APPRODEV REFERENCE MANUAL PART PRACTICAL …

FTP INTERNATIONAL TRAINING MATERIALS FOREST HARVESTING SERIES

HAND TOOLS

APPRODEV REFERENCE MANUAL - PART 4 PRACTICAL INFORMATIONCOLLECTED FROM THE

APPRODEV PROJECT ONHAND TOOLS - FOR

SUPERVISORS, LOGGINGTEACHERS AND WORKERS

4 - Hand Tools

n These reference manuals contain information on the subjects that werefound relevant during the development and training activities of theAPPRODEV project in East and Central Africa.

n This particular manual on hand tools is written for the level of:

n This manual is suggested for use as reference information for shorttraining courses or elements of curricula.

n If you require more detailed information on the subject you will find manyreferences listed in the text and in the manual's contents section on thenext page.

n This particular manual is also supported by the following materials:

ABOUT APPRODEV TRAINING MATERIALPARTS OF THE APPRODEV

REFERENCE MANUAL

Information:Mark SeymourFTP International LtdTel. + 358 90 7701 [email protected]

Financed by:

APPRODEV PROJECT"DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTION OF APPROPRIATE

TECHNOLOGY FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY ANDECONOMICALLY SOUND FOREST HARVESTING"

n Manual design, research and textsby Mark Seymour (update 1996)

n Unquoted drawings by VeijoKangasmäki and (Mark Seymour)

n Other drawings: ILO, Geneva

P.O.Box 48400101 Helsinki, FinlandTelephone: + 358 0 7701 31Telefax: +358 0 7701 3498www.ftpinternational.com

FTP International Ltd

N A T I O N A L B O A R D O F E D U C A T I O N G R O U P

1 - Logging Management2 - Oxen Logging3 - The Sulky

supervisors, logging technology teachers and workers

wall postersoverhead transparencies of selected drawings/pages

FTP International / APPRODEV manual CONTENTS AND REFERENCES 1

The Sections of No. of Further References Part 4 - Hand Tools Pages TWO-MAN CROSS-CUT SAWS 3 * Kantola M & Virtanen K. 1986. Handbook on Appropriate

BOW SAWS 2 Technology forForestry Operations in Developing Countries,

FELLING AXES 3 Part 1. ISBN 951-46-9589-5.

WEDGES 2 * FAO. 1989. Design Manual on Basic Wood Harvesting

FORESTRY KNIVES (MACHETES) 2 Technology. FAO, Rome. ISBN 92-5-102537-1.

LOG HOOKS 2 * ILO. 1992. Fitting the Job to the Forest Worker. ILO, Geneva.

CANT HOOKS 2 * ILO. 1987. Wood Harvesting with Hand Tools. ILO, Geneva.

SAPPIES 4 ISBN 92-2-106217-1.

LOG PICKS 2 * FAO/ILO. 1980. Chainsaws in Tropical Forests. FAO, Rome.

LOG TONGS 2 ISBN 92-5-100932-5.

POLE TONGS 2

FTP International Ltd / APPRODEV manual TWO MAN CROSS-CUT SAWS 1

n TWO MAN CROSS-CUT SAWS

1 Description

Raker tooth

TOOTH TYPES

u Raker tooth blades have a veryeffective cutting action whenproperly sharpened.

Sharpening the raker tooth ismore difficult than the pegtooth.

u It is better to use the peg toothblade unless the experiencedsaw sharpeners are available.

The blade is normally1.5 m long and should

be made from highquality steel - tough

and hard

Handles can be easily removedon good saws so that the bladecan be withdrwan from the cut

after a wedge has been driven in

Peg tooth

The peg toothedblade is most

common


SAW BLADE MAINTENANCE

Cleaning and sharpening of thevarious types of saw blades isdescribed in the following book:

Kantola M. & Virtanen K. 1986.Handbook on AppropriateTechnology for ForestryOperations in DevelopingCountries, Part 1. FTPHelsinki. ISBN 951-46-9589-5

2 Using the cross-cut saw

l Used for cross-cutting into logs and formaking the felling back cut.

l The cross cut saw is held in two hands andused by two workers.

l The cutting action is made when pulling theblade towards the worker, not by pushing.

l Coordination between the two workers isessential - when one is pulling and makingthe cut the other relaxes and follows theblade, and vice versa.

l Use a wedge behind the blade if the cut istight and pinching the blade.

l On good quality saws it is possible to removethe handles and pull the blade out of the cutwhen behind a wedge, to avoid pinching theblade in felling for example.

