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Applying Population Ecology: The Human Population
Applying Population Ecology: The Human Population
Chapter 10APES
Ms. Miller
Chapter 10APES
Ms. Miller
Key ConceptsKey Concepts
Factors affecting human population size Factors affecting human population size
Managing population growth Managing population growth
Human population problems Human population problems
Factors Affecting Human Population SizeFactors Affecting Human Population Size
Population change equation Population change equationPopulation
ChangePopulation
Change == (Births + Immigration) – (Deaths + Emigration)(Births + Immigration) – (Deaths + Emigration)
Crude birth rate (BR)—number of live births per 1000 people in a population in a given year
Crude death rate (DR)—number of deaths per 1000 people in a population in a given year
Crude Birth vs Crude Death RateCrude Birth vs Crude Death Rate
Describing Population ChangesDescribing Population ChangesDoubling Times—time it takes for a population to
double in size“Rule of 70”—way to calculate doubling time 70/percent growth rate=doubling time in years
Less developed countries: Less developed countries include all countries in Africa, Asia (excluding Japan), and Latin America and the Caribbean, and the regions of Melanesia,
Micronesia, and Polynesia.More developed countries: More developed countries include all countries in Europe, North
America, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan.
Less developed countries: Less developed countries include all countries in Africa, Asia (excluding Japan), and Latin America and the Caribbean, and the regions of Melanesia,
Micronesia, and Polynesia.More developed countries: More developed countries include all countries in Europe, North
America, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan.
Fertility—number of births that occur to an individual woman or in a population (two types of fertility rates)
Government Based Incentives:
Paid maternity leave
Job Security
Tax deductions for more children
Government Based Incentives:
Paid maternity leave
Job Security
Tax deductions for more children
Replacement-level Fertility—number of children a couple must have to replace themselves (slightly higher than 2; higher in developing countries)
Ms. Miller’s numberIs currently 1!!
Ms. Miller’s numberIs currently 1!!
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)—average number of children a woman typically has during her reproductive years
Factors Affecting Birth Rates and Total Fertility Rates
Factors Affecting Birth Rates and Total Fertility Rates
Children in Labor Force Children in Labor Force
She will be expected to provide him with lots of children, to help with farm work. At that time he had 15 children but there were more on the way. In Kenya women are far outnumbered by men in both university enrollments and the paid labor force -- where most of them earn far less than men (though, again in theory, persons with similar qualifications are supposed to be paid the same today.)
She will be expected to provide him with lots of children, to help with farm work. At that time he had 15 children but there were more on the way. In Kenya women are far outnumbered by men in both university enrollments and the paid labor force -- where most of them earn far less than men (though, again in theory, persons with similar qualifications are supposed to be paid the same today.)
Octomom hits the beach with 14 kids including 8 babies. Nadya Suleman, with all of her children including 17 month old
octuplets, hit the beach on June 27, 2010.
There are NO excuses for this type of behavior and who actually cares for these children?
Octomom hits the beach with 14 kids including 8 babies. Nadya Suleman, with all of her children including 17 month old
octuplets, hit the beach on June 27, 2010.
There are NO excuses for this type of behavior and who actually cares for these children?
Cost of raising and educating children
Availability of pension systems
Urbanization
Education and employment for women
Deaths/1000 live birthsDeaths/1000 live births
Infant mortality rate
Take the time to appreciate how good you really have it!!! Say “thank you” more!!!Take the time to appreciate how good you really have it!!! Say “thank you” more!!!
