APUSH PERIOD 3-7 REVIEW

PERIOD 3: 1754 – 1800

THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR THROUGH ADAMS’ PRESIDENCY

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR (1754-1763)

• Established New France in Canada

• Known for fur trade

France: late to race for colonies

• Fought over Ohio River Valley

• Washington was sent in to secure the Valley

• Led to war

Britain saw France as a threat

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR (1754-1763)

Britain struggled to get the support of its colonies (this really bothered them)

Albany Congress was summoned to get the loyalty of the colonists and the Iroquois

War ended with Treaty of Paris, 1763

• Britain received all of Canada

• France: no longer a ruling power in North America

FRENCH AND

INDIAN WAR (1754-

1763)

• Result of war: Britain would tax its

colonies to pay for their defense in the

future; end of salutary neglect

• Britain instituted Proclamation of

1763 to prevent settlement past

Appalachians (furthered tensions

w/colonies)

• Set the stage for a changing

relationship between Britain and its

North American colonies

BRITISH IMPERIAL POLICY

• Following the French and Indian War, Britain began various acts of taxation:

• Sugar Act

• Stamp Act

• Quartering Act (not a tax; troops in colonists’ homes)

• Declaratory Act (pass any law it wanted over colonies)

• Townshend Acts (tax on glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea)

• Intolerable Acts (closed port of Boston)

FIRST CONTINENTAL

CONGRESS (1774)

55 men

Goal: protest their dislike of the Intolerable Acts

The Continental Association called for a complete boycott on British goods to show the mother country that they were serious

SECOND CONTINENTAL

CONGRESS (1775)

If their grievances were not addressed by King George III, they promised to meet again—the Second Continental Congress

When the SCC met, they were preparing for revolution/managed the colonial war effort

• This was the group that would adopt the Declaration of Independence

INFLUENCE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

Intellectual movement that emphasized science and reason (also known as the Age of Reason)

Thinkers such as John Locke (natural rights); Jean Jacques Rousseau (social contract theory); Montesquieu (separation of powers)

Ben Franklin was considered an enlightened Founding Father

Influenced American Revolution and Declaration of Independence

REVOLUTIONARY WAR

• Road to Revolution

• British rule from 3,000 miles

away=salutary neglect

• British mercantilism

• Navigation Acts (forced colonists to

trade with Britain and no other

European countries)

• “Taxation without representation”

• Sugar, Stamp, Townshend, Intolerable,

etc.

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION

Created 1777 by 2nd

Continental Congress 1st attempt at self-

governing by 13 states

Approved in 1781

Major issue dealt with acquisition of western lands in response to

Britain’s Proclamation of 1763

AOC was very weak:

• Congress controlled the government—no executive branch

• No power to regulate commerce/trade

• Could not be amended without the agreement of all 13 states

SHAYS’ REBELLION

(1786)

• Shays’ Rebellion: 1786, Massachusetts

• Daniel Shays, a veteran of the American Revolution led

the rebels or regulators

• Represented the backcountry farmers

• Sought debt relief following the Revolution

• Financial problems occurred due to a post-war

economic depression

• There was a lack of hard currency

• And government policies further made the situation

worse for the people

SHAYS’ REBELLION

(1786)

• Many lost their farms due to foreclosures and

the inability to pay taxes on their property

• Farmers wanted the tax system to be

reformed and paper money to be issued

• This showed a strong central government was

needed and the Articles government was weak

• Many argue this rebellion was on the minds of

the men who met at the Constitutional

Convention

CONSTITUTION

• Constitutional Convention (1787)

• Meets to revise the AOC

• AOC were too flawed to be fixed

Randolph and Madison from VA come

with the VA Plan (large states plan)

• This gets the Convention rolling

The new Constitution makes people

nervous

• No Bill of Rights

• Drew on ideas of Enlightenment

(separation of powers, checks and

balances, rule of law)

DEBATES OVER THE

RATIFICATION OF THE

CONSTITUTION

• The Federalists vs. the Anti Federalists

• Federalists: in favor of the ratification of

the Constitution

• Prominent figures: Madison, Hamilton, and

Jay (wrote Federalist Papers)

• Wrote about main issues that people

may be concerned with

• Stated Constitution was full of

protections

• Separation of powers, 3 branches,

etc.

DEBATES OVER THE

RATIFICATION OF THE

CONSTITUTION

• Anti Federalists: against the

Constitution

• Constitution gave too much

power to the central

government

• Thought state government

should have more power

• Criticized absence of a bill of

rights

ARTICLES VS. CONSTITUTION P. 182

• Loose confederation

• 1 vote/state (9 states needed for important measures)

• Congress was in control—no executive

• No power to tax or regulate commerce

• Need all 13 states to amend it

• Limited federal courts

• Firm union

• 2 votes/state in Senate

• Based on population in House

• Majority needed in Congress

• Laws executed by the president

• Congress regulates foreign and interstate commerce and has power to tax

• Federal courts and a Supreme court

• Amendments with approval by states and 2/3 vote in Congress

AOC Constitution

WASHINGTON’S ADMINISTRATION

Set many precedents as nation’s first president (invokes Cabinet; serves two terms and retires)

Bill of Rights is ratified

Supports Hamilton’s Bank

Issued Neutrality Proclamation (1793); wanted the U.S. to stay isolated in regards to foreign affairs (to avoid the constant push and pull between Britain and France when it came to foreign policy)

WASHINGTON’S ADMINISTRATION

• Whiskey Rebellion (1794): First rebellion

under the new government created by the

Constitution

• Cause: high excise tax placed on whiskey by

Hamilton (considered whiskey a luxury)

• He wanted to use the revenue to pay the

national debt

• First tax placed on a domestic good

• Why farmers were upset: farmers distilled their

excess grain into whiskey

• And whiskey was used as currency by

western/frontier farmers

WASHINGTON’S ADMINISTRATION

• President Washington acted swiftly

• Sent militia to Pennsylvania to put

down the rebellion

• Showed the new government would

not tolerate opposition to its laws

• The tax was repealed by Jefferson

(Democratic-Republican) in 1801

WASHINGTON’S ADMINISTRATION

• Jay’s Treaty (1795): Sought to prevent Britain

from searching and seizing American ships and

impressing sailors into the British navy

• Britain would evacuate frontier forts

• Made U.S. look pro-British

• Led to Pinckney's Treaty (1795)

• Spain opened Mississippi River to American

trade

• Divided people into Federalists or

Democratic-Republicans

J O H N A DA M S’ A D M I NI ST R AT IO N

• XYZ Affair (1798): French disliked Jay’s

Treaty: felt it showed a U.S. alliance with

Britain

• France responded by seizing American ships

• Adams sought to reach an agreement with

France and to avoid war

• He sent three men: Pinckney, Gerry, and

Marshall to France

• They met with Foreign Minister Talleyrand

J O H N A DA M S’ A D M I NI ST R AT IO N

• With these three men when in France,

Congress demanded to see what France was

asking of the U.S.