Workers should bendat the knees to makefelling cuts low downand to avoid physicalstrain to the back

Notes:


Cross-cutting action Picture: ILOERGONOMICS & SAFETY

Good instructions on this can alsobe found in the following book:

International Labour Organisation1992. Fitting the Job to theForest Worker. ILO Geneva.

l As previously described, the cutting stroke is made when pullingthe saw.

l When beginning the stroke, pull slightly downwards to get a good bite.l When worker a is pulling, worker b relaxes and follows the blade through.

When worker b is pulling it is the turn of worker a to follow.l A good body action means using the leg muscles to pull and then follow

the blade, bending at the knees and keeping a straight back.l Cross-cutting requires good teamwork and practice .

FTP International Ltd / APPRODEV manual BOW SAWS 1

n BOW SAW

1 Description

USES OF THE BOW SAW

u An efficient, lightweight, one ortwo person saw for felling andcross-cutting.

u Can be used for tree or logdiameters up to two times thedepth of the bow (frame).

u Bow saws reduce wastecompared to an axe.

Tension lever -to pull the bow

tight when fittingnew blades

Blade - normally peg-toothed and hardened tipbut can be raker tooth (as

shown here) and/orsharpenable

Handle - normallygripped in the right

hand for right-handed people

Bow, or frame ofthe saw. This

tensions the blade.The saw will notwork without atensioned blade.

The cross-cutting kerf width byaxe may be 10 times that of thebow saw on an average size log

Average kerf width 0.4 cm

AXE

BOWSAW

Tensionadjustment

FTP International Ltd / APPRODEV manual BOW SAWS 2

l Workers should bend at the knees tomake felling cuts low down and toavoid physical strain to the back

l The bow saw is held in two hands, asshown in the diagram (right)

l Use a wedge behind the blade if thecut is tight and pinching the blade

l make sure that the blade is alwaystensioned, otherwise the saw will notcut straight

l keep the blade well maintained,sharp and correctly set (blademaintenance described in reference)

l use hardened tip (non-sharpenable,throwaway) blades if workers areinexperienced and damage blades

Cross-cuttng action

l Cut on the pulling back strokel Bend at the knees l Cut on the pushing stroke

(picture: ILO)

CUTS BOTH WAYS

u The cutting action of the bowsaw is done on both strokes -backwards and forwards.

2 Main points for using the bow saw

notch

back-cut

SAW BLADE MAINTENANCE

Cleaning and sharpening of thevarious types of bow saw blades isdescribed in the following book:

Kantola M. & Virtanen K. 1986.Handbook on AppropriateTechnology for ForestryOperations in DevelopingCountries, Part 1. FTPHelsinki. ISBN 951-46-9589-5

ERGONOMICS & SAFETY



FTP International Ltd / APPRODEV manual FELLING AXES 1

n FELLING AXES

1 Description

MAKING HANDLES, FITTING &SHARPENING AXE HEADS

u More information on themanufacture of axe handles andthe fitting and sharpening of axeheads can be found in thefollowing two books:

Kantola M. & Virtanen K. 1986.Handbook on AppropriateTechnology for ForestryOperations in DevelopingCountries, Part 1. FTPHelsinki. ISBN 951-46-9589-5.

FAO. 1989. Design Manual onBasic Wood HarvestingTechnology. FAO Rome.

Axe handles should bemade to an ergonomicallysuitable shape, from a wellseasoned pice of wood with

straight grain.

