Applied Physics Lab1-3 TL'16

APPLIED PHYSICS

INTRODUCTORY LECTURE1-3

Engr. Hyder Bux Mangrio

Teaching Plan

S # Topic No. of

lectures

1. The Physical Foundation of Electric Circuits Electric Current, Electric Charge 01

2. Electric Current, Electric Charge 01

3. Coulomb’s Law 01

4. Electric field and Intensity, Electric Potential 02

5. Electromotive Force (Voltage), Electric Current, Resistance, Conventional Current, 02

6. AC Signals (Average and RMS Values) 01

7. Electric and Magnetic Circuits, Ohm’s Law 01

8. Simple Resistive Circuits (Series and Parallel), 02

9. Kirchhoff Laws, the Voltage-Divider Rule, the Current-Divider Rule, Test #1 03

10. Network Theorems (DC Analysis) 03

11. RC and RL Circuits

02

Teaching Plan

S # Topic No. of

Lectures

12. Capacitance and Capacitors, inductors and inductance

02

13. Alternating Current Fundamentals, AC Wave-form, Period and Frequency, Radians and

Angular Frequency, Peak and Instantaneous values, Average and Effective values, 03

14. AC voltage and current in Capacitors and Inductors, Average Power

02

15. Magnetic Circuits and Transformers: Magnetism, Magnetic Fields, Test #2

02

16. Magnetic effects of electric current, Magnetic circuit concepts

02

17. Magnetization curves, characteristics of magnetic materials

02

18. Faraday’s and Lenz’s Laws

02

19. Ampere’s Law and its Applications, Eddy Currents

02

20. Inductance

01

21. Induced Current and Their Applications (Transformers, Generators Etc.)

03

22. Diode and their characteristics

01

23. Transistor, Test # 3

01

Makes a total of 42 Lectures!

Text and Reference Books

Edward Hughes, ―Electrical and Electronic Technology:, Ninth Revised Edition, 2005, Prentice Hall, ISBN: 0131143972

Basic Electrical Engineering by A.E. Fitzgerald, David E. Higginbotham and Arvin Grabel

University Physics by Freedman and Young (Latest Edition)

College Physics by Resnick, Halliday and Krane (Latest Edition)

J. David Irwin and Robert M. Nelms, Basic Engineering Circuit Analysis, Eighth Edition, 2006, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN: 0-470-08309-3

But that’s not all …

Numerous internet resources will be followed

Marks Distribution

60

10

20

5 5

Marks Distribution

Exam

Attendance

Midterm

Assignments

Test

Interrelationships between EE and other

fields(Science/Engineering)

EE’s gather, store and process information for

meteorology (weather prediction science) and do so

by designing and implementing sensors that convert

physical aspects to electrical signals. E.g.

temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction,

satellite imagery.

EE’s design and develop electronic surveying

equipment to help Civil Engineers do their jobs.

EE’s work with Agricultural Engineers in designing

agricultural sensors, machinery and equipment. E.g.

farm tractors are increasingly more complex

(electronically) with engine management systems

(for more efficient fuel use and least pollutant

production), electronic transmission controls and even

integrated G.P.S. (global positioning systems) as

factory options.

Describe major subfields of EE

Communications systems convey information between points in electronic forms. Examples: Internet, satellite television, cellular phone services. A particular concentration within communications systems would be R.F. (Radio Frequency) Engineering

Computer systems process and store information. Most obvious is the PC—Personal Computer—but computer systems includes electronic processors (or microprocessors, microcontrollers) that are ―embedded‖ in automobiles, home appliances and in industrial control equipment

Electromagnetics is the study and application of electric

and magnetic fields. Examples: Electrical motors—both

AC and DC— are necessary devices in most industry

and certainly in home appliances; Antennas used for

wireless communications work entirely through

electromagnetic principles.

