two
calendar years
Long Legislative Interest
bull The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 30 Stat 1151 bullPublic Health Service Act of
1912 37 Stat 309 bullOil Pollution Act of 1924
43 Stat604
Thinking it Through
Why use Statutes at Large versus public law number
Why use Statutes at Large versus United States Code
Why not use United States Code Annotated
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
Clean Water Act Impetus for Industry
bull US v Republic Steel 362 US 482 (1960)ndash Section 16 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of
1899 aka Refuse ActndashNo refuse discharged into waterwaysndash ldquoSuspended SolidsrdquondashCriminal LiabilityndashBounty to Whistleblowers
ndash Interaction of Courts and Industryndash Judicial Activism
Public Impetus
bull Santa Barbara Offshore Oil Spill ndash 11 days in 1969 killed 1000s of birdsbull Cuyahoga River Conflagrationbull Cleveland Ohio on June 22 1969bull Long History of Firesbull Drains into Lake Eriendash10000 square mile surfacendash119 cubic miles
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
1972 Amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
bull Game Changerbull Modern Schemendash Permitting of Point Sourcesndash Safe Harbor for Industry
bull Federal Waters bull Waters of the United Statesbull Jurisdiction and Enforcement
Federal Pollution Control Act
Reflects Congressional Practice to Amend Previous Enactments Updated Version
httpepwsenategovwaterpdf
Federal Water Pollution Control ActAs Amended Through Public Law 107-303
Amendment versus Revision
1972 blends into 1977
Federal Water Pollution Control Act amended again in 1977 by the ldquoofficialrdquo Clean Water Act PL 95-217
More amendments to comehellip
Memes amp Memory
bull Popular Names bull Populist Names
bull Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA)
bull Clean Water Act
Popular Name
Keeping it all straight
1972 Amendment
Tracking the Amendments
bull Perplexing at Timesbull Drafterrsquos ChoicendashAmend United States CodendashAmend prior enactment (session law)
bull Law Revision Counsel of the US House of Representativesbull Terms of Artbull Expertise
Comparative Codificationbull Session Laws
ndash Statutes at Largendash Enactmentsndash House Billsndash Senate Bills
bull Codificationndash United States Code (Statutes)ndash Code of Federal Regulations (Regulations)
ndash Minnesota Statutes (Statutes)ndash Minnesota Rules (Regulations)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
InformalRule-Making
Federal Register amp CFR
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Historical Administrative Research
CFR as it changed year to year
Federal Register Library
Find by Date
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Watershed Centralbull EPA - Agency Websitersquos Educational Features
The Twin Cities Watershed
Modernity
Modern Problems Modern Solutions
bull Clean Water Act is Congressrsquo aptly-named water pollution control measurebull Clean Water Act of 1977 aka CWAndashPublic Law 95-217 ndashCodified at 33 USC 1251 et seq
bull CWA amended and strengthened the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Public Law 80-845 62 Stat1155 (1948)
Citation Review
bull Public Law (Pub Law or Pub L or PL)bull Statutes At Large (Stat)bull Public Law 80-845 62 Stat1155 (1948)bull Public Law 80-845 was 845th law adopted
by 80th Congressbull It is published in the Statutes at Large in
Volume 62 on Page 1155bull Public Law 80-845 became law in 1948bull Remember that Congresses span two
calendar years
Long Legislative Interest
bull The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 30 Stat 1151 bullPublic Health Service Act of
1912 37 Stat 309 bullOil Pollution Act of 1924
43 Stat604
Thinking it Through
Why use Statutes at Large versus public law number
Why use Statutes at Large versus United States Code
Why not use United States Code Annotated
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
Clean Water Act Impetus for Industry
bull US v Republic Steel 362 US 482 (1960)ndash Section 16 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of
1899 aka Refuse ActndashNo refuse discharged into waterwaysndash ldquoSuspended SolidsrdquondashCriminal LiabilityndashBounty to Whistleblowers
ndash Interaction of Courts and Industryndash Judicial Activism
Public Impetus
bull Santa Barbara Offshore Oil Spill ndash 11 days in 1969 killed 1000s of birdsbull Cuyahoga River Conflagrationbull Cleveland Ohio on June 22 1969bull Long History of Firesbull Drains into Lake Eriendash10000 square mile surfacendash119 cubic miles
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
1972 Amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
bull Game Changerbull Modern Schemendash Permitting of Point Sourcesndash Safe Harbor for Industry
bull Federal Waters bull Waters of the United Statesbull Jurisdiction and Enforcement
Federal Pollution Control Act
Reflects Congressional Practice to Amend Previous Enactments Updated Version
httpepwsenategovwaterpdf
Federal Water Pollution Control ActAs Amended Through Public Law 107-303
Amendment versus Revision
1972 blends into 1977
Federal Water Pollution Control Act amended again in 1977 by the ldquoofficialrdquo Clean Water Act PL 95-217
More amendments to comehellip
Memes amp Memory
bull Popular Names bull Populist Names
bull Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA)
bull Clean Water Act
Popular Name
Keeping it all straight
1972 Amendment
Tracking the Amendments
bull Perplexing at Timesbull Drafterrsquos ChoicendashAmend United States CodendashAmend prior enactment (session law)
bull Law Revision Counsel of the US House of Representativesbull Terms of Artbull Expertise
Comparative Codificationbull Session Laws
ndash Statutes at Largendash Enactmentsndash House Billsndash Senate Bills
bull Codificationndash United States Code (Statutes)ndash Code of Federal Regulations (Regulations)
ndash Minnesota Statutes (Statutes)ndash Minnesota Rules (Regulations)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
InformalRule-Making
Federal Register amp CFR
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Historical Administrative Research
CFR as it changed year to year
Federal Register Library
Find by Date
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
The Twin Cities Watershed
Modernity
Modern Problems Modern Solutions
bull Clean Water Act is Congressrsquo aptly-named water pollution control measurebull Clean Water Act of 1977 aka CWAndashPublic Law 95-217 ndashCodified at 33 USC 1251 et seq
bull CWA amended and strengthened the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Public Law 80-845 62 Stat1155 (1948)
Citation Review