• X, Y, and Z were the letters given by Adams

to the three men in France who had made

specific demands of the U.S. (for money,

etc.)

• In the end, the U.S. offered France many of the

same concessions it had offered Britain (in

Jay’s Treaty)

• Adams was viewed as withholding information

on this issue and many argue this hurt his

party

J O H N A DA M S’ A D M I NI ST R AT IO N

• The final result was a “quasi-war” with

France in which more seizures of ships

occurred

• Also resulted in the buildup of the U.S. Navy

• Adams later worked to resolve the issue

(1800) and it seemed the issue would be

solved now the Napoleon Bonaparte had

seized power in France (and was interested

in the Louisiana Territory in the U.S.)

• Napoleon agreed to annul their alliance

(Franco-American Treaty) in 1800

JOHN ADAMS’ ADMINISTRATION

• Passed by Federalists in

Congress

• Authorized the president to

deport anyone who was a

threat to national security

• Changed the residency

requirement for aliens from 5

years to 14 years

• Made it a federal crime to falsely

and maliciously criticize a federal

official

• Many felt it directly undermined

the First Amendment and the

Constitution

• The Federalists aimed this at the

Jeffersonian Democratic-

Republicans

The Alien Acts The Sedition Acts

J O H N A DA M S’ A D M I NI ST R AT IO N

• Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798)

• Written by Madison and Jefferson to oppose

the Alien and Sedition Acts

• Said the states were the final authority in

determining whether the federal government

had overstepped its bounds (states’ rights)

• And if the federal government had done so

“nullification” was the correct response

• (Nullification was later used by South

Carolina against the Tariff of Abominations)

RISE OF THE FIRST PARTY

SYSTEM

1792: Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans

Federalists: 1790-1800

Originated with those advocating the creation of a stronger national

government after 1781

Early leaders included: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Gouverneur Morris, James Madison, and George Washington

Parties develop from the

Anti Federalist and Federalist factions

RISE OF THE FIRST PARTY

SYSTEM

• Anti-Federalists: 1788-1800

• Precursor of the Democratic-Republican

Party

• Started with those who opposed the

ratification of the Constitution and those

who favored states' rights

RISE OF THE FIRST PARTY

SYSTEM

• Democratic-Republicans: Jefferson

and Madison

• Opposed the Federalist Party and the

ideas of Alexander Hamilton (also

called Jeffersonian Republicans)

• Favored states’ rights rather than a

strong national

government; agricultural interests;

supported the French Revolution

(1789-1799); opposed ties with Britain

POLITICAL PARTIES

1814

Death of Federalists

(Hartford Convention)

1820

The Era of Good Feelings—ONE PARTY—the Republican Party (Monroe)

1825

The Republicans then spilt in 1825

• National Republicans and Democratic-Republicans (aka Jacksonian Democrats)

• 1834: National Republicans become Whigs

POLITICAL PARTIES

• 1834: Jacksonian Democrats become

Democrats

• Think era of common man; universal

manhood suffrage; campaigning; party

conventions

• 1852: Whigs die and Republicans come

into existence

• Know Nothings (1840s-1860s); 3rd Party

• Nativists; anti-immigration

• Also known as the American Party

• 1856 Candidate: Millard Fillmore

POLITICAL PARTIES

• Greenback Labor Party, 1878

• Supported the greenbacks of the Civil War

era

• Called for the end of government

corruption, regulation of the railroads and

other corporations

• James Weaver was a popular candidate

1880

• Died out and gave way to Populist

movement

POLITICAL PARTIES

• Dixiecrats (1948)—only ran

candidates this year

• Broke from Democratic Party

• Segregationist: opposed racial

integration

• Helped weaken the Solid South—

Democratic control of presidential

elections in the South

PERIOD 4: 1800 – 1848

JEFFERSON’S PRESIDENCY THROUGH SOCIAL REFORM

MOVEMENTS

JEFFERSON’S ADMINISTRATION

• Marbury v. Madison (1803): William Marbury’s appointment (as justice of

the peace) was been held up by Secretary of State James Madison

• Carryover issue from the end of the Adams administration due to midnight

judge appointments

• Marbury sues Madison for his commission to be delivered

• Chief Justice John Marshall argued that Marbury did not have a case

because his appeal was based on the Judiciary Act of 1789 which was

unconstitutional—it went too far in assigning powers to the Supreme

Court that were not mentioned in the Constitution

JEFFERSON’S ADMINISTRATION

• Results:

• Marbury does not get his commission

• Establishes principal of judicial review: Supreme Court has the

ultimate authority to interpret the Constitution

• Marshall Court rulings emphasized federal government remaining

supreme over state governments (also think of McCulloch v. Maryland;

Worcester v. Georgia; Gibbons v. Ogden)

JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY

Jefferson: leader of the Democratic-Republicans

Election/Revolution of 1800: peaceful change in power from the Federalists to the Democratic-Republicans

He believed in:

1. Limited federal power

2. Strong state governments

3. Guarantees of individual rights

JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY

Favored strict construction of the Constitution

Louisiana Purchase challenged this concept

Most unpopular piece: Embargo Act

• He also believed in a nation dependent on agriculture

• Did not believe in Hamilton’s Bank

• Opposed by the Hamiltonian Federalists

As president, Jefferson believed in the rule by educated, white males

MADISON’S ADMINISTRATION

War of 1812: Mr. Madison’s War/Second War for Independence

Issues: impressment of sailors and Native Americans armed by British

• Forced Madison closer to war as did the War Hawks

Key war hero: Andrew Jackson (Battle of New Orleans)

Peace treaty: Treaty of Ghent ended the war and little was resolved

• The U.S. had an upsurge in nationalism as a result of their victory in the second war for independence

• Ushered in the Era of Good Feelings (James Monroe)

MADISON’S ADMINISTRATION

• War of 1812 caused a split between the Federalists

and Republicans

• Federalists (mostly New Englanders) completely

opposed war

• Hartford Convention (1814): New England

Federalists met to discuss trade issues due to the

embargo and some potential amendments to the

Constitution

• Demanded 2/3 vote in Congress before embargos

could be imposed, for new states to be admitted, or

war to be declared

• Sought repeal of 3/5 compromise, to limit the

president to one term

• They were too late in addressing their complaints

because the war was over and this meant the death

of the Federalist Party

ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS

Time period that followed the War of 1812

• One political party

• Was the title correct? (Think about sectionalism and nationalism)

• Regional differences emerged (slavery vs. non-slave holding states)

• Missouri Compromise

• The American System (tariffs, banking, and internal improvements) to make the economy more connected (emphasized nationalism but created sectional issues like debates over tariffs)