Electronics is the study and application of materials,

devices, and circuits used in amplifying and switching

electrical signals. Transistors of various kinds are the

singular most common and important electronic

component used for switching and amplification

Photonics is a latest field of science and engineering study that is based on alternate ways of manipulating electrons with devices that manipulate photons. Examples: Light generation by LASERs and LEDs, transmission of light sources through optical components, and switching, amplification, modulating, detecting and ―steering‖ light by electrical, acoustical and photon-based devices. Fiber optic communications is a mix of Photonics and Communications Systems.

Identify several important reasons to

study EE

To have a broad enough knowledge base so that you can lead design projects in your (EE) own field. EE’s are increasingly teamed-up with other people—scientists and engineers of different fields in order to design something for that other field.

To be able to operate and maintain electrical systems such as one for controlling a manufacturing process.

To be able to communicate with electrical-engineering consultants. Even if you are in another field of engineering or science, you may be called to work closely with electrical engineers.

My Contact

email: [email protected]

My office:

Room# 111, Ground Floor

Department of Telecommunication Engineering

Mehran UET, Jamshoro

Consultation Time

Wednesday and Thursday (9:00 to 14:00)

Webpage

https://sites.google.com/a/faculty.muet.edu.pk/hydermangrio/

mailto:[email protected]

APPLIED PHYSICS

LECTURE # 02


Introduction

Electric energy has a number of desirable attributes not

possessed by alternative energy forms

These attributes are the ease with which electrical energy

is converted to and from other forms of energy, the ability

to distribute it over large areas, and the speed with which

it is transported

Information can be transmitted from one place to another

through electrical technology

The effectiveness of long-range communication systems,

data processing systems and control systems is enhanced.

Introduction

Electrical energy is generally NOT useful!

Other types of energy are converted to electrical

energy and then again converted to other energy

as an output

For eg. Motor (Mechanical Energy – Electrical

Energy – Mechanical Energy)

E.g. 2: information in the sound and picture (sound

energy – electrical energy – optical energy

(display on CRT/LCD/LED)/acoustic

Introduction

The study of electrical engineering becomes one of

investigating the characteristics and uses of devices

and systems for energy conversion, processing and

transfer

Most instrumentation and controls systems are, in

part, electrical or electronic in nature

Electrical System

Four constituent parts of an Electrical System:

Transmission System

Source Control Load

Electrical System

Source: Function of the source is to provide the

energy for electrical system. E.g. Battery, Generator

Load: Function of the load is to absorb the electrical

energy supplied by the source. E.g. Lamps, heaters

Transmission System: Conducts the energy from

the source to the load. E.g. Insulated wire

Control Apparatus: Its function is to control. E.g.

Switch (permits the energy to flow or else interrupts

the flow)

Example

Introduction basic Electrical Circuit

Overview of an Electrical Circuit: must contain three

basic things:

a) Power supply—usually in the form of a voltage

source

b) Resistance—formally called a ―load‖; where

work is done or energy is used

c) Closed path—conductors that ―carry‖ the

electrical energy to the ―load‖

Voltage source

Voltage source: the simplest being a

battery. A battery is a device that stores

electrical ―potential‖ through a chemical

process. The chemical process in the battery

cause electrical charge to flow when given a

circuit or closed path. A typical voltage

source provides a fixed voltage

independent of current demand—within

reason

Current source

What is current?

Current is the movement of electrical charge.

What is electrical charge?

Electrons that exist in the atoms of materials have a miniscule (tiny) electrical charge. If some work is done, these charges may move around or even accumulate in areas. If the material happens to be ―non-conductive‖, then the charge may accumulate or concentrate. If the material happens to be ―conductive‖, then the charge will not concentrate or accumulate, but may move around (nearly) freely. A current source is similar to a voltage source but ―usually‖ provides a fixed current output independent of voltage changes.

Define voltage, current, and power,

and their units

A voltage source provides a ―voltage‖ which is proportional

to the energy transferred per unit of charge. That is, WORK

has to be done to make a voltage source be what it is.

Voltage is measured in units of ―Volts‖ and is equivalent to

Joules per Coulomb. Its notation is the letter ―v‖ or ―V‖. It is

also referred to as E.M.F. or electro-motive force. It is a

potential between two points. You cannot have a voltage at

one point—it is always a voltage measured or calculated

between two points in some circuit. Example: a battery had

some work performed to provide a chemical process that

gives the TWO ends of the battery—the positive and

negative ends—a potential between them.