bull Public Law (Pub Law or Pub L or PL)bull Statutes At Large (Stat)bull Public Law 80-845 62 Stat1155 (1948)bull Public Law 80-845 was 845th law adopted
by 80th Congressbull It is published in the Statutes at Large in
Volume 62 on Page 1155bull Public Law 80-845 became law in 1948bull Remember that Congresses span two
calendar years
Long Legislative Interest
bull The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 30 Stat 1151 bullPublic Health Service Act of
1912 37 Stat 309 bullOil Pollution Act of 1924
43 Stat604
Thinking it Through
Why use Statutes at Large versus public law number
Why use Statutes at Large versus United States Code
Why not use United States Code Annotated
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
Clean Water Act Impetus for Industry
bull US v Republic Steel 362 US 482 (1960)ndash Section 16 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of
1899 aka Refuse ActndashNo refuse discharged into waterwaysndash ldquoSuspended SolidsrdquondashCriminal LiabilityndashBounty to Whistleblowers
ndash Interaction of Courts and Industryndash Judicial Activism
Public Impetus
bull Santa Barbara Offshore Oil Spill ndash 11 days in 1969 killed 1000s of birdsbull Cuyahoga River Conflagrationbull Cleveland Ohio on June 22 1969bull Long History of Firesbull Drains into Lake Eriendash10000 square mile surfacendash119 cubic miles
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
1972 Amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
bull Game Changerbull Modern Schemendash Permitting of Point Sourcesndash Safe Harbor for Industry
bull Federal Waters bull Waters of the United Statesbull Jurisdiction and Enforcement
Federal Pollution Control Act
Reflects Congressional Practice to Amend Previous Enactments Updated Version
httpepwsenategovwaterpdf
Federal Water Pollution Control ActAs Amended Through Public Law 107-303
Amendment versus Revision
1972 blends into 1977
Federal Water Pollution Control Act amended again in 1977 by the ldquoofficialrdquo Clean Water Act PL 95-217
More amendments to comehellip
Memes amp Memory
bull Popular Names bull Populist Names
bull Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA)
bull Clean Water Act
Popular Name
Keeping it all straight
1972 Amendment
Tracking the Amendments
bull Perplexing at Timesbull Drafterrsquos ChoicendashAmend United States CodendashAmend prior enactment (session law)
bull Law Revision Counsel of the US House of Representativesbull Terms of Artbull Expertise
Comparative Codificationbull Session Laws
ndash Statutes at Largendash Enactmentsndash House Billsndash Senate Bills
bull Codificationndash United States Code (Statutes)ndash Code of Federal Regulations (Regulations)
ndash Minnesota Statutes (Statutes)ndash Minnesota Rules (Regulations)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
InformalRule-Making
Federal Register amp CFR
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Historical Administrative Research
CFR as it changed year to year
Federal Register Library
Find by Date
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Modernity
Modern Problems Modern Solutions
bull Clean Water Act is Congressrsquo aptly-named water pollution control measurebull Clean Water Act of 1977 aka CWAndashPublic Law 95-217 ndashCodified at 33 USC 1251 et seq
bull CWA amended and strengthened the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Public Law 80-845 62 Stat1155 (1948)
Citation Review
bull Public Law (Pub Law or Pub L or PL)bull Statutes At Large (Stat)bull Public Law 80-845 62 Stat1155 (1948)bull Public Law 80-845 was 845th law adopted
by 80th Congressbull It is published in the Statutes at Large in
Volume 62 on Page 1155bull Public Law 80-845 became law in 1948bull Remember that Congresses span two
calendar years
Long Legislative Interest
bull The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 30 Stat 1151 bullPublic Health Service Act of
1912 37 Stat 309 bullOil Pollution Act of 1924
43 Stat604
Thinking it Through
Why use Statutes at Large versus public law number
Why use Statutes at Large versus United States Code
Why not use United States Code Annotated
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
Clean Water Act Impetus for Industry
bull US v Republic Steel 362 US 482 (1960)ndash Section 16 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of
1899 aka Refuse ActndashNo refuse discharged into waterwaysndash ldquoSuspended SolidsrdquondashCriminal LiabilityndashBounty to Whistleblowers
ndash Interaction of Courts and Industryndash Judicial Activism
Public Impetus
bull Santa Barbara Offshore Oil Spill ndash 11 days in 1969 killed 1000s of birdsbull Cuyahoga River Conflagrationbull Cleveland Ohio on June 22 1969bull Long History of Firesbull Drains into Lake Eriendash10000 square mile surfacendash119 cubic miles
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
1972 Amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
bull Game Changerbull Modern Schemendash Permitting of Point Sourcesndash Safe Harbor for Industry
bull Federal Waters bull Waters of the United Statesbull Jurisdiction and Enforcement
Federal Pollution Control Act
Reflects Congressional Practice to Amend Previous Enactments Updated Version
httpepwsenategovwaterpdf
Federal Water Pollution Control ActAs Amended Through Public Law 107-303
Amendment versus Revision
1972 blends into 1977
Federal Water Pollution Control Act amended again in 1977 by the ldquoofficialrdquo Clean Water Act PL 95-217
More amendments to comehellip
Memes amp Memory
bull Popular Names bull Populist Names
bull Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA)
bull Clean Water Act
Popular Name
Keeping it all straight
1972 Amendment
Tracking the Amendments
bull Perplexing at Timesbull Drafterrsquos ChoicendashAmend United States CodendashAmend prior enactment (session law)
bull Law Revision Counsel of the US House of Representativesbull Terms of Artbull Expertise
Comparative Codificationbull Session Laws
ndash Statutes at Largendash Enactmentsndash House Billsndash Senate Bills
bull Codificationndash United States Code (Statutes)ndash Code of Federal Regulations (Regulations)
ndash Minnesota Statutes (Statutes)ndash Minnesota Rules (Regulations)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
InformalRule-Making
Federal Register amp CFR
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Historical Administrative Research
CFR as it changed year to year
Federal Register Library
Find by Date
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Modern Problems Modern Solutions
bull Clean Water Act is Congressrsquo aptly-named water pollution control measurebull Clean Water Act of 1977 aka CWAndashPublic Law 95-217 ndashCodified at 33 USC 1251 et seq
