APUSHTough Term Review

2nd Continental Congress

Convened in Philadelphia in 1775, they drew up the Olive Branch Petition, adopted the Declaration of the Causes and Necessity for Taking Up Arms, and signed the Declaration of Independence.

Antietam

Union victory at the Civil War battle allowed Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation; the costliest battle of the war in human casualties.

Specie Circular

Andrew Jackson decision that land purchases must be paid for in gold not paper money.

Oliver Wendell Holmes

U.S. justice of the Supreme Court known for his legal decisions in defense of freedom of speech including his ruling on “clear and present danger in the Schenk case; sat on the Supreme Court from 1902-1932.

George Catlin

Self-taught romantic painter who devoted his life to painting and studying the Native American tribes.

James K. Polk

President known for Manifest Destiny. During his presidency the U.S. gained Texas, Oregon, California, and the Mexican Session.

House of Burgesses

1st Legislative body in Colonial America.

John Winthrop

He became the first governor of Massachusetts Bay colony. A Puritan with strong religious beliefs, he opposed democracy believing that the colony was best governed by a small group of skillful leaders.

John Hancock

Led the rebellion in colonial Massachusetts along with Samuel Adams; served as President of the 2nd Continental Congress.

Thomas Paine

Author of Common Sense & the Crisis.

Brinkmanship

John Foster Dulles made this the foreign policy doctrine of the Eisenhower Presidency using a build-up of nuclear arms as a deterrent to Soviet agression.

Shay’s Rebellion

Group of Massachusetts farmers protested state taxes. The incident causes concerns about the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, and would lead to the Constitutional Convention.

Missouri Compromise

Congressional Agreement that for every free state admitted into the union, a slave state would also be admitted. Slavery would be prohibited in territories north of the 36o30 parallel.

Rachel Carson

Wrote Silent Spring, a book that started the modern environmental movement.

Bacon’s Rebellion

Colonial conflict in Virginia caused by the conflicting interest of the settled east coast & the frontier. Led to stronger slave codes.

Great Society

Lyndon Johnson’s program to end poverty and promote Civil Rights in America.

Mary Harris Jones

Irish born labor organizer who travelled from strike to strike helping organize workers and drawing public attention to their cause. Worked for the Knights of Labor, UMW, and IWW.

Mercantilism

British imperial policy of controlling the colonial economies to the benefit of Great Britain by controlling imports and exports.

Eugene Debs

President of the United Railway Union and the Socialist Party. Jailed for refusing to end the Pullman Strike.

Frank Lloyd Wright

American architect who built his buildings to blend in with their natural surroundings.

Jacob Riis

Muckraker and photojounalist who wrote How the Other Half Lives.

HUAC

Group that investigated the communist infiltration of Hollywood in the late 40’s and early 50’s, leading to the blacklisting of many writers and directors.

Ludlow

Strike that occurred at Rockefeller’s Colorado mine. An attack on the miners’ tent colony would lead to a congressional investigation.

Thomas Nast

Political Cartoonist who brought down the Tweed Ring.

Watergate

Presidential Scandal that brought about the resignation of Richard Nixon.

Iranian Hostage Crisis

Foreign policy disaster that caused Jimmy Carter to lose his bid for re-election in1980.

League of Nations

Woodrow Wilson’s plan to prevent future wars; part of the 14 points.

Ida B. Wells Barnett

Founding member of the NAACP and the leader of the Anti-lynching Movement.

Nikita Khrushchev

Leader of the Soviet Union during the building of the Berlin Wall and the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Keynesian Economics

FDR’s economic philosophy that was the basis of the New Deal; spend during a recession.

Jonathan Edwards

Puritan leader of the Great Awakening; “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.”

Marbury v. Madison

Supreme Court decision that established the principle of Judicial Review.

Populist Party

Third party active from 1890 to 1900 that represented the needs of the farmers.

Pinkertons

Private detectives that were hired by owners to spy on union organizers and act as private armies against strikers; used at Homestead.

Muckrakers

Progressive investigative journalists were called this.

J.P. Morgan

Father of Wall Street who started investment banking.

John Peter Zenger

The treason trial of this colonial newspaper publisher helped establish the principle of free speech.

Henry Clay

Known as the Great Compromiser, as Speaker of the House he guided congressional legislation from 1811-1850. Led the passage of the American System.

Compromise of 1877

Republicans agreed to end reconstruction in order to have Rutherford B. Hayes chosen president in the disputed election between Hayes and Tilden.

Caesar Chavez

Led the United Farm Workers Union in the Lettuce and Grape boycott of the late 1960’s; a major leader of the Chicano Movement.

William Jennings Bryan

Failed 4 times to be elected President by the Populist and Democratic Parties. Famous for his “Cross of Gold” speech and his prosecution of the Scopes Trial.

Albany Plan

Ben Franklin’s proposal for the colonies to join forces in the fight against the French in 1754. His “Join or Die” cartoon supported this proposal.

