APES - MondayAPES - MondayCh. Questions 28, 24 to be checkedCh. Questions 28, 24 to be checked

Review Ch. 24Review Ch. 24

Test Ch. 18, 24 TuesdayTest Ch. 18, 24 Tuesday

Make up test WednesdayMake up test Wednesday

Labs Due Wednesday (Radish, Labs Due Wednesday (Radish, Biofuel)Biofuel)

Chemical Poster presentations Chemical Poster presentations Wed. – Wed. – Coffee House style & Finish Toxic LabCoffee House style & Finish Toxic Lab

Figure 24-1Figure 24-1Page 532Page 532

Ch. 24 Solid and Hazardous Waste

1942-1953

“Hooker Chemicals and Plastics”

Sealed chemical wastes into steel drums, dumped them into an old canal excavation

Niagara Falls, NY

Children - diseases and burns from playgrounds

Superfund Law – created by Jimmy Carter (CERCLA)

Love Canal: There is No Away

33

Superfund LegislationSuperfund Legislation

Comprehensive Environmental Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Response, Compensation, and Liabilities Act (CERCLA); 1980Liabilities Act (CERCLA); 1980– ““Superfund” to clean up Superfund” to clean up

abandoned sitesabandoned sites

44

a solution to previously contaminated a solution to previously contaminated sites w/no-one to paysites w/no-one to pay

2 levels2 levels– Emergency responseEmergency response

immediate threat to human health or immediate threat to human health or environmentenvironment

– Long term remediationLong term remediationif Hazard Ranking System (HRS) shows a if Hazard Ranking System (HRS) shows a

score over 27.5, it is added to the National score over 27.5, it is added to the National Priorities List (NPL) for Superfund cleanupPriorities List (NPL) for Superfund cleanup

1300 sites on NPL in 1990, more to come1300 sites on NPL in 1990, more to come

55

Resource Conservation and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Recovery Act

(RCRA) - Congress in 1976(RCRA) - Congress in 1976protect human health & environment protect human health & environment From potential hazardous waste disposal. From potential hazardous waste disposal. conservation of energy & natural resources conservation of energy & natural resources reduction in waste generatedreduction in waste generatedenvironmentally sound waste management environmentally sound waste management practices.practices.

Waste ManagementWaste Management

Produce less Produce less EcoParksEcoParksReduce, Reuse, Recycle, Refuse Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Refuse Burn/Bury Solid WastesBurn/Bury Solid WastesHazardous Waste DisposalHazardous Waste DisposalWaste Regulation – RCRA, Waste Regulation – RCRA,

CERCLA (Superfund), POP’s TreatyCERCLA (Superfund), POP’s Treaty

Best StrategyBest Strategy

Cradle to cradleCradle to cradle

Municipal1.5%

Sewage sludge1%

Mining and oiland gas

production75% Industry

9.5%

Agriculture13%

Figure 24-2Figure 24-2Page 533Page 533solid waste? we produce? Fig 24.2

1st Priority - change 2nd Priority – 4R’s Last Priority – bury,pollute

Primary Pollutionand Waste Prevention

• Change industrial process to eliminate use of harmful chemicals

• Purchase different products

• Use less of a harmful product

• Reduce packaging and materials in products

• Make products that last longer and are recyclable, reusable or easy to repair

Secondary Pollution and Waste Prevention

• Reduce products

• Repair products

• Recycle

• Compost

• Buy reusable and recyclable products

Waste Management

• Treat waste to reduce toxicity

• Incinerate waste

• Bury waste in landfill

• Release waste into environment for dispersal or dilution

What strategy does the US use for waste management? Fig. 24.3

Prevention vs. Management

Low waste approach

Pharmaceuticalplant

Local farmers

Fish farming

Cementmanufacturer

Area homes

Wallboardfactory

Greenhouses

Oil refinery

Sulfuric acidproducer

Electricpowerplant

Sludge

Sludge

Waste

Heat

WasteHeat

Waste

Heat

WasteHeat

Was

te

Hea

t

Surplus

Natural gas

Su

rplu

s

Su

lfur

Surplus

Natural gas

Was

te

Cal

ciu

m s

ulf

ate

Ash

Fly

One companies waste is another companies resource.

How does this mimic nature?

EcoPark: Ecoindustry fig. 24.5

Material flow economy vs. Service flow economy

Ecosystem

Reduces globalwarming

Reduces aciddeposition

Reduces urbanair pollution

Make fuelsupplies

last longer

Reducesair pollution

Savesenergy

Reducesenergy demand

Reduceswater pollution

Recycling

Reduces solidwaste disposal

Reducesmineraldemand

Protectsspecies

Reduceshabitat

destruction

What are the environmental benefits of recycling? Fig. 24.8

Saves money

Creates jobs

Still an out put approach – Meaning?

Outsideuses

PipelineShredder

Energy recovery(steam andelectricity)

Incinerator(paper, plastics,

rubber, food,yard waste)

Food, grass, leaves

Separator

Metals Rubber Glass Plastics Paper Residue Compost

Recycled to primary manufacturers or reformulated for new products

Landfill and

reclaimingdisturbed

land

Fertilizer

Consumer (user)

How should we recycle solid wastes?