Tied to Monroe’s presidency (two terms)

ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS/MONROE

DOCTRINE (1823)

Came about in Monroe’s annual message to Congress

Warned European nations not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere

• Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

• Expanded it to protect life and property of the U.S. in the Western Hemisphere

• “Speak softly and carry a big stick”

Think of its use and extension in Latin America under TR

MARKET REVOLUTION

(1815-1845)

Think of expanding the marketplace—producing for the market and not just for yourself/family

Also, always link it with the transportation revolution

• Improvements in transportation and industrialization changed trade (but no increase in transportation in South)

• Roads and canals revolutionized trade

Marked by some technological change but the market aspect is the focus of this period (don’t confuse with Industrial Revolution)

MARKET REVOLUTION

(1815-1845)

• An effort to strengthened nationalism

• Consisted of: strong banking system, protective tariff, railroads, and canals

Think of Henry Clay’s American System

• Lowell Mills (women’s role in Market Revolution)

• National (Cumberland) Road

• Erie Canal

• Panic of 1819 (over speculation in western lands and low prices)

Also think of:

MARKET REVOLUTION

(1815-1845)

Steamboat

Cotton gin (and Eli Whitney's interchangeable parts)

Cyrus McCormick and the mechanical reaper

John Deere and steel plow

Elias Howe and the sewing machine

MARKET REVOLUTION

(1815-1845)

• Also resulted in regional specialization

• The West dominated farming

• The Northeast produced manufactured

goods

• The South grew cotton that would be

used in northern factories

CORRUPT BARGAIN,

1824

• Refers to the claim from the supporters of Andrew

Jackson that John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay

had worked out a deal to ensure that Adams was

elected president by the House of Representatives

in 1824

• 5 candidates ran as Democratic-Republicans

• No one had majority of electoral votes so the

election was now between the top two candidates:

Jackson and J.Q. Adams

• Clay=was Speaker of the House; in return for

securing support for Adams he was named

Secretary of State

FIRST GREAT AWAKENING

(1740s)

Jonathan Edwards=hellfire and damnation; “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”

George Whitefield=itinerant preacher

Religious revival

• Partially due to the strictness of the Puritan churches

• Focused on individual conversion experiences rather than specific church doctrine

FIRST GREAT AWAKENING

(1740s)

Undermined the old clergy; made room for “new lights”

Increased competiveness of churches

Broke down sectional boundaries; people thought of themselves as a single people

SECOND GREAT AWAKENING (1790s-1830s)

Think: How similar and different from

First Great Awakening?

Charles Finney=famous revival

preacher

Revived the interest in religion—everyone

could be saved (different than before)

Huge camp meetings

More religious denominations

formed

New York=Burned Over District due to

number of conversions

Encouraged social reform movements:

prison reform, temperance reform,

women’s rights, abolition of slavery

ANTEBELLUM SOCIAL REFORM MOVEMENTS

Temperance

• Neal Dow—Maine Law

Abolitionism

• Grimke; Sojouner Truth (and women’s rights)

• The Liberator, William Lloyd Garrison

Religion

• Deism

• Unitarianism

ANTEBELLUM SOCIAL REFORM MOVEMENTS

Utopian Movements

• Brook Farm

• Oneida

• Communitarian movement: Robert Owen: New Harmony, IN

Prison Reforms/Juvenile Delinquents

• Dorothea Dix

ANTEBELLUM SOCIAL REFORM

MOVEMENTS

Women

• Wanted own rights; assisted with MANY reform movements

• Anthony, Mott, Fuller

• Wanted out of cult of domesticity

• Seneca Falls Convention

Think: How are the antebellum/social reform movements similar and/or different than those of the Progressive Era?

TRANSCENDENTALISM

Began in New England

Focused on spreading literature

Believed people have the truth inside of them; stressed self-reliance; people were inherently good; institutions such as political parties corrupted society

Many transcendentalists believed in the reform movements of the time: women’s rights, temperance, abolitionism, etc.

TRANSCENDENTALISM

• Key Transcendentalists

• Ralph Waldo Emerson (led the

transcendentalist movement)

• Wrote: Nature and Self-reliance

• Henry David Thoreau

• Wrote: Walden: or Life in the Woods

and On the Duty of Civil Disobedience

• Walt Whitman

• Wrote Leaves of Grass

JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY

• Use this acronym to remember

the highlights of the Jackson

administration

• W: War on the Bank

• I: Indian Removal (Trail of Tears)

• T: Tariffs (Tariff of Abominations

and Nullification Crisis)

• C: “Common Man”

• H: Hated Henry Clay

JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY

Roughly 1828-1848 (Jackson was president 1829-1837)

Known as the second party system

Focused on the “common man”—all white men could vote

Nominating conventions chose political candidates

Characterized by political patronage, or the spoils system

Opposed the recharter of the Second Bank; resulted in formation of “pet banks” run by Jackson’s supporters

JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY

• Maysville Road Veto (1830): Jackson

vetoed this extension of the

Cumberland Road; felt it was an

intrastate issue and not up to the

federal government to fund

• Force Bill (1833): Jackson was ready

to use force to get SC to comply with

1833 tariff (Tariff of Abominations); he

didn’t; have to as Clay negotiated a

Compromise Tariff (1833)

BACKGROUND ON THE BUS

Hamilton wants a Bank

Jefferson does not

The key question: was a BUS constitutional?

• H=YES; necessary and proper clause

• J=NO way; favored strict interpretation of Constitution

Why did we need a BUS?

• New nation wanted a way to manage its money and trade with foreign nations

JACKSON AND THE BUS

Congress chartered the Second Bank in 1816 for a 20 years

It seemed the Bank was good at managing credit and providing profits for the stockholders and government

In 1819, the Bank had caused a financial panic by calling in credit from smaller state banks, forcing many of them into bankruptcy

By Jackson's administration, the Bank had expanded into 29 branches AND it was a private institution led by its president, Nicholas Biddle

JACKSON AND THE BUS

The Bank had extensive influence over loans, credit, etc. and Jackson was worried that a bank with that much power could not remain independent of the electoral process

Jackson wanted to dismantle the bank to protect the people

Biddle then surprised everyone by asking for a recharter in January of 1832 (a presidential election year)–4 years before the current charter expired

• Biddle believed that by making the Bank an election issue, he could force Jackson to support it out of fear that it might cost him the election if he did not

• Clay and Webster presented the bill to Congress

JACKSON AND THE

BUS

• Jackson vetoed it and in 1833 deposits were

withdrawn from the Bank

• Money was placed in smaller state banks called

“pet banks”

• Jackson wanted hard currency (specie

circular—gold and silver) to be used to

purchase lands

• Helped lead to panic in 1837 under Van

Buren

• In 1836 the Bank’s charter expired

WHIG PARTY

The party formed to oppose Jackson and his veto of the BUS

What they stood for:

• Favored national bank

• Protective tariffs

• Internal improvements to the country

• Prohibition

• Abolition of slavery

The Democrats and Whigs both claimed to be the party of the common man

NULLIFICATION CRISIS (1833)

• Began with the passage of the Tariff of

1828 or Tariff of Abominations, which was

hated by Southern states

• They saw the tariff as harmful because

they did not benefit from industry

NULLIFICATION CRISIS (1833)

South Carolina protested the tariff and declared it null and void within the state

• SC used the VA and KY Resolutions as their base for advocating for nullification of the tariff

• Published a pamphlet called The South Carolina Exposition that denounced the tariff (written by John C. Calhoun, “The Great Nullifier”)

• Jackson threatened to send troops to SC to resolve the issue (Force Bill)

Henry Clay organized the Compromise Tariff of 1832

• This would reduce tariffs by 10% over the next 8 years

PERIOD 5: 1844–1877

MANIFEST DESTINY THROUGH RECONSTRUCTION

MANIFEST DESTINY

Manifest destiny greatly increased sectional tensions over slavery as new lands were acquired and later as the idea of popular

sovereignty was used

Election of 1844 is seen as the election of manifest destiny (Polk)

Term coined by John O’Sullivan in 1845

Begins in 1840s

POLK AND OREGON

TERRITORY

As president, Polk sought to carry out manifest destiny

• Since 1818, the territory had been under the joint occupation and control of the UK and the U.S.

• Under Polk, the British again refused to accept the 49th parallel boundary proposal

• Despite the cries of Democrats of “54’ 40 or fight!” the land was later divided at the 49th parallel by the Oregon Treaty of 1846—some argued Polk had settled and should have fought for the rest of the land

He wanted to settle the boundary issue of Oregon

MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR

(1846-1848)

Polk first tried to buy New Mexico and California

• Background: Texas Revolution (1836)

• U.S. had given up Texas to Spain in exchange for Florida in 1819

• Stephen Austin brought American families to live in Texas to help populate it

• Battle of the Alamo: Santa Anna attacked the Alamo near San Antonio

• 1836: Texas declares independence from Mexico and defeats Santa Anna

• Texans were ready to join the U.S. but they were slaveholders which meant expansion of slavery if it joined the Union

• Mexico had refused to recognize Texas’s independence

• Promised to fight if the U.S. tried anything regarding Texas

1845: U.S. annexed Texas (made it a part of the U.S.)

MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR

(1846-1848)

Reasons for war: the border of Texas had never been decided

• U.S. said the border was the Rio Grande

• Mexico said it was the Nueces River

Polk sent General Zachary Taylor to the Nueces River

• When Mexican forces crossed the Rio Grande (which was considered U.S. territory) and attacked Taylor’s men, Polk got his justification for war

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo: Mexico gave up its rights to Texas and the U.S. gained California, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, Colorado, etc.

• The U.S. paid $18 million to Mexico for the land (Mexican Cession)

• War led to more section disputes: would land gained be free or slave?

WESTWARD EXPANSION

Desire to move westward was fueled by the Louisiana Purchase as well as the concept of manifest destiny

Speculators were common as they purchased large tracts of land in order to sell it in smaller parcels to farmers at high prices

Another important event in settling the West was Jackson's Trail of Tears—to clear the land for white expansion

Then, the next area was Texas and later the Mexican-American War

As the U.S. gained more lands, the slavery issue became heated and whether or not slavery would be permitted in the lands gained in the Mexican Cession (cause of Civil War)

• Wilmot Proviso: proposed that slavery be prohibited in all of the Mexican Cession other than Texas; never went into effect

WESTWARD EXPANSION

Gadsden Purchase (1853): added 30,000 square miles of territory in the southern portions of present-day Arizona and New Mexico (under Pierce’s administration)

The Homestead Act (1862) offered 160 acres of land to anyone who would pay $10, live on the land for five years, and cultivate and improve it

The transcontinental railroad was completed in May 1869

Dawes Severalty Act (1887) called for the breakup of the reservations and the treatment of Indians as individuals rather than tribes

• Each person would get a specified amount of land and would be granted U.S. citizen in 25 years

SLAVE CONTROVERSY

Compromise of 1820

• Land north of the 36 30 was closed to slavery

• Maine entered as a free state; Missouri as a slave state

Compromise of 1850

• CA enters as a free state

• Abolition of slave trade

• Mexican Cession lands formed into New Mexico and Utah (open to popular sovereignty)

• Fugitive slave law enacted

SLAVE CONTROVERSY

• Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

• Nebraska territory would be divided in

Kansas and Nebraska

• Popular sovereignty would be allowed

• Repealed the Missouri Compromise and

the Compromise of 1850

• By 1854 compromise to avoid controversy

over slavery was no longer

possible/effective = Civil War

CIVIL WAR

• Causes:

• Growing abolitionist movement: Garrison, F.

Douglass; Uncle Tom’s Cabin)

• Regional differences/economies: industry vs.

slavery

• Adding new territories

• Would Missouri Compromise stand?

• What about slavery in the lands gained in

Mexican Cession?

• Compromise of 1850

• Popular sovereignty (KS-NE Act)

• Lincoln’s election (in debates with Douglas

for Senate seat faced many of the same

issues)

LINCOLN’S IMPACT

The Republican Party (sectional party) formed in 1854 over KS-NE Act

By 1860, the issues the nation was facing were unable to be resolved

• Remember, President James Buchanan did nothing top stop the chaos over slavery as sectional tensions heightened

Once Lincoln was elected (1860), SC seceded followed by other states

• Even though he was not interested in interfering with slavery where it already existed

Lincoln’s biggest concern: keeping the border states in the Union

LINCOLN’S IMPACT

The Emancipation Proclamation declared freedom for slaves in all areas of the Confederacy that were still in rebellion against the Union

• States had until January 1, 1863 to rejoin the Union or the Proclamation would go into effect

Gettysburg Address (1863) reminded the Union why the Civil War was being fought

Reelected in 1864 (under Union Party)

RECONSTRUCTION

Presidential Reconstruction (Lincoln’s Plan)

• The 10 percent plan: a state could reenter the Union when 10% of its voters took an oath of allegiance to the U.S.