bull CWA amended and strengthened the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Public Law 80-845 62 Stat1155 (1948)
Citation Review
bull Public Law (Pub Law or Pub L or PL)bull Statutes At Large (Stat)bull Public Law 80-845 62 Stat1155 (1948)bull Public Law 80-845 was 845th law adopted
by 80th Congressbull It is published in the Statutes at Large in
Volume 62 on Page 1155bull Public Law 80-845 became law in 1948bull Remember that Congresses span two
calendar years
Long Legislative Interest
bull The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 30 Stat 1151 bullPublic Health Service Act of
1912 37 Stat 309 bullOil Pollution Act of 1924
43 Stat604
Thinking it Through
Why use Statutes at Large versus public law number
Why use Statutes at Large versus United States Code
Why not use United States Code Annotated
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
Clean Water Act Impetus for Industry
bull US v Republic Steel 362 US 482 (1960)ndash Section 16 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of
1899 aka Refuse ActndashNo refuse discharged into waterwaysndash ldquoSuspended SolidsrdquondashCriminal LiabilityndashBounty to Whistleblowers
ndash Interaction of Courts and Industryndash Judicial Activism
Public Impetus
bull Santa Barbara Offshore Oil Spill ndash 11 days in 1969 killed 1000s of birdsbull Cuyahoga River Conflagrationbull Cleveland Ohio on June 22 1969bull Long History of Firesbull Drains into Lake Eriendash10000 square mile surfacendash119 cubic miles
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
1972 Amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
bull Game Changerbull Modern Schemendash Permitting of Point Sourcesndash Safe Harbor for Industry
bull Federal Waters bull Waters of the United Statesbull Jurisdiction and Enforcement
Federal Pollution Control Act
Reflects Congressional Practice to Amend Previous Enactments Updated Version
httpepwsenategovwaterpdf
Federal Water Pollution Control ActAs Amended Through Public Law 107-303
Amendment versus Revision
1972 blends into 1977
Federal Water Pollution Control Act amended again in 1977 by the ldquoofficialrdquo Clean Water Act PL 95-217
More amendments to comehellip
Memes amp Memory
bull Popular Names bull Populist Names
bull Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA)
bull Clean Water Act
Popular Name
Keeping it all straight
1972 Amendment
Tracking the Amendments
bull Perplexing at Timesbull Drafterrsquos ChoicendashAmend United States CodendashAmend prior enactment (session law)
bull Law Revision Counsel of the US House of Representativesbull Terms of Artbull Expertise
Comparative Codificationbull Session Laws
ndash Statutes at Largendash Enactmentsndash House Billsndash Senate Bills
bull Codificationndash United States Code (Statutes)ndash Code of Federal Regulations (Regulations)
ndash Minnesota Statutes (Statutes)ndash Minnesota Rules (Regulations)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
InformalRule-Making
Federal Register amp CFR
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Historical Administrative Research
CFR as it changed year to year
Federal Register Library
Find by Date
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Citation Review
bull Public Law (Pub Law or Pub L or PL)bull Statutes At Large (Stat)bull Public Law 80-845 62 Stat1155 (1948)bull Public Law 80-845 was 845th law adopted
by 80th Congressbull It is published in the Statutes at Large in
Volume 62 on Page 1155bull Public Law 80-845 became law in 1948bull Remember that Congresses span two
calendar years
Long Legislative Interest
bull The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 30 Stat 1151 bullPublic Health Service Act of
1912 37 Stat 309 bullOil Pollution Act of 1924
43 Stat604
Thinking it Through
Why use Statutes at Large versus public law number
Why use Statutes at Large versus United States Code
Why not use United States Code Annotated
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
Clean Water Act Impetus for Industry
bull US v Republic Steel 362 US 482 (1960)ndash Section 16 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of
1899 aka Refuse ActndashNo refuse discharged into waterwaysndash ldquoSuspended SolidsrdquondashCriminal LiabilityndashBounty to Whistleblowers
ndash Interaction of Courts and Industryndash Judicial Activism
Public Impetus
bull Santa Barbara Offshore Oil Spill ndash 11 days in 1969 killed 1000s of birdsbull Cuyahoga River Conflagrationbull Cleveland Ohio on June 22 1969bull Long History of Firesbull Drains into Lake Eriendash10000 square mile surfacendash119 cubic miles
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
1972 Amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
bull Game Changerbull Modern Schemendash Permitting of Point Sourcesndash Safe Harbor for Industry
bull Federal Waters bull Waters of the United Statesbull Jurisdiction and Enforcement
Federal Pollution Control Act
Reflects Congressional Practice to Amend Previous Enactments Updated Version
httpepwsenategovwaterpdf
Federal Water Pollution Control ActAs Amended Through Public Law 107-303
Amendment versus Revision
1972 blends into 1977
Federal Water Pollution Control Act amended again in 1977 by the ldquoofficialrdquo Clean Water Act PL 95-217
More amendments to comehellip
Memes amp Memory
bull Popular Names bull Populist Names
bull Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA)
bull Clean Water Act
Popular Name
Keeping it all straight
1972 Amendment
Tracking the Amendments
bull Perplexing at Timesbull Drafterrsquos ChoicendashAmend United States CodendashAmend prior enactment (session law)
bull Law Revision Counsel of the US House of Representativesbull Terms of Artbull Expertise
Comparative Codificationbull Session Laws
ndash Statutes at Largendash Enactmentsndash House Billsndash Senate Bills
bull Codificationndash United States Code (Statutes)ndash Code of Federal Regulations (Regulations)
ndash Minnesota Statutes (Statutes)ndash Minnesota Rules (Regulations)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
InformalRule-Making
Federal Register amp CFR
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Historical Administrative Research
CFR as it changed year to year
Federal Register Library
Find by Date
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Long Legislative Interest
bull The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 30 Stat 1151 bullPublic Health Service Act of
1912 37 Stat 309 bullOil Pollution Act of 1924
43 Stat604
Thinking it Through
Why use Statutes at Large versus public law number
Why use Statutes at Large versus United States Code
Why not use United States Code Annotated
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
Clean Water Act Impetus for Industry
