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O ri ent at io n E nv ir on me nt Ins truc ti ons Rou te M ap Re co gni ti on

Denis 99 * *

Timpf 01 * *

Moulin 99 *

Montello 97 * *

Raubal 99 * *

Grling 86 * *

Tversky 99 * * *

Golledge 95 * *

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Reference Street net Landmark Unit Step Walking

Car Drivers * * *

NVML * * *

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orientation

walking

map

instruction

unit

landmark

route

2nd

level5th

level

activity

abstraction

4th

level 3rd

level.

entity

top level6th

level

relation

location

object

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current p os . d estin atio n

map

landmarks

places

names

attributes

orientation

distance xtime

a ctio ns des crip tions

legend

scale, coord.

Instructions and/or voice messages

unit

options

add. info

Small map

areas

boundaries

features names

symb and abbr.

areas

boundaries

features names

symb and abbr.

t ot d ist an ce x wa lk in g t ime ro ute

track

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1st

Orientation 3rd Moving 5

thStatic4

thDestination2

ndStarting

For :

Face to,

turn to

Begin to,

leave the

Walk,

walk towards/

across/down/

out of/from-to/go straight,

cross, continue,

go along

Arrive at,

reach, find

You are in,

there is-at

direction

abouttime

aboutdistanceName, place,

landmark

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