Congress pushed for a harsh approach to reintegrate the states that seceded

• Passed the Wade-Davis Bill in 1864

• Required 50% of a state’s voters (in the 1860 election) to take the oath of allegiance to the U.S. (never went into effect; in the end the 10% plan prevailed)

RECONSTRUCTION Johnson’s Plan

Went along with

Lincoln’s 10% plan

Said states had to

revoke their ordinance of session

Slavery had to be abolished and the 13th

Amendment had to be ratified

New state government had to be elected

Reconstruction

would be a battle

between Johnson and Congress

The task of Reconstruction would go to Andrew Johnson due to Lincoln's death

RECONSTRUCTION

Republican Party divided into the Radicals and Moderates after the Civil War

Radical Reconstruction leaders: Charles Sumner & Thaddeus Stevens

• Opposed rapid restoration of Southern states

• Sumner and Stevens wanted a strict process for allowing the seceded states to reenter—sort of as if they were “new” states

• Wanted blacks to have equal rights—had to destroy all the elements of former slave owning class

• Went to battle with Johnson over Reconstruction policies and eventually leads to his impeachment

RECONSTRUCTION

Moderates were the larger of the two groups

• Agreed with Johnson—let the states decide if they wanted to give freed blacks rights (right to vote)

• Wanted Congress to work out Reconstruction and take it out of the president’s hands

RECONSTRUCTION

Civil Rights Act (1866): guaranteed blacks various civil rights

• Johnson vetoed it; Congress passed it over his veto

June 1866: Congress proposed 14th

Amendment (citizenship and equal protection)

• Congress wanted to require states to ratify the amendment in order to rejoin the Union

RECONSTRUCTION

Johnson wanted the states to reject the amendment

• TN ratified it and rejoined the Union; other states rejected it

• 1868: 14th Amendment was finally ratified by required number of states

RECONSTRUCTION

• Reconstruction Acts (1867): passed by

Congress

• Abolished Southern State governments

under Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan

• All states that had seceded (except TN)

were divided into 5 military districts

• The Acts also stated what would

happen to the 10 states that needed to

rejoin the Union:

• Had to register all voters; elect a

convention to create a new state

constitution (which had to give blacks

the right to vote); ratify 14th

Amendment

CIVIL WAR AMENDMENTS

13th Amendment: prohibited the institution of slavery (1865)

14th Amendment: made all former slaves and blacks U.S. citizens (equal protection under the law; 1868)

15th Amendment: black males were given the right to vote (could not deny someone the right to vote based on race, color, and previous servitude; 1870)

ANDREW JOHNSON’S ADMINISTRATION

• Sought to swiftly readmit the states that had seceded—Congress

disagreed and a real divide occurred in 1866

• Many Northerners questioned Johnson’s plan

• They argued the Southern States were not ready for readmission

because of reports of violence against blacks and their white

supporters, the passing of laws unfair to blacks, and the frequent

election of former Confederate leaders

• When Congress met in December 1865, it rejected Johnson's plan

and would not seat the newly elected Southern congressmen

ANDREW JOHNSON’S

ADMINISTRATION

February 1866 to March 1867, Congress and the president argued over a number of bills designed to replace Johnson’s plan

Congress pushed through some bills over Johnson’s vetoes

• One of them was the Freedmen’s Bureau, which assisted the former slaves

In June 1866, Congress passed the 14th

Amendment and Johnson objected to it

ANDREW JOHNSON’S

ADMINISTRATION

Johnson vetoed both of these acts, but Congress repassed them

More tension occurred in March 1867, when Congress passed two laws that Johnson

considered unconstitutional

The First Reconstruction Act: put the Southern States under military rule and established strict requirements for their readmission to the Union

The other law was the Tenure of Office Act: required Senate approval before the president could fire members of his Cabinet and other officials who had been confirmed by the Senate

ANDREW JOHNSON’S ADMINISTRATION

• In August 1867, Johnson suspended Secretary of War Edwin Stanton

and appointed General Ulysses S. Grant to Stanton's office

• Grant was unwilling to hold the office when the Senate would not

approve Stanton's suspension, and Grant allowed Stanton to reclaim

the office in January 1868

ANDREW JOHNSON’S

ADMINISTRATION

Impeachment had long been a goal of the Radicals

• In February 1868, the House of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson

The House adopted 11 articles of impeachment, one focusing on the Tenure of Office Act and others that stated be refused to work with Congress

• In the end the Senate was one vote short on removing him from office (based on the article on the Tenure of Office Act)

PERIOD 6: 1865–1898

THE NEW SOUTH, THE GILDED AGE, FARMING/POPULISM, AND TURN OF

THE CENTURY BLACK RIGHTS

NEW SOUTH

Term for the South after the Civil War; popularized by Henry Grady

Wanted to modernize/industrialize the South rather than continue to be dependent on agriculture

• Sharecropping and labor contracts for blacks

• South lacked infrastructure

• The institution of black codes

• The rise of the KKK

• Many former confederates elected to Congress

To what extent was the South a “New South” following Reconstruction?

GILDED AGE

Presidents (The Forgettable Presidents)

• Hayes (R): became president due to Compromise of 1877 (that ended Reconstruction)

• He refused to use the patronage system

• Garfield (R; elected 1880)

• Died before any major reforms occurred

• Arthur (R; VP became pres)

• Pendleton Civil Service= merit system

• Cleveland (D-1884)

• Tariffs were a key issue (opposed them); intervened in Pullman Strike

• Harrison (R)

• Sherman Anti-Trust Act; McKinley Tariff

GRANT’S ADMINISTRATION

Elected in 1868 due to war hero status (waving the bloody shirt); no political experience

Tried to bring the North and South together but corruption within his administration was a problem

In the South, blacks and Northerners known as carpetbaggers controlled some state governments; some were corrupt

In Northern cities, the Tweed Ring in New York City made huge profits from graft on city contracts

GRANT’S ADMINISTRATION

Grant urged Congress to adopt measures that would bring a merit system into

government service

One scandal was over the gold market (1869): Jay Gould,

James Fisk, and others tried to corner the gold market by

buying all the gold available in New York City

During Grant's second term Congress investigated Credit Mobilier, a construction company owned by leading stockholders of the Union Pacific Railroad (revealed that many congressmen had taken bribes)

END OF RECONSTRUCTION: HAYES’S ELECTION

In 1876 Grant did not want to run again (for third term)

• The Republicans had been divided into the Stalwarts and the Half-Breeds

• Rutherford B. Hayes was nominated by the Republicans as a “compromise” candidate

Hayes faced Tilden in the 1876 election

• The election was disputed when 4 states submitted two sets of electoral returns, one by the Democrats and one by the Republicans

END OF RECONSTRUCTION: HAYES’S ELECTION

Congress appointed a 15-member Electoral Commission to decide the election

In a private meeting, Southern Democrats in Congress agreed not to oppose the decision of the Electoral Commission

• This agreement gave Hayes the presidency because the commission had a Republican majority

• To get the Democrats to agree to this, the Republicans promised to end Reconstruction and withdraw the remaining federal occupation forces

• The Democrats, in turn, agreed to recognize the civil and political rights of African Americans

• This is the Compromise of 1877

GILDED AGE

• Term coined by Mark Twain (wrote a book)