bull US v Republic Steel 362 US 482 (1960)ndash Section 16 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of
1899 aka Refuse ActndashNo refuse discharged into waterwaysndash ldquoSuspended SolidsrdquondashCriminal LiabilityndashBounty to Whistleblowers
ndash Interaction of Courts and Industryndash Judicial Activism
Public Impetus
bull Santa Barbara Offshore Oil Spill ndash 11 days in 1969 killed 1000s of birdsbull Cuyahoga River Conflagrationbull Cleveland Ohio on June 22 1969bull Long History of Firesbull Drains into Lake Eriendash10000 square mile surfacendash119 cubic miles
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
1972 Amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
bull Game Changerbull Modern Schemendash Permitting of Point Sourcesndash Safe Harbor for Industry
bull Federal Waters bull Waters of the United Statesbull Jurisdiction and Enforcement
Federal Pollution Control Act
Reflects Congressional Practice to Amend Previous Enactments Updated Version
httpepwsenategovwaterpdf
Federal Water Pollution Control ActAs Amended Through Public Law 107-303
Amendment versus Revision
1972 blends into 1977
Federal Water Pollution Control Act amended again in 1977 by the ldquoofficialrdquo Clean Water Act PL 95-217
More amendments to comehellip
Memes amp Memory
bull Popular Names bull Populist Names
bull Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA)
bull Clean Water Act
Popular Name
Keeping it all straight
1972 Amendment
Tracking the Amendments
bull Perplexing at Timesbull Drafterrsquos ChoicendashAmend United States CodendashAmend prior enactment (session law)
bull Law Revision Counsel of the US House of Representativesbull Terms of Artbull Expertise
Comparative Codificationbull Session Laws
ndash Statutes at Largendash Enactmentsndash House Billsndash Senate Bills
bull Codificationndash United States Code (Statutes)ndash Code of Federal Regulations (Regulations)
ndash Minnesota Statutes (Statutes)ndash Minnesota Rules (Regulations)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
InformalRule-Making
Federal Register amp CFR
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Historical Administrative Research
CFR as it changed year to year
Federal Register Library
Find by Date
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Thinking it Through
Why use Statutes at Large versus public law number
Why use Statutes at Large versus United States Code
Why not use United States Code Annotated
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
Clean Water Act Impetus for Industry
bull US v Republic Steel 362 US 482 (1960)ndash Section 16 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of
1899 aka Refuse ActndashNo refuse discharged into waterwaysndash ldquoSuspended SolidsrdquondashCriminal LiabilityndashBounty to Whistleblowers
ndash Interaction of Courts and Industryndash Judicial Activism
Public Impetus
bull Santa Barbara Offshore Oil Spill ndash 11 days in 1969 killed 1000s of birdsbull Cuyahoga River Conflagrationbull Cleveland Ohio on June 22 1969bull Long History of Firesbull Drains into Lake Eriendash10000 square mile surfacendash119 cubic miles
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
1972 Amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
bull Game Changerbull Modern Schemendash Permitting of Point Sourcesndash Safe Harbor for Industry
bull Federal Waters bull Waters of the United Statesbull Jurisdiction and Enforcement
Federal Pollution Control Act
Reflects Congressional Practice to Amend Previous Enactments Updated Version
httpepwsenategovwaterpdf
Federal Water Pollution Control ActAs Amended Through Public Law 107-303
Amendment versus Revision
1972 blends into 1977
Federal Water Pollution Control Act amended again in 1977 by the ldquoofficialrdquo Clean Water Act PL 95-217
More amendments to comehellip
Memes amp Memory
bull Popular Names bull Populist Names
bull Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA)
bull Clean Water Act
Popular Name
Keeping it all straight
1972 Amendment
Tracking the Amendments
bull Perplexing at Timesbull Drafterrsquos ChoicendashAmend United States CodendashAmend prior enactment (session law)
bull Law Revision Counsel of the US House of Representativesbull Terms of Artbull Expertise
Comparative Codificationbull Session Laws
ndash Statutes at Largendash Enactmentsndash House Billsndash Senate Bills
bull Codificationndash United States Code (Statutes)ndash Code of Federal Regulations (Regulations)
ndash Minnesota Statutes (Statutes)ndash Minnesota Rules (Regulations)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
InformalRule-Making
Federal Register amp CFR
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Historical Administrative Research
CFR as it changed year to year
Federal Register Library
Find by Date
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
Clean Water Act Impetus for Industry
bull US v Republic Steel 362 US 482 (1960)ndash Section 16 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of
1899 aka Refuse ActndashNo refuse discharged into waterwaysndash ldquoSuspended SolidsrdquondashCriminal LiabilityndashBounty to Whistleblowers
ndash Interaction of Courts and Industryndash Judicial Activism
Public Impetus
bull Santa Barbara Offshore Oil Spill ndash 11 days in 1969 killed 1000s of birdsbull Cuyahoga River Conflagrationbull Cleveland Ohio on June 22 1969bull Long History of Firesbull Drains into Lake Eriendash10000 square mile surfacendash119 cubic miles
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
1972 Amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
bull Game Changerbull Modern Schemendash Permitting of Point Sourcesndash Safe Harbor for Industry
bull Federal Waters bull Waters of the United Statesbull Jurisdiction and Enforcement
Federal Pollution Control Act
Reflects Congressional Practice to Amend Previous Enactments Updated Version
httpepwsenategovwaterpdf
Federal Water Pollution Control ActAs Amended Through Public Law 107-303
Amendment versus Revision
1972 blends into 1977
Federal Water Pollution Control Act amended again in 1977 by the ldquoofficialrdquo Clean Water Act PL 95-217
More amendments to comehellip
Memes amp Memory
bull Popular Names bull Populist Names
bull Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA)
bull Clean Water Act
Popular Name
Keeping it all straight
1972 Amendment
Tracking the Amendments
bull Perplexing at Timesbull Drafterrsquos ChoicendashAmend United States CodendashAmend prior enactment (session law)
bull Law Revision Counsel of the US House of Representativesbull Terms of Artbull Expertise
Comparative Codificationbull Session Laws
ndash Statutes at Largendash Enactmentsndash House Billsndash Senate Bills