Materials-recovery facility (MRF)Sorts mixed wastes for recycling & burning - produce energyDisadvantage – discourages reuse and waste reduction

Fig. 24.9

Source materials

Natural gas Petroleum Coal

Feedstocks

Monomers (small molecules)

Polymers

Resins (giant molecules)

ProductsBottles, milk jugs,

soda bottles, drums,

containers

ProductsAppliance

housing, CDs,toys, plastic parts,

aircraft, boats

ProductsVinyl siding,

plastic film andbags, pipe

Refining

Polymerzation

Manufacturing

Blow molding(hollow objects)

Molding(solid objects)

Extrusion(flat, rolled, andtubular shapes)

How are plastics made? Fig. 24.10

PET

Polyethylene terephthalate

– melted to make fleece, clothing, carpet, nonfood packaging

Power plant

Steam

Turbine Generator Electricity

Crane

Furnace

Boiler

Wetscrubber

ElectrostaticPrecipitator

filter

Conveyor

Water Bottomash

Conven-tional

landfill

Wastetreatment

Hazardouswastelandfill

DirtywaterWaste pit

Smokestack

Flyash

Advantages:

Reduce trash, low water pollution, quick, easy, less need for landfills

Disadvantages:

High cost, air pollution (dioxins), encourages waste production, discourages recycling and waste reduction

How is energy produced?

Waste-to-energy incinerator fig. 24.12

Topsoil

Sand

Clay

Garbage

Garbage

Sand

Synthetic liner

Sand

Clay

Subsoil

When landfill is full,layers of soil and clayseal in trash

Methane storageand compressor

building

Electricitygeneratorbuilding

Leachatetreatment system

Methane gasrecovery

Pipe collect explosivemethane gas used as fuel

to generate electricity

Compactedsolid waste

Leachatestorage tank

Leachatemonitoringwell

Leachatemonitoringwell

Groundwatermonitoringwell

Groundwatermonitoringwell

Leachate pipesLeachate pipes Leachate pumped upto storage tanks for

safe disposal

Leachate pumped upto storage tanks for

safe disposal

Clay and plastic liningto prevent leaks; pipescollect leachate from

bottom of landfill

Probes to detect methane leaks

Groundwater

Sanitary landfill – state of the art fig 24.14 disadvantage?

Will eventually leak toxic liquids into the soil and underlying aquifers.

Purpose of the vent

pipes?

Release methane

Sanitary LandfillSanitary Landfill

Solid wastes -spread - thin layers Solid wastes -spread - thin layers compacted/covered daily w/fresh layer of compacted/covered daily w/fresh layer of clay or plastic foamclay or plastic foam

Geologically suitable sites, away from Geologically suitable sites, away from bodies of waterbodies of water

Lined with clay/plastic before filled.Lined with clay/plastic before filled.

Liner collects Liner collects leachateleachate, pumped to tanks, , pumped to tanks, sent to sewage treatment facility.sent to sewage treatment facility.

TopsoilSandClay

GarbageSand

Synthetic linerSandClay

Subsoil

Inorganic metal contaminants

Organic contaminantsRadioactive contaminants

Brake fernPoplar tree

Indian mustard

Oilspill

Groundwater

Soil Soil

Groundwater

Pollutedgroundwaterin

Pollutedleachate

Decontaminatedwater out

Landfill

Willow tree

Phytoextraction Roots of plants such as Indian mustard and brake ferns can absorb toxic metals such as lead, arsenic, and others and store them in their leaves. Plants can then be recycled or harvested and incinerated.

Phytodegradation Plants such as poplars can absorb toxic organic chemicals and break them down into less harmful compounds which they store or release slowly into the air.

Phytostabilization Plants such as willow trees and poplars can absorb chemicals and keep them from reaching groundwater or nearby surface water.

Rhizofiltration Roots of plants such as sunflowers with dangling roots on ponds or in greenhouses can absorb pollutants such as radioactive strontium-90 and cesium-137 and various organic chemicals.

Sunflower

Phytoremediation

Rhizobiltration

Radioactive contaminants

Phytostabilization

organics

Phytodegradation

organics

Phytoextraction

inorganics

Bulk waste

Imperviousclay

Earth

Water table

Groundwater

Clay cap

Gas ventTopsoil Earth

Sand

Plastic cover

Impervious clay cap

Leakdetectionsystem

Reactivewastesin drums

Double leachatecollection system

Plastic double liner

Groundwatermonitoringwell

Secure Hazardous Waste Landfill fig. 24.23

Hazardous waste – toxic, ignitable, corrovsive, reactive

Sources: Radioactive - medical, households, mining, businesses/factories

BrownfieldsBrownfieldsAbandoned industrial and Abandoned industrial and

commercial sites commercial sites Contaminated with hazardous Contaminated with hazardous

wasteswastesFactories, junkyards, gas Factories, junkyards, gas

stationsstationsBeing cleaned up, reusedBeing cleaned up, reused

AIRWINDS PRECIPITATION WINDS PRECIPITATION

WATER

SEDIMENT

BIOMAGNIFICATIONIN FOOD CHAIN

Human sources Elementalmercury

vapor(Hg)

Inorganicmercury

and acids(Hg2+)

Inorganic mercuryand acids

(Hg2+)

Large fish

Small fish

Phytoplankton Zooplankton

Elementalmercury

liquid (Hg)

Inorganicmercury

(Hg2+)

Organicmercury(CH3Hg+)

De

po

sit

ion

Va

po

rizatio

n

De

po

sit

ion

Dep

ositio

n

Settles out

Bacteria

Bacteria and acids

Settles out

Oxidation

Incinerator Coal-burning plant

Photo-chemical oxidation

Hg and SO2 Hg2+ and acids Hg2+ and acids

Settles out

Runoff of Hg2+ and acids

Cycling of mercury in aquatic environments – converted to different forms (methylmercury in humans) Biologically magnified

Causes brain, nervous system damage, learning disabilitites

Sources – fluorescent light bulb, coal burning

Fig. 24.26