• Glittering layer of wealth covered up the corruption/ills of society

Follows Reconstruction: 1870-1890 (or 1865-1900)

• Political issues: government corruption/spoils system; scandal; civil service reform; rise of Populism

• Economic issues: currency (silver vs. gold); gap between rich and poor; economic panics; big business/trusts/monopolies/industrialization; tariffs; hard times for farmers

• Social issues: Lack of civil rights for blacks; new immigrants/nativism; urbanization; rights for workers/formation of unions

The Gilded Age is known for its political, economic, and social issues

GILDED AGE

• Period of industrialization: captains

of industry or robber barons

• Carnegie=U.S. Steel

• Rockefeller=Standard Oil

• Trusts were common; Sherman

Anti-Trust Act (1890) attempted

to regulate them but was

ineffective/not enforced (time of

laissez faire economics)

• Social Darwinism was used to

justify the successes of big

businesses over smaller ones

GILDED AGE

Trust: companies get together and set a similar price for the same goods/services; could also be a company that owns shares of another company

Horizontal integration: combining firms within the same industry (think oil; Rockefeller)

• The consolidation of like companies in an effort to form a monopoly

Vertical integration: combining elements of the manufacturing process; one firm produces the raw materials manufactures them, and also transports them to market (think steel; Carnegie)

GILDED AGE

Labor unions formed at this time

• Founded in 1866 to organize skilled and unskilled laborers, farmers, and factory workers

• Blacks and women were not allowed to join

• Not affiliated with any particular political party

• Existed for 6 years

• Depression of 1873 caused workers to have to accept any wage rather than better wages

• Also, collective bargaining was difficult when it was easy to hire scab/immigrant workers

The first large-scale union was the National Labor Union

GILDED AGE

• Knights of Labor (1869)

• Picked up where the NLU left off

• Open to all workers, regardless of race,

gender, or skill level

• Supported an 8-hour workday and

“equal pay for equal work”

• Strikes were a last resort

• When its members were associated

with the Haymarket Square Bombing in

Chicago in 1886, the union fell apart

GILDED AGE

• Did not support the organization of unskilled workers

• Organized skilled workers in a network of smaller craft unions

• Favored collective bargaining

• Would be the longest lasting of the unions

AF of L (1886): Founder=Samuel Gompers

Frequent strikes throughout 1870s-1890s

Issues: hours, pay, working conditions

1877: Great Railroad Strike

1886: Haymarket Square bombing

1892: Homestead Strike

1894: Pullman Strike

GILDED AGE

• Industrial Workers of the World

(1905)

• Formed to oppose the AF of L

• Sought to organize industrial unions

(without regard to skill or trade)

• Members were called Wobblies

• Welcomed men, women,

immigrants, blacks, and Asians

• Engaged in strikes and boycotts

GILDED AGE

Urbanization: More people moved to the cities (more people=more issues)

• The new immigrants came from Southern and Eastern Europe and were considered undesirables

• Many were from Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia, Croatia, and/or Czechoslovakia

• They were considered lowly, poor, and uneducated

• Political bosses gave support to immigrants in exchange for votes

Immigration was also an issue

GILDED AGE

Immigrants tended to live tenement buildings which were dirty and poorly maintained as well as disease ridden

Jane Addams (Hull House) sought to assist immigrants (settlement house movement)

The Social Gospel movement used religion to point out and draw attention to the problems in society—a response against laissez faire capitalism and the rapid urbanization during the Gilded Age

GILDED AGE

There was a rise in nativism

• Nativists hated the Chinese: they worked

for low wages on railroad construction in

the West

• As a result, the Chinese Exclusion Act

in 1882, completely banning Chinese

immigration to the United States (and it

remained in place until 1943)

GILDED AGE

• Politics: increasingly corrupt w/use of

patronage and the spoils system

• Huge turnouts in elections (90%)

• Spoils system: the winning party

distributed most local, state, and federal

government jobs, and many government

contracts, to its loyal supporters

GILDED AGE

• Large cities were dominated by political

machines

• The most famous and powerful was Tammany

Hall led by Boss William Tweed

• People supported candidates for patronage, or

political favors; the government would give back

to the city once a candidate was elected

• Tweed Ring: businesses that would get city

contracts; they overcharged and did not do

quality work (so they could get another

contract to do repairs); profited heavily

• Boss William Tweed of Tammany was brought

down by the political cartoons of Thomas

Nast

FARMERS/POPULISM (1890s)

Farmers in the Midwest, South, and West began to form protest groups during the 1870s and 1880s

Farmers found themselves in a difficult situation with falling crop prices and increasing operating costs

• They blamed their troubles on railroads, trusts, bankers, and the government’s monetary system

• When the two major parties seemed unwilling to adopt their proposals for relief, many farmers joined farmers’ alliances

POPULISM (1890s)

The farmers’ alliances called for the government to put more money into circulation, either by printing more paper money or by coining unlimited amounts of silver (free silver)

Farmers believed an increase in the money supply would help them get higher prices for their crops

The farmers also wanted the government to regulate the railroads or take them over completely

THE GRANGE

Founded 1867 (Oliver Kelley) for farmers

Helped farmers form cooperatives that allowed them to purchase goods in larger quantities

Used granger laws to attempt to regulate prices for railroads and fees from grain elevators and warehouses

Munn v. Illinois: Grange wanted maximum rates charged for the storage and transport of agricultural products to be set by the government

Wabash Case: Court ruled that states could not regulate interstate commerce (commerce between states)

POPULISM (1890s)

In 1891, the People’s Party, or Populist Party, was

formed

In 1892, they party nominated James B. Weaver for president

• Their platform called for free silver, government ownership of railroads and telegraph and telephone lines, and many political reforms

1896, the Democratic Party nominated William Jennings Bryan for president

• The Populists joined the Democrats in supporting Bryan, but he lost to William McKinley

The ideas of Populists were

absorbed by the Democratic Party and many were implemented

during the Progressive Era

FREE SILVER

Free silver was a plan to put more money in circulation in the U.S. by coining silver dollars

The plan was backed by farmers and silver miners in the late 1800s, when the U.S. government usually used gold coins to redeem paper money

Supporters of the free silver plan wanted all silver that was brought to the mint made into coins on a standard that made 16 ounces of silver equal to 1 ounce of gold

• The 16-to-1 standard had existed before the U.S. Treasury stopped making silver dollars in 1873

FREE SILVER

Farmers believed the plan would help them get higher prices for crops (cause inflation—a rise in the price level)

Miners and silver producers also favored it as a market for their silver

1896 election issue

• Democrats were split on the issue: Cleveland and William Jennings Bryan

FREE SILVER VS. GOLD

• Silver was worth less than gold but coining more of it would drive up its price

• Favored inflationary monetary policy

• Would allow debtors such as farmers to pay their debts off with cheaper, more readily-available dollars