bull Codificationndash United States Code (Statutes)ndash Code of Federal Regulations (Regulations)
ndash Minnesota Statutes (Statutes)ndash Minnesota Rules (Regulations)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
InformalRule-Making
Federal Register amp CFR
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Historical Administrative Research
CFR as it changed year to year
Federal Register Library
Find by Date
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Clean Water Act Impetus for Industry
bull US v Republic Steel 362 US 482 (1960)ndash Section 16 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of
1899 aka Refuse ActndashNo refuse discharged into waterwaysndash ldquoSuspended SolidsrdquondashCriminal LiabilityndashBounty to Whistleblowers
ndash Interaction of Courts and Industryndash Judicial Activism
Public Impetus
bull Santa Barbara Offshore Oil Spill ndash 11 days in 1969 killed 1000s of birdsbull Cuyahoga River Conflagrationbull Cleveland Ohio on June 22 1969bull Long History of Firesbull Drains into Lake Eriendash10000 square mile surfacendash119 cubic miles
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
1972 Amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
bull Game Changerbull Modern Schemendash Permitting of Point Sourcesndash Safe Harbor for Industry
bull Federal Waters bull Waters of the United Statesbull Jurisdiction and Enforcement
Federal Pollution Control Act
Reflects Congressional Practice to Amend Previous Enactments Updated Version
httpepwsenategovwaterpdf
Federal Water Pollution Control ActAs Amended Through Public Law 107-303
Amendment versus Revision
1972 blends into 1977
Federal Water Pollution Control Act amended again in 1977 by the ldquoofficialrdquo Clean Water Act PL 95-217
More amendments to comehellip
Memes amp Memory
bull Popular Names bull Populist Names
bull Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA)
bull Clean Water Act
Popular Name
Keeping it all straight
1972 Amendment
Tracking the Amendments
bull Perplexing at Timesbull Drafterrsquos ChoicendashAmend United States CodendashAmend prior enactment (session law)
bull Law Revision Counsel of the US House of Representativesbull Terms of Artbull Expertise
Comparative Codificationbull Session Laws
ndash Statutes at Largendash Enactmentsndash House Billsndash Senate Bills
bull Codificationndash United States Code (Statutes)ndash Code of Federal Regulations (Regulations)
ndash Minnesota Statutes (Statutes)ndash Minnesota Rules (Regulations)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
InformalRule-Making
Federal Register amp CFR
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Historical Administrative Research
CFR as it changed year to year
Federal Register Library
Find by Date
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Public Impetus
bull Santa Barbara Offshore Oil Spill ndash 11 days in 1969 killed 1000s of birdsbull Cuyahoga River Conflagrationbull Cleveland Ohio on June 22 1969bull Long History of Firesbull Drains into Lake Eriendash10000 square mile surfacendash119 cubic miles
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
1972 Amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
bull Game Changerbull Modern Schemendash Permitting of Point Sourcesndash Safe Harbor for Industry
bull Federal Waters bull Waters of the United Statesbull Jurisdiction and Enforcement
Federal Pollution Control Act
Reflects Congressional Practice to Amend Previous Enactments Updated Version
httpepwsenategovwaterpdf
Federal Water Pollution Control ActAs Amended Through Public Law 107-303
Amendment versus Revision
1972 blends into 1977
Federal Water Pollution Control Act amended again in 1977 by the ldquoofficialrdquo Clean Water Act PL 95-217
More amendments to comehellip
Memes amp Memory
bull Popular Names bull Populist Names
bull Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA)
bull Clean Water Act
Popular Name
Keeping it all straight
1972 Amendment
Tracking the Amendments
bull Perplexing at Timesbull Drafterrsquos ChoicendashAmend United States CodendashAmend prior enactment (session law)
bull Law Revision Counsel of the US House of Representativesbull Terms of Artbull Expertise
Comparative Codificationbull Session Laws
ndash Statutes at Largendash Enactmentsndash House Billsndash Senate Bills
bull Codificationndash United States Code (Statutes)ndash Code of Federal Regulations (Regulations)
ndash Minnesota Statutes (Statutes)ndash Minnesota Rules (Regulations)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
InformalRule-Making
Federal Register amp CFR
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Historical Administrative Research
CFR as it changed year to year
Federal Register Library
Find by Date
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Construction of the Law
1972 Amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
bull Game Changerbull Modern Schemendash Permitting of Point Sourcesndash Safe Harbor for Industry
bull Federal Waters bull Waters of the United Statesbull Jurisdiction and Enforcement
Federal Pollution Control Act
Reflects Congressional Practice to Amend Previous Enactments Updated Version
httpepwsenategovwaterpdf
Federal Water Pollution Control ActAs Amended Through Public Law 107-303
Amendment versus Revision
1972 blends into 1977
Federal Water Pollution Control Act amended again in 1977 by the ldquoofficialrdquo Clean Water Act PL 95-217
More amendments to comehellip
Memes amp Memory
bull Popular Names bull Populist Names
bull Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA)
bull Clean Water Act
Popular Name
Keeping it all straight
1972 Amendment
Tracking the Amendments
bull Perplexing at Timesbull Drafterrsquos ChoicendashAmend United States CodendashAmend prior enactment (session law)
bull Law Revision Counsel of the US House of Representativesbull Terms of Artbull Expertise
Comparative Codificationbull Session Laws
ndash Statutes at Largendash Enactmentsndash House Billsndash Senate Bills
bull Codificationndash United States Code (Statutes)ndash Code of Federal Regulations (Regulations)
ndash Minnesota Statutes (Statutes)ndash Minnesota Rules (Regulations)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
InformalRule-Making
Federal Register amp CFR
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Historical Administrative Research
CFR as it changed year to year
Federal Register Library
Find by Date
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
1972 Amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
bull Game Changerbull Modern Schemendash Permitting of Point Sourcesndash Safe Harbor for Industry
bull Federal Waters bull Waters of the United Statesbull Jurisdiction and Enforcement