Current is electrical charge in motion. When you have current moving through a circuit, it has some level of current flow. Current is measure in Amperes or Amps (units). Its notation is the letter ―i‖ or ―I‖. When a charge packet of ONE COULOMB passes by some point in a circuit, in exactly one second, then the current is considered to be one ampere, or one amp. Current is measured or calculated as ―through a point.‖ That is, it is not like voltage that has to be a reference between two points. Electrical current is much as the flow of water in a pipe—it is measure ―in-line‖ or through a point

Power is the rate of energy transfer. Because

current is the Rate-of-Flow of charge, and voltage is

a measure of the energy transferred per unit of

charge, then the product of the current and the

voltage is power. Power’s notation is the letter ―p‖

or ―P‖ and its units are in Watts.

APPLIED PHYSICS

LECTURE # 04


Electric Charge:

Charges with the same electrical sign

repel each other, and charges with the

opposite electrical signs attract each

other.

Electric charge has two different signs.

Conductors and Insulators

The properties of conductors and insulators

are due to the structure and electrical nature

of atoms.

Atoms consist of positively charged

protons, negatively charged electrons, and

electrically neutral neutrons. The protons

and neutrons are packed tightly together in

a central nucleus.

When atoms of a conductor come together

to form the solid, some of their outermost

(and so most loosely held) electrons

become free to wander about within the

solid, leaving behind positively charged

atoms ( positive ions).We call the mobile

electrons conduction electrons.

There are few (if any) free electrons in a

nonconductor.

Conductors and Insulators

Conductors are materials through which charge can move freely;

examples include metals (such as copper in common lamp wire),

the human body, and tap water.

Nonconductors—also called insulators—are materials through

which charge cannot move freely; examples include rubber, plastic,

glass, and chemically pure water.

Semiconductors are materials that are intermediate between

conductors and insulators; examples include silicon and

germanium in computer chips.

Superconductors are materials that are perfect conductors,

allowing charge to move without any hindrance.

Introduction

Coulomb’s law is one of the two laws that are used

to find electric field in static charge distribution

At the end of this lecture, hopefully, you’ll be able

to find the Electric field and Electric flux density of

any charge distribution

Tuesday, January 12, 2016

33

Definition

The force of attraction or repulsion between two

electrically charged bodies is proportional to the

magnitude of their charges and inversely

proportional to the square of the distance

separating them, i.e.

2

12

2112

r

qqF


34

Vector Form of Coulomb’

Force is a vector, having a direction and a magnitude

is the permittivity of the material and has the units C2/N-m2

122

12

21

122

12

21

4

1r

r

qqF

rr

qqF


35

Electric Field

The electric field is basically the Force per unit

charge or Newton per Coulomb


36

Analysis


37

Electric field – Pictorial representation


38

Method – Coulomb’s Law Cookbook

Step 1: Define an origin

Step 2: Write vector Rs from origin to source

(charge)

Step 3: Write vector Rp from origin to field point

(charge)

Step 4: Find vector from source to point (Rsp)

Step 5: Apply Coulomb’s law

Step 6: Sum or integrate to find E at point P


39

Step 1: Define an origin


40

Step 2: Write vector Rs from origin to

source


41

Step 3: Write vector Rp from origin to

field point


42

Step 4: Find vector from source to point

(Rsp)

Rsp=Rp-Rs


43

Step 5: Apply Coulomb’s law

Apply the Coulomb’s law with the following formula


44

Step 6: Sum or integrate to find E at

point P


45

Example, The net force due to two other particles:

Fig. 21-8 (a) Two charged particles of

charges q1 and q2 are fixed in place on

an x axis. (b) The free-body diagram for

particle 1, showing the electrostatic

force on it from particle 2.

Example, The net force due to two other particles, cont.:

Fig. 21-8 (c) Particle 3

included. (d) Free-body

diagram for particle 1.

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Applied Physics Lab1-3 TL'16