Debtors push for silver backed money after Civil War

Republicans opposed free silver

• Would win 1896 election due to the fact that the Democrats were divided on this issue

McKinley favored gold standard

TURN OF THE CENTURY

BLACK RIGHTS

The ruling: The Supreme Court held that segregation was legal as long as the separate facilities provided for

blacks were equal to those provided to whites

The “separate but equal” doctrine was established

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): tested the constitutionality of segregation

Homer Plessy, an African American man, had been

denied a seat in a railroad car reserved for whites

He argued his right to “equal protection of the laws” was

violated by this

TURN OF THE CENTURY BLACK

RIGHTS

• Despite this case, African American leaders

continued to push for black rights

• Booker T. Washington: president of the all-

black Tuskegee Institute in Alabama

• Encouraged blacks to become economically

self-sufficient so that they could challenge

whites on social issues in the future;

vocational education was more valuable for

blacks than higher education or serving in

political office

• Atlanta Compromise Speech (1895): He

believed that blacks should give up on civil

rights and protests and instead focus on

advancing themselves economically

TURN OF THE CENTURY BLACK

RIGHTS

• W.E.B. DuBois disagreed with

Washington’s beliefs

• Wanted blacks to get a college education

and not be limited by Washington’s

approach of only a vocational education

• Organized Niagara Movement (1905):

to fight racial discrimination

• Precursor to the NAACP which he

helped found

PERIOD 7: 1890–1945

THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR THROUGH WORLD WAR II

SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR (1898)

Why would the U.S. engage in imperialism?

• With the “frontier” closed, it made sense to look abroad for additional markets

The Caribbean was the U.S. target of imperialism

Spain’s harsh rule over Cuba provided justification for U.S. invention under the Monroe Doctrine

Yellow journalism helps push U.S. into war as does the “mysterious” explosion of the U.S.S. Maine

SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR (1898)

McKinley sends war message for congressional approval to get involved

Effects of the War:

• U.S. becomes an imperial power

• Treaty of Paris ends war: gains Cuba as a protectorate; the Philippines (pays Spain for it); Guam; and Puerto Rico

• Very tense relations with the Philippines: first time U.S. was ruling people of a different race

SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR (1898)

• Teller Amendment: U.S. installed a military government in Cuba for

3 years

• Platt Amendment: makes Cuba a protectorate; we stay for 31 years

• Also leads U.S. to declare its Open Door Policy with China (Sec. State

John Hay, 1899)

• Goal: U.S. and other nations could still trade with China on an equal

basis

SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR (1898)

Teddy Roosevelt takes over after McKinley’s death

Extends/amends Monroe Doctrine with the Roosevelt Corollary (1904): U.S. would step in as needed in order to keep European influence out of the Latin America and would exercise police power to protect U.S. economic interests

PANAMA CANAL

TR: saw canal as vital to U.S. interests

When Colombia rejected U.S. plans to build a canal across the Isthmus of Panama, the U.S. supported a revolution that led to the independence of Panama (1903)

The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty allowed the U.S. to build the Panama Canal and provided for U.S. control of a zone five-miles wide on either side of the canal

PROGRESSIVE ERA (1900-1920)

Goal: Cure ills of Gilded Age (social, political, and economic)

• Return control of the government to the people and to restore economic opportunities

• Workplace reforms

• Protecting the poor

• Expose corruption in government and big business

• Moral reforms such as the prohibition of alcohol

Implements many ideas of the Populists

Reforms did not help /focus on African Americans

PROGRESSIVE ERA

• Muckrakers: stirred things up by

exposing corruption in society in an

effort to cause change

• Jacob Riis: wrote How the Other Half

Lives to expose the conditions of NY’s

slums

• Lincoln Steffens: published a series

of articles titled The Shame of the Cities

that exposed big-business corruption

• Upton Sinclair: wrote The Jungle,

which exposed the meat packing

industry and led to the Meat

Inspection Act and the Pure Food and

Drug Act

PROGRESSIVE ERA

• Political reforms:

• Primary elections

• Initiative

• Referendum

• Recall

• Direct election of senators

(17thAmendment)

• Drew on ideas of Populists

PROGRESSIVE ERA

Teddy Roosevelt (R)

• Became president after McKinley’s death

• Wanted to break up trusts, or large business

monopolies

• Square Deal: Three C’s

• Consumer protection: Meat Inspection Act

(1906); Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

• Conservation/natural resources

• Control of corporations: trustbusting

(good vs. bad trusts)

• Railroad reforms: Elkins Act and Hepburn Act

PROGRESSIVE ERA

William Howard Taft (R)

• Busted twice as many trusts as

Roosevelt did

• Also set aside lands for

conservation

• Railroad reform: Mann-Elkins Act

PROGRESSIVE ERA

T. Woodrow Wilson (D)

• “Steals” 1912 election from TR and Taft

• Focused on triple wall of privilege (tariffs, banking, trusts)

• Underwood Tariff Act: lowered rates on imports, and removed all of the tariffs from wool, sugar, iron ore, steel rails, and many other items

• Federal Reserve Act: set-up the Federal Reserve Board to regulate the amount of money in circulation (established 12 district banks)

• Federal Trade Commission: created in 1914 to regulate interstate commerce/break up monopolies

PROGRESSIVE ERA

Clayton Anti-Trust Act: increased the

power of the federal government to police

unfair practices of big business

Wilson did not believe in “good” trusts and

“bad” trusts as TR did; he sought to breakup

all monopolies

• Adamson Act: established the eight-hour

workday and time-and-a-half for overtime

• 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th Amendments

WWI (1914-1918)

• Causes in Europe:

• The assassination the Archduke

Franz Ferdinand

• Rising nationalism

• Rising militarism

• Formation of alliances

• Imperialism/colonies/desire to be

independent

WWI (1914-1918)

• Causes in U.S.:

• U-boat warfare; U.S. neutral

rights on the seas are not

respected

• Passenger ship Lusitania is hit by

a U-boat and some Americans

are on board (it was carry

contraband/war goods too)

• Zimmermann Note

WWI (1914-1918)

• War on the home front

• Relied on Committee on Public Information

(George Creel) and propaganda

• Draft of men of all social classes

• Meatless Mondays; Victory Gardens

• Congress passed the Espionage, Sabotage,

and Sedition Acts to prevent people from

speaking/acting out against the war

• Established the War Industries Board

• Women were very valuable to war effort—

helped them get the right to vote

RESULTS OF WWI

• League of Nations: U.S. did not join

• The most important of Wilson’s 14

Points (also freedom of the seas; no

secret treaties; self-determination)