Federal Pollution Control Act
Reflects Congressional Practice to Amend Previous Enactments Updated Version
httpepwsenategovwaterpdf
Federal Water Pollution Control ActAs Amended Through Public Law 107-303
Amendment versus Revision
1972 blends into 1977
Federal Water Pollution Control Act amended again in 1977 by the ldquoofficialrdquo Clean Water Act PL 95-217
More amendments to comehellip
Memes amp Memory
bull Popular Names bull Populist Names
bull Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA)
bull Clean Water Act
Popular Name
Keeping it all straight
1972 Amendment
Tracking the Amendments
bull Perplexing at Timesbull Drafterrsquos ChoicendashAmend United States CodendashAmend prior enactment (session law)
bull Law Revision Counsel of the US House of Representativesbull Terms of Artbull Expertise
Comparative Codificationbull Session Laws
ndash Statutes at Largendash Enactmentsndash House Billsndash Senate Bills
bull Codificationndash United States Code (Statutes)ndash Code of Federal Regulations (Regulations)
ndash Minnesota Statutes (Statutes)ndash Minnesota Rules (Regulations)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
InformalRule-Making
Federal Register amp CFR
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Historical Administrative Research
CFR as it changed year to year
Federal Register Library
Find by Date
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Federal Pollution Control Act
Reflects Congressional Practice to Amend Previous Enactments Updated Version
httpepwsenategovwaterpdf
Federal Water Pollution Control ActAs Amended Through Public Law 107-303
Amendment versus Revision
1972 blends into 1977
Federal Water Pollution Control Act amended again in 1977 by the ldquoofficialrdquo Clean Water Act PL 95-217
More amendments to comehellip
Memes amp Memory
bull Popular Names bull Populist Names
bull Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA)
bull Clean Water Act
Popular Name
Keeping it all straight
1972 Amendment
Tracking the Amendments
bull Perplexing at Timesbull Drafterrsquos ChoicendashAmend United States CodendashAmend prior enactment (session law)
bull Law Revision Counsel of the US House of Representativesbull Terms of Artbull Expertise
Comparative Codificationbull Session Laws
ndash Statutes at Largendash Enactmentsndash House Billsndash Senate Bills
bull Codificationndash United States Code (Statutes)ndash Code of Federal Regulations (Regulations)
ndash Minnesota Statutes (Statutes)ndash Minnesota Rules (Regulations)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
InformalRule-Making
Federal Register amp CFR
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Historical Administrative Research
CFR as it changed year to year
Federal Register Library
Find by Date
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
1972 blends into 1977
Federal Water Pollution Control Act amended again in 1977 by the ldquoofficialrdquo Clean Water Act PL 95-217
More amendments to comehellip
Memes amp Memory
bull Popular Names bull Populist Names
bull Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA)
bull Clean Water Act
Popular Name
Keeping it all straight
1972 Amendment
Tracking the Amendments
bull Perplexing at Timesbull Drafterrsquos ChoicendashAmend United States CodendashAmend prior enactment (session law)
bull Law Revision Counsel of the US House of Representativesbull Terms of Artbull Expertise
Comparative Codificationbull Session Laws
ndash Statutes at Largendash Enactmentsndash House Billsndash Senate Bills
bull Codificationndash United States Code (Statutes)ndash Code of Federal Regulations (Regulations)
ndash Minnesota Statutes (Statutes)ndash Minnesota Rules (Regulations)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
InformalRule-Making
Federal Register amp CFR
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Historical Administrative Research
CFR as it changed year to year
Federal Register Library
Find by Date
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Memes amp Memory
bull Popular Names bull Populist Names
bull Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA)
bull Clean Water Act
Popular Name
Keeping it all straight
1972 Amendment
Tracking the Amendments
bull Perplexing at Timesbull Drafterrsquos ChoicendashAmend United States CodendashAmend prior enactment (session law)
bull Law Revision Counsel of the US House of Representativesbull Terms of Artbull Expertise
Comparative Codificationbull Session Laws
ndash Statutes at Largendash Enactmentsndash House Billsndash Senate Bills
bull Codificationndash United States Code (Statutes)ndash Code of Federal Regulations (Regulations)
ndash Minnesota Statutes (Statutes)ndash Minnesota Rules (Regulations)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
InformalRule-Making
Federal Register amp CFR
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Historical Administrative Research
CFR as it changed year to year
Federal Register Library
Find by Date
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Popular Name
Keeping it all straight
1972 Amendment
Tracking the Amendments
bull Perplexing at Timesbull Drafterrsquos ChoicendashAmend United States CodendashAmend prior enactment (session law)
bull Law Revision Counsel of the US House of Representativesbull Terms of Artbull Expertise
Comparative Codificationbull Session Laws
ndash Statutes at Largendash Enactmentsndash House Billsndash Senate Bills
bull Codificationndash United States Code (Statutes)ndash Code of Federal Regulations (Regulations)
ndash Minnesota Statutes (Statutes)ndash Minnesota Rules (Regulations)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
InformalRule-Making
Federal Register amp CFR
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Historical Administrative Research
CFR as it changed year to year
Federal Register Library
Find by Date
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Keeping it all straight
1972 Amendment
Tracking the Amendments
bull Perplexing at Timesbull Drafterrsquos ChoicendashAmend United States CodendashAmend prior enactment (session law)
bull Law Revision Counsel of the US House of Representativesbull Terms of Artbull Expertise
Comparative Codificationbull Session Laws
ndash Statutes at Largendash Enactmentsndash House Billsndash Senate Bills
bull Codificationndash United States Code (Statutes)ndash Code of Federal Regulations (Regulations)
ndash Minnesota Statutes (Statutes)ndash Minnesota Rules (Regulations)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
InformalRule-Making
Federal Register amp CFR
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Historical Administrative Research
CFR as it changed year to year
Federal Register Library
Find by Date