Axe heads have differentshapes for different purposes.This felling head also has a

hammer shape on the back forknocking in felling wedges.

Notes:

Handles should be made from a toughspecies of wood. Wood is an excellentmaterial for flexibility and strength. It

absorbs shock and makes a hand tool safeand comfortable to use.


2 Using the felling axe

l Used for felling trees,commonly by making the notchin combination with a bow sawor two-man cross-cut saw.

l Axe work requires a goodtechnique in order to beeffective and also safe.Cutting with an untrainedtechnique may result in theworker using too much forcefor too little effect.

l "In axe work, the whole bodymoves and supports the strokeby changing the weight from theleg away from the cut to the legnear the cut while the upperhand slides down the handle."

ILO, Wood Harvesting with Hand Tools

Notes:

ERGONOMICS & SAFETY




3 Using the axe for debranching

l After felling, the axe is a good tool for debranching (snedding).

l Debranching is a dangerous job and, as with felling, requires special training.

l It is essential never to cut towards thelegs and to always try to stand onthe opposite side of the stem to thebranch being cut.

l As with all sharphand tools, directthe blow away fromthe body.

AXE TECHNIQUE

u More information on how to usethe axe for felling with a bowsaw and debranching can befound in the following twobooks:

Kantola M. & Virtanen K. 1986.Handbook on AppropriateTechnology for ForestryOperations in DevelopingCountries, Part 1. FTPHelsinki. ISBN 951-46-9589-5.

ILO. 1987. Wood Harvesting withHand Tools. ILO Geneva. ISBN92-2-106217-1.

Notes:

FTP International Ltd / APPRODEV manual WEDGES 1

n WEDGES

1 Description

MANUFACTURE

u The larger wedges are bestmade from aluminium alloys,which means it is difficult tomanufacture them locally.

u However, wedges can be forgedfrom spring steel. Make surethat they are not made with ametal grinder, they will not bestrong enough.

Common wedge usedfor tree felling - strong,with a large surface and

narrow angle foropening up closed cuts

Picture: ILO

Ridges to preventthe wedge sticking

in the cut

Keep thewedge ona string

Wooden headedwedges - the head can

be replaced whenworn out

Pocket wedge - small andconvenient, a goodprecaution in cross-cutting and felling FURTHER REFERENCE

ILO 1987. Wood harvesting withhand tools - an illustratedtraining manual. ILO, Geneva.

Notes:

FTP International Ltd / APPRODEV manual WEDGES 2

2 Using wedges

l Wedges can be used in tree felling forpreventing a tree falling back andpinching the blade. In certain cases itcan alo be used to help the tree fall byhammering it into a completed backcut. Strong wedges with a steeper angleare needed for this.

l The wedge should be knocked in witha strong hammer or an axe with ahammer backed head. Do not use asimple axe with a round backed headbecause it will soon break.

FELLING LEVERS

u Helping the tree fall when usinga chainsaw can also be donewith a felling lever.

u The following reference givesinformation about felling treeswith a chainsaw:

FAO/ILO. 1980. Chainsaws inTropical Forests. FAO Rome.ISBN 92-5-100932-5.

Pictures: ILO

l Wedges are normally required to prevent pinching when cross-cutting logswith manual saws. The kerf is quite narrow and likely to close even if thecompression in the log is very small. It is a good precaution to use a smallwedge.

Notes:

FTP International Ltd / APPRODEV manual FORESTRY KNIVES (MACHETES) 1

n FORESTRY KNIVES (MACHETES)

1 Description

MAINTENANCE

u It is important to maintain asharp blade.

u Information on sharpening andmanufacture is given in thefollowing book:

FAO. 1982. Basic Technology inForestry Operations. FAORome. Pages 44-45.

Panga,commonly

used in EastAfrica

Bolo,commonly

used in Asia

Normally about 45 cmlong with a blade widthof 4.5 cm at the handle

Notes:

FTP International Ltd / APPRODEV manual FORESTRY KNIVES (MACHETES) 2

2 Using forestry knives

l The main use of the forestry knifeshould be for clearing small treesand bushes, such as whenpreparing to fell a tree.

l Knives are not recommended forfelling or debranching large trees.