• Wilson wanted the U.S. to be involved

in collective security of the world;

wanted to prevent another world war

• Congress: Wanted the U.S. to stay out

of world affairs

• Didn’t like Article X: would have led

to involvement if a member nation

experienced external aggression

• Wilson did not get along with Henry

Cabot Lodge—led opposition to the

League

RESULTS OF WWI

Treaty of Versailles: U.S. did not

sign

Senate chose not to ratify

Treaty was linked with the

League

Led to isolationist foreign

policy into the 1920s with

focus on disarmament

GREAT MIGRATION (1910-1970)

Relocation of 6 million African Americans from rural South to the North (example of internal migration)

WWI and need for laborers led many to head North

Led to development of black communities (such as Harlem, NY) and Harlem Renaissance

1920s

Period of prosperity: Roaring 20s; laissez faire economics

Rise of consumerism and buying goods on credit

Radio important invention/piece of technology

Many key issues:

• Red scare (Palmer raids), immigration/nativism, labor, KKK, consumerism, Prohibition, birth control/women’s rights/suffrage, rise of Model T, prohibition, time of big business and little government intervention

• Many wanted the U.S. to stay out of foreign affairs

1920s

• Harlem Renaissance: significant

movement in African American literature

and other arts during the 1920s and early

1930s

• This artistic renaissance or rebirth, was

set in Harlem, New York, a center of

African American cultural life during the

period

• Major African American writers during the

Harlem Renaissance included: Arna

Bontemps, Countee Cullen, Langston

Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, James

Weldon Johnson, Claude McKay, and Jean

Toomer

1920s PRESIDENTS

• Warren G. Harding

• Return to “normalcy”

• Isolationism and disarmament

• Protective tariffs (Fordney-McCumber)

• Supported big business through hands off

approach to economy (laissez faire)

• Signed treaties with Germany after the U.S. did

not join the League of Nations

• Scandal: Teapot Dome Scandal involved

Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall, who

accepted a bribe for leasing government-owned

oil reserves to private companies

1920s PRESIDENTS

• Calvin Coolidge

• Continued to support big business

(laissez faire)

• Dawes Plan: plan for Germany to pay

its reparations

1920s PRESIDENTS

• Herbert Hoover

• Expected prosperity of the 1920s to

continue

• Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930) raised

tariffs too high and hurt trade with

other nations

• October 1929: the stock market

crashed and the Great Depression

began

1920s PRESIDENTS

• 1932: Congress passed several laws enabling the

government to help business

• The Reconstruction Finance Corporation

(RFC) loaned money to banks and other

firms to keep them from going bankrupt

• Hoover supported public works and

conservation programs

• Hoover Dam was built on the Colorado River

• More than 800 public buildings were built and

the government financed 37,000 miles of

major highways in the states

• Bonus Army made Hoover look bad as well

GREAT DEPRESSION

• Causes:

• Stock market crash

• Overproduction of goods (including factory goods and farm

products)

• Buying stock on margin/speculating in the stock market

• Buying goods on installment plans

• An unstable banking industry

• High tariffs (Hawley-Smoot Tariff)

NEW DEAL

FDR focused his New Deal on the three R’s: relief, recovery, and reform

• Relief: to help the unemployed

• Recovery: helping the economy to get back on track through government spending and job creation

• Reform: new programs to correct the problems that caused the Great Depression

• Think Keynesian economics; government should spend money in time of recession to stimulate the economy

**Look at your New Deal chart for programs; know 3-4 for writing purposes**

NEW DEAL PROGRAMS

• First action by FDR was to close all banks in March 1933 (used fireside

chat to announce the bank holiday)

• Glass-Steagall Banking Act: provided further protection for investors

• Created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

• AAA: helped farmers by paying them not to farm/limiting production

• CCC: conservation jobs to young men

• TVA: dam/flood control of Tennessee River

NEW DEAL PROGRAMS

• Wagner Act (1935): granted workers the right to unionize and

collectively bargain

• The Social Security Act (1935): provided pensions for the aged

and insurance for the jobless

• The Fair Labor Standards Act (1938): set a minimum wage

and a maximum standard work week of 40 hours with extra pay for

overtime; child labor restrictions on hiring children under 16 years

of age (considered end of New Deal reforms)

NEW DEAL CRITICS

• Huey Long: Senator from Louisiana; advocated the “Share Our Wealth”

program, where every American would receive $5,000 based on wealth

redistribution

• Father Charles Coughlin: Catholic priest who became very vocal

regarding the New Deal after originally supporting FDR

• Supreme Court: overturned two pieces of New Deal legislation

• FDR wanted to add justices to the Court to replace the old,

conservative justices with younger, more liberal justices (court-packing

plan; never occurred)

RESULTS OF THE NEW DEAL

• Federal government was very involved in society (New Deal liberalism)

• Many new government programs and economic reforms

• Use of Keynesian economics to spend money on programs to help the

poor/economy

• Minorities, immigrants, union members, and reformers became

supportive of the Democratic Party

• Made the Depression easier to deal with BUT did not truly end it

(WWII did); and did not really give much help to minorities

WWII

• Unresolved issues from WWI led to WWII

• Rise of fascism and communism in Europe

• The League of Nations was weak

• U.S. was determined to maintain isolation as it

fought the Great Depression

• Neutrality Acts (1935, 1936, 1937)

• Cash and carry policy for goods with

trading partners

WWII

• Aids Britain with Lend Lease (1941)

• Pearl Harbor attack prompts U.S. involvement

• Focuses on war in Pacific first, then war in

Europe

• FDR dies during his 4th term; Truman becomes

president; learns of Manhattan Project (atomic

bomb and later decides to use bombs on Japan

to end war in the Pacific)

WWII

• War on the home front

• Rationing: food, metal, gas

• Women take jobs in factories: Rosie the

Riveter and transformation of factories to

produce war goods

• Propaganda and war bond posters

• Japanese internment

• FDRs fireside chat: arsenal of democracy

WWII

• Atlantic Charter (1941): defined Allies’ post-war goals; Churchill and Stalin

• Yalta Conference (1945): Churchill, FDR, Stalin: demanded Germany's surrender and set plans for post-war

• Potsdam Conference (1945): Churchill (Atlee), Stalin, Truman; asked for unconditional surrender of Japan

• U.S. foreign policy shift as a result of WWII: interventionist and world power; would NEVER return to isolationism

TRUMAN ADMINISTRATION

VP to FDR; became pres when FDR died in April 1945

Used atomic bomb to end war in the Pacific

Taft-Hartley Act: prohibited the closed shop—a workplace where membership in a particular union was a prerequisite for being hired

• Passed over Truman's veto

Truman Doctrine was issued in March 1947: U.S. would aid any country fighting communist aggression

Not expected to win in 1948 election

TRUMAN ADMINISTRATION

“Fair Deal”: stated in a 1949 speech

• Wanted everyone to have health insurance, be paid a minimum wage, and have equal rights (civil rights)

Second Red Scare/McCarthyism/HUAC

Presses with containment policy: gets involved in Korea