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
1972 Amendment
Tracking the Amendments
bull Perplexing at Timesbull Drafterrsquos ChoicendashAmend United States CodendashAmend prior enactment (session law)
bull Law Revision Counsel of the US House of Representativesbull Terms of Artbull Expertise
Comparative Codificationbull Session Laws
ndash Statutes at Largendash Enactmentsndash House Billsndash Senate Bills
bull Codificationndash United States Code (Statutes)ndash Code of Federal Regulations (Regulations)
ndash Minnesota Statutes (Statutes)ndash Minnesota Rules (Regulations)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
InformalRule-Making
Federal Register amp CFR
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Historical Administrative Research
CFR as it changed year to year
Federal Register Library
Find by Date
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Tracking the Amendments
bull Perplexing at Timesbull Drafterrsquos ChoicendashAmend United States CodendashAmend prior enactment (session law)
bull Law Revision Counsel of the US House of Representativesbull Terms of Artbull Expertise
Comparative Codificationbull Session Laws
ndash Statutes at Largendash Enactmentsndash House Billsndash Senate Bills
bull Codificationndash United States Code (Statutes)ndash Code of Federal Regulations (Regulations)
ndash Minnesota Statutes (Statutes)ndash Minnesota Rules (Regulations)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
InformalRule-Making
Federal Register amp CFR
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Historical Administrative Research
CFR as it changed year to year
Federal Register Library
Find by Date
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Comparative Codificationbull Session Laws
ndash Statutes at Largendash Enactmentsndash House Billsndash Senate Bills
bull Codificationndash United States Code (Statutes)ndash Code of Federal Regulations (Regulations)
ndash Minnesota Statutes (Statutes)ndash Minnesota Rules (Regulations)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
InformalRule-Making
Federal Register amp CFR
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Historical Administrative Research
CFR as it changed year to year
Federal Register Library
Find by Date
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Legislation ampCodification
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
InformalRule-Making
Federal Register amp CFR
Judiciary
Injunctionsamp Invalidation
Historical Administrative Research
CFR as it changed year to year
Federal Register Library
Find by Date
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Historical Administrative Research
CFR as it changed year to year
Federal Register Library
Find by Date
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
CFR as it changed year to year
Federal Register Library
Find by Date
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Federal Register Library
Find by Date
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Find by Date
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Clean Water
Everything that man himself injects into the biosphere - chemical biological or physical - can ultimately find its way into the earths water And these contaminants must be removed by nature or by man before that water is again potable
- Charles C Johnson Jr Asst Surgeon General
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
bull Water Quality Standards (WQS)bull Designated Uses (DU)bull Higher use = cleaner waterndashDrinking Swimmingndash Fishing Farming
bull Lower Use = more pollutedndash Industrial DischargendashThermal Transfer
1972 CWA Innovations
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Multiple Designated Uses
Source httpbitly12fdjG
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
1972 CWA Innovationsbull National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
bull Permits Required to Discharge Waste Waterndash Point Sources bull Factory Dischargebull Sewage Dischargebull Feedlot Dischargebull Thermal Discharge
bull Exempted by Statute from NPDESndash Non-Point Sources bull Irrigationbull Fertiliserbull Herbicidebull Insecticide
bull Grey Area Irrigation Return Flows exempted
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
1972 Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 101 Goal ndash No Toxic Pollutionbull Section 102 Comprehensive Pollution
Control Plan with water quality standards effluent amp thermal discharge regulationsbull Section 103 Interstate Cooperationbull Section 104 Research Documentation
Mitigation Restoration amp Trainingbull Section 105 Grants for Research amp
Development
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Highlights of CWA
bull Section 303 amp 307 ndash EPA defines pollutantsndash 1972 law gave EPA 90 days to definendash EPA missed deadline
bull Once pollutants identified States implement Total Maximum [Waste] Daily Loads
bull State TDMLs to be approved by EPAbull If not approved EPA to create TDML ndash (Section 402 takeover provision)
bull No staffing for EPA to set TDMLs
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Non-Point Sources
bull Section 208 of Clean Water Act bull Section 319 added by Water Quality
Act 109 Stat 727 (1987)ndashState-wide Non-Point Source (NPS)
ProgramsndashBest Management Practices (BMPs)ndashFarmer ExemptionndashIrrigation Returns exempted by statute
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Division of Power and Responsibility
bull Section 402 ndash National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systemndash Feasibility Standards for Effluentsndash 1972 law did not envision allowing polluted discharge
bull Section 404 ndash Dredge and Fillndash Corps of Engineersndash EPA Vetondash 8 vetoes in 160000 permits
Kenneth M Murchison Learning from Five-and-a-Half Decades of Federal Water Pollution Control Legislation Twenty Lessons for the Future 32 BC ENVTL AFF L REV 527 n 209 (2005) citing Oliver A Houck Hard Choices The Analysis of Alternatives Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws 60 U COLO L REV 773 790 (1989)
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Clean Water Act Highlights
bull Section 401 ndash Established Water Quality Standardsndash Permitted Use and Dischargendash Loans for Water Projects
bull Section 402ndash Implements National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System for point sourcesndash EPA compiles all final rules httpbitlyTkOXp
bull Section 404ndash Dredging amp Filling Permits ndash Corps of Engineers amp EPA Vetoesndash Local Empowerment
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
A Fistful of Regulations
Pollutant Discharge Regulations at 40 CFR Part 122 et al