Average marrying age
Abortion
Availability of birth control
U.S. Birth Rates: 1910-2004U.S. Birth Rates: 1910-2004
Fig. 10-8, p. 180Fig. 10-8, p. 180
32
30
2826242220181614
0Bir
ths
pe
r th
ou
sa
nd
po
pu
lati
on
1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Demographictransition
Depression
End of World War II
Baby boom Baby bust Echo baby boom
Factors Affecting Death RatesFactors Affecting Death Rates
Life expectancy—average number of years that a newborn can expect to live
Life expectancy—average number of years that a newborn can expect to live
Infant mortality rate (IMR)—number of babies out of every 1000 who die before their first birthday
Ages 0-14Ages 0-14 Ages 15-44Ages 15-44 Ages 45-85+Ages 45-85+
Rapid GrowthGuatemala
NigeriaSaudi Arabia
Rapid GrowthGuatemala
NigeriaSaudi Arabia
Slow GrowthUnited States
AustraliaCanada
Slow GrowthUnited States
AustraliaCanada
MaleMale FemaleFemale
Zero GrowthSpainAustriaGreece
Zero GrowthSpainAustriaGreece
Negative GrowthGermanyBulgariaSweden
Negative GrowthGermanyBulgariaSweden
Population Age StructurePopulation Age Structure
Fig. 10-14 p. 184Fig. 10-14 p. 184
Solutions: Influencing Population Size
Solutions: Influencing Population Size
MigrationMigration
Climate change will lead to increased water
shortages and continued desertification
Climate change will lead to increased water
shortages and continued desertification
Environmental refugees
Reducing births
A major factor in reducing birth rates in stage 3 countries such as Malaysia is the availability of family planning facilities, like this one in Kuala
Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
Family planning
Empowerment of women
Economic rewards and penalties
Demographic TransitionDemographic Transition• Demographic transition—hypothesis of population change
of how a country becomes industrialized (4 stages)1) Preindustrial—little population growth; high birth rate and
high death rate
2) Transitional—industrialization begins, food production increases, death rates drop and birth rates still high, rapid population growth
3) Industrial—birth rate drops and approached death rate, slower population growth, modernization becomes more widespread
4) Postindustrial—birth and death rates equal (ZPG) and then goes below ZPG causing decrease in population
The Demographic TransitionThe Demographic Transition
LowLow
HighHigh
Rel
ativ
e p
op
ula
tio
n s
ize
Rel
ativ
e p
op
ula
tio
n s
ize
Bir
th r
ate
and
dea
th r
ate
(nu
mb
er p
er 1
,000
per
yea
r)B
irth
rat
e an
d d
eath
rat
e(n
um
ber
per
1,0
00 p
er y
ear) 8080
7070
6060
5050
4040
3030
2020
1010
00
Stage 1Preindustrial
Stage 1Preindustrial
Stage 2Transindustrial
Stage 2Transindustrial
Stage 3IndustrialStage 3
IndustrialStage 4
PostindustrialStage 4
Postindustrial
Lowgrowth rate
Lowgrowth rate
Increasing Growthgrowth rate
Increasing Growthgrowth rate
Very highgrowth rateVery high
growth rateDecreasinggrowth rateDecreasinggrowth rate
Lowgrowth rate
Lowgrowth rate
Zerogrowth rate
Zerogrowth rate
Negativegrowth rate
Negativegrowth rate
Birth rate
Total population
Death rate
TimeTime
Fig. 10-20 p. 189
Case Study: Slowing Population Growth in India
Case Study: Slowing Population Growth in India
Poor planning Poor planning Bureaucratic inefficiency Bureaucratic inefficiency
Generally disappointing results:Generally disappointing results:
The Solar Power InitiativeThey are training women to build and maintain solar energy units, and in that way empower women and build power
in other ways.
from India, Afghanistan, Ghana and Syria are all being trained at the college. They then go on to train other women who pass on their knowledge to build and run solar energy units. It is the goal to be a force for change.
Read more: http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/273477#ixzz1D0ktiSU6
The Solar Power InitiativeThey are training women to build and maintain solar energy units, and in that way empower women and build power
in other ways.
from India, Afghanistan, Ghana and Syria are all being trained at the college. They then go on to train other women who pass on their knowledge to build and run solar energy units. It is the goal to be a force for change.
Read more: http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/273477#ixzz1D0ktiSU6
Low status of women
Lack of administrative and financial support
Extreme poverty Extreme poverty
Case Study: Slowing Population Growth in China
Case Study: Slowing Population Growth in China
Economic incentivesEconomic incentivesFree medical careFree medical carePreferential treatment for jobsPreferential treatment for jobs
Strict control for program
Locally administered
Cutting Global Population GrowthCutting Global Population Growth
Family planning Family planning
Reduce poverty Reduce poverty
Elevate the status of women Elevate the status of women
Improve health care Improve health care
Increase education Increase education
Involve men in parenting Involve men in parenting
Sustainability Sustainability