Notes:

ERGONOMICS & SAFETY



l Likewise, it is not goodto use knives as ageneral purpose tool,such as for diggingholes, since the bladewill be blunted.

l When using the knife,always avoid makingthe blow towards thebody.

Using a panga to clear asafety zone and escape

route in tree felling

FTP International Ltd / APPRODEV manual LOG HOOKS 1

n LOG HOOKS

1 Description

MANUFACTURE

u A good material to use formaking log hooks is car coilspring.

u When making the hook it is veryimportant to achieve the rightprofile (curve) for the hook . Ifit is wrong, such as too tight ortoo loose a curve, then the hookwill not hold the log wellenough.

u Use a model for copying theprofile.

u Always hammer the hook's tipto a point (forge, griniding willgive a soft and useless tip.

Hooks can also bemade from concrete

reinforcing rod

Comfortable grip, e.g.reinforced hose pipe

A log hook can be locally made from car coilspring by copying a model

Notes:

The shape of thecurve is important,it is best to copy a

model

Sharp tip,forged

High quality weld,e.g. using stainless

steel rods

FTP International Ltd / APPRODEV manual LOG HOOKS 2

2 Using the log hook (or hooks)

l Used for rolling logs, such as for turning the log when debranching. One loghook is sufficient for this.

l Also used for lifting or moving the position of logs, as shown. Two hooks arenecessary here.

LIFT SAFELY

u Always lift using a straightback and bending at the knees

Notes:

FTP International Ltd / APPRODEV manual CANT HOOKS 1

n CANT HOOKS

1 Description

MANUFACTURE

u Cant hooks of various types canbe manufactured on ablacksmith's forge.

u Manufacture of various type ofcant hooks and other handtools is described in thefollowing book:


Flexible joint,not to be

secured tootight

Strong woodenpole, 1 to 1.5 m

in length

Forged point andsuitably shaped

hook (best copiedfrom a model)

Notes:

FTP International Ltd / APPRODEV manual CANT HOOKS 2

2 Using the cant hook

l Used for turning or rolloing logson the ground.

l Also used for turning lodgedtrees (hang-ups) off the stumpwhen attempting to take themdown.

l The log is firmly gripped betweenthe end of the pole and the hook.Powerful leverage can beobtained in this way.

l For the strong, tightening grip thehook must remain digging intothe wood. This is why it isimortant to have the correct angleon the hook's curve and point.

l As with all physical forest work,it is essential to use the correctworking posture, using the legmuscles effectively and keepingthe back straight.

Notes:

ERGONOMICS & SAFETY



FTP International Ltd / APPRODEV manual SAPPIES 1

n SAPPIES

1 Description

PURCHASE ANDMANUFACTURE

u Sappies can be purchased frommost forestry equipmentsuppliers, where they may alsobe known as a pickaroon orhookaroon.

u Manufacturing a sappie head ispossible in a small blacksmith'sworkshop, using vehicle leafspring as the raw material. Theprocess is described on page 4.

Notes:

Sappie head, dropforged or can be

hammer forged insmall workshops,

see page 4

Long, well shapedhandle made from

tough wood such as ahardwood


2 Using the sappie

l Sappies are very useful tools forlfiting and turning logs, using thesappie as a lever. The sappie has along handle to give a good effect asa lever.

l This is useful for manouvering logson the logging site, turning them intoposition for skidding, clearing themwhen caught on obstacles and so on.

l Sappies can also be used for dragginglogs.

l This is particularly useful in manualloading operations, such as whenpulling the load fully uponto the trailer.

LEVERING TECHNIQUE

u Make sure that workers whonormally use ordinary poles formoving logs do not use thesappie in the same way. Theoval shape handle will breakvery quickly.

u Technique is important withthe sappie. When used properlyit is more effective and safer forthe worker than a simple pole.