In 1978 EPA sought to consolidate permit program requirements for five major programs
bull Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
bull The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
bull The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull State Dredge or Fill (404) programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
bull The Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
NPDES Proposed Rulersquos Preamble - 1978
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Final Rule ndash NPDES Preamble
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Consolidation of Regulations
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Reduce Overlap
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Jimmy
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Executive Orders in the Code of Federal Regulations
bull Published for current year ONLYbull Title 3 of CFRbull Historically in Federal Registerbull Collections of Presidential Papersbull My favorite site for Executive Orders httpwwwarchivesgovfederal-
registerexecutive-orders
or httpbitly1BsbGa
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Disposition Table
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Busy Years
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Updating the Law
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Regulatory Agenda
bull What do agencies plan to regulate in the next six monthsbull What regulations need updatedbull Notice bull Fair Warning to Counsel
bull Back to our storyhellip
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Final Rule ndash Consolidated Permits
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Natural Resources Defense Council v US Environmental Protection Agency et al 673 F2d 392 (1980)
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Formal amp Informal
Rule-Making
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
1972 CWA
bull Required List of Pollutants within 90 Daysbull Agency Misses Deadlinebull Citizens Suitsbull Innovative Enforcement Mechanism
bull Why did EPA not heed Congressrsquo will
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Cyclical Nature of LawCongress
Delegate Power to Agency
Executive (President)
Executive Orders
Executive (Agencies)
Implement Congressrsquo Vision
Judiciary
Ensure Agencies do not exceed
authority
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
1987 Amendments to the CWA
bullNPDES AugmentedbullStorm Water RegulationsbullTDML morphs into Maximum Extent Possible (MEP)
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Storm Water Runoff
bull Impervious MaterialsndashConcretendashBlacktopndashHouse itselfndashRoofndashFlagstones
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Modernity
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Circumvention
bull Industrial PollutionndashPoint Sources
bull Storm Drainsndash Illegal DumpingndashMaterials exposed to elementsbullWashes away
ndashUsed motor oilbull Shade Tree Mechanicsbull Down the drainhellip
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Stormwater Runoff Pollution
bull StormWater Phase 1ndash From Industrial Sourcesndash From Cities of 100000 or morendash From Cities of 250000 or more
bull Preliminary Rule found at 53 FR 49416bull Final Rule found at 55 Fed Reg 47990
(1990)bull Codified at 40 CFR parts 122 123 124bull Referred to as a Section 402(p) permit
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Preamble ndash Unique to Final RuleConsent Decree
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Proposed Rule
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
More Storm Water Regulation
bull Phase II bull Small Citiesbull Under 100000 residentsbull Proposed Rule 63 FR 1536
(1998)bull Final Rule 64 Fed Reg 68 722
(1999)
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Law amp Economics
bull Designated Uses reflects societyrsquos needsbull Balance needs of all usersbull Encourage beneficial usendashPrior Allocation Rule at Common LawndashCommon Law abrogated by StatutendashMay be useful when statutes
ambiguous ndash Water Law in a Nutshell
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
The Seventh Generationbull Cost-Benefit Analysisbull Value of Potable Waterbull The perfect should not be the enemy
of the goodbull Water as a Human Rightbull Swimming in Deep Waterbull Water Warsbull California Dreaming
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Searching for Government Information
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Businesses and Non-Profitshellip NGOs
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Laws and Regulations Link from Business Tab
Tabs for the search box
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
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New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Dual Display
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Clustered Results by Vivisimo
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
From TDML cluster or folder
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Narrow your Google Universe
httpwwwgooglecomunclesam
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
New Topic Drinking Waterbull Safety Drinking Water Act of 1974 Pub L 93-523 codified at
21 USCS sect 349 (FDA) 42 USCS sectsect 201 300f--300j-9 (EPA)
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1977 P L 95-190 42 USCS sectsect 300f
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1986 P L 99-339 42 USCS sectsect 300f 300g-1 et seq 300h et seq 300i 300i-1 300j et seq
bull SDWA Amdmts of 1996 P L 104-182 110 Stat 1613 codified at 42 USC 300 and 21 USC 349
bullSDWA Amdmts of 2000 P L 106-457 33 USCS sect 1263a Grants to Alaska to improve sanitation in rural and Native villages
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Maximum Contaminant Levels
40 CFR 141 details limits forbull Microorganismsbull Disinfectantsbull Disinfection Byproductsbull Inorganic Chemicalsbull Organic Chemicalsbull RadionuclidesndashSee httpbitly15esvO
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Secondary Drinking Water Standards40 CFR Part 143 defines limitsbull Aluminum 005 to 02 mglbull Chloride 250 mglbull Color 15 color unitsbull Copper 10 mglbull Corrosivity Non-corrosivebull Fluoride 20 mglbull Foaming agents 05 mglbull Iron 03 mglbull Manganese 005 mglbull Odor 3 threshold odor numberbull pH 65-85bull Silver 01 mglbull Sulfate 250 mgl
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Balancing the Needs
bullPotable WaterbullDrinking WaterbullRecreational Usebull Fishable Waterbull Swimmable Waterbull Industrial Use
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov
Pending Legislation
Thomasgov