Notes:


l For moving logs over short distances sevral workers with sappies is veryeffective, particularly compared to using ordinary wooden poles.

ERGONOMICS & SAFETY



Notes:


3 Making a sappie head on a blacksmith's forge

1 Heat the iron to anorange colour in theforge and cut toshape using ahammer and cuttingwedge

2 Hammer a sharppoint

3 Hammer theend to ahook shape

4 Forge a ring from a secondpiece of leaf spring

5 When bothpieces are cold,weld the bladesection to thering

FORGED SAPPIE FROM OLDLEAF SPRING

u Two sections of used leaf springcan be used to make a sappiehead

u Use leaf spring about 10 mmthick (e.g. Land Rover) and twopieces about 30 cm long

u When welding the two piecestogether, be sure to use highquality welding, such asstainless steel rods if arcwelding

u Fit a tough hardwood handle tothe sappie

Notes:

FTP International Ltd / APPRODEV manual LOG PICKS 1

n LOG PICKS

1 Description

Spike with sharp,curved tip, made fromhardened steel bolt (by

forging) in thisexample

Spike is secured bytightening the nut

Well shapedhandle to

comfortably fitthe hand of theworker, 50 cm

long

MANUFACTURE

u The most important factor whenmaking the log pick is not to usea grinder or file to make thepoint on the spike

u Forging is the only way to makeit hard and tough enough

Notes:

FTP International Ltd / APPRODEV manual LOG PICKS 2

2 Uses of the log pick

l Useful for picking up andhandling small pieces of wood,such as fuelwood billets.

SAFE LIFTING

u Keep a straight back and bendat the knees, particularly withheavy loads such as the logshown in the diagram

Notes:

l Useful for lifting or moving larger logs, such asfor placing onto the sulky chain, as shown below.

Picture: ILO

FTP International Ltd / APPRODEV manual LOG TONGS 1

n LOG TONGS

1 Description

MANUFACTURE

u Log tongs can be manufacturedin good local workshops,preferably by obtaining a modelto copy.

u Joints in the tongs should not betoo tight. If so, the tongs will notrelease logs easily enough.

u Manufacture of various type oflog tongs and other handtools is described in thefollowing book:


Notes:

Forged points: should be hard,sharp and of the correct shape

(point types are described in theFAO reference book, see right)

Four joint log tongsare a very practicaldesign for a widerange of log sizes

Single jointlog tongs are

normallymade for

larger logs

Picture: ILO

FTP International Ltd / APPRODEV manual LOG TONGS 2

2 Using log tongs

l Four joint tongs are normally made asshown, as a one person tool. For lifting,turning or moving logs over short distances.

l The arms open when pressed against the log.When the log is lifted the points penetratethe wood and tighten the grip.

l The tongs are released by pushing them downand twisting sideways.

Notes:

ERGONOMICS & SAFETY



l Single joint tongs are commonlyused for dragging and lifting largerlogs, for example with two workersas shown.

Picture: ILO

FTP International Ltd / APPRODEV manual POLE TONGS 1

n POLE TONGS

1 Description

MANUFACTURE

u Pole tongs can be manufacturedon a blacksmith's forge.

u To get the joint mechanism andthe shape of the hooks correct itis better to obtain a model tocopy.

Forged steel bracketand hardened steel

pins for hinge of tongs

Forged, hardenedsteel tongs withsharp hooks ofsuitable profile

Wooden pole made fromtough wood, 1 to 1.5

metres long

Notes:

FTP International Ltd / APPRODEV manual POLE TONGS 2

2 Using the pole tongs

l Used as shown by two workers to skid logs manually.

l Logs can also be lifted completely off the ground by using more than one pairof pole tongs/workers.

LIFT SAFELY

u Be sure to bend the knees andlift with a straight back,making good use of the legmuscles.

u Good instructions onergonomics and safety canbe found in the book:


Notes:

Documents

APPRODEV REFERENCE MANUAL PART PRACTICAL …