Samuel Gompers

President of the AFL.

Roger Williams

Founder of Rhode Island who was banished from Massachusetts. Sought religious freedom.

Mark Hanna

Chairman of William McKinley’s campaign for the presidency; represented the Gild in Gilded Age politics.

Wagner Act

New Deal law that recognized the right of workers to form unions.

Stephen Douglas

He defeated Lincoln in the election for the Illinois senate seat. Author of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Morrill Land Act

Post Civil War legislation for sale of western lands that set aside money to create state agriculture colleges such as K-State.

G.I. Bill

Post WWII program to provide low interest government loans to soldiers to buy homes and start businesses; as well as fund a college degree.

James Oglethorpe

Founder of Georgia as a haven for debters.

SNCC

Student group formed by Diane Nash and John Lewis after the Nashville sit-in.

Jane Addams

Founder of Hull House.

Nicholas Biddle

President of the Bank of the U.S. whose feud with Andrew Jackson led to the bank’s demise.

OPA

World War II agency that controlled rationing.

Andrew Johnson

Southern senator from Tennessee who remained loyal to the union. Lincoln chose him for his running mate in 1864, and he became President when Abe was assassinated. Impeached by Congress but found not guilty.

Yalta Conference

Historians believe that the gravely ill FDR gave away too much to Stalin at this meeting; leading to the Communist domination of Eastern Europe.

Seneca Falls

1st Women’s rights Convention took place in this New York city in 1849.

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy during WWII.

Tecumseh

Shawnee chief who worked to unite the Northwestern tribes. Killed by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Thames.

Alexander Hamilton

Washington’s Secretary of Treasury and founder of the Federalist Party.

Dorothea Dix

Antebellum reformer for the mentally ill.

John Marshall

Greatest Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who strengthened the federal government in Marbury v. Madison, Fletcher v. Peck, Worcester v. Georgia, etc.

Writs of Assistance

Search warrant allowing British officials to enter any building in which smuggled goods may be; a contributory cause of the American Revolution.

Alice Paul

Suffragette leader of the final fight for the passage of the 19th Amendment.

Irreconciliables

Senators led by Robert La Follette who were totally against the Treaty of Versailles.

Fair Deal

Harry Truman’s domestic policy of continuing FDR’s New Deal.

26th Amendment

18 year olds gained the right to vote.

Huey Long

The “Kingfish” Governor then Senator from Louisiana who before he was assassinated was a major critic of FDR; proposed the “share the wealth program.

Harper’s Ferry

John Brown’s raid on the federal arsenal here was part of his plot to start a slave uprising. His capture, trial and execution because of this deepened the gap between the north and the south.

Betty Friedan

Author of The Feminine Mystique and leader of the Post WWII women’s movement.

Manifest Destiny

Phrase coined by John L. Sullivan that stated that it was God’s will that America expand across the continent.

Andrew Carnegie

Founder of U.S. Steel this noted philanthropist was the owner of the Homestead Steel Plant; loved to fund libraries.

Kentucky & Virginia ResolutionsThomas Jefferson & James Madison’s response to the Alien & Sedition Acts that would come back to haunt them because they suggested that states had the power to nullify a federal law.

Pentagon Papers

U.S. documents published by the Washington Post that proved the the U.S. government had been lying to the American people about Vietnam.

14th Amendment

Granted citizenship rights to African Americans; also the basis for citizens due process and privacy rights.

Marshall Plan

Former Commander in Chief of WWII proposed for U.S. to help rebuild Europe to prevent the spread of Communism.

William Allen White

World renowned Populist newspaper editor from Emporia, Kansas; spokesman for “Middle America.”

Kent State

Four students were killed by the National Guard while protesting on campus against Nixon’s bombing of Cambodia.

CREEP

Nixon’s reelection committee that planned the Watergate break-in and other illegal activities that would lead to Nixon’s resignation.

Headright System

Colonial policy to encourage settlement of America by offering 50 acres of land to anyone who pays for a passage to America (for themselves or someone else).

Lowell, Massachusetts

Location of the first major textile mills in New England after the War of 1812; most of the workers were single women.

Spanish American War

U.S. acquired Guam, the Philippines and Puerto Rico.

John Adams

One of the authors of the Declaration of Independence, 1st Vice-President of U.S., President of U.S. from 1797-1800; lost bid for re-election when he kept the country out of war with France.

Vicksburg

This city was part of the turning point in the Civil War by giving the union control of the Mississippi River.

Cuban Missile Crisis

The closest the world came to nuclear war.

Black Panthers

The most radical of the African American Civil Rights groups, founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale; engaged in gunfights with the police and FBI.

Stamp Act

In 1765, colonists successfully force the British to repeal this law when they staged a boycott.

IWW

Labor union who successfully won several strikes including Lawrence by their organizational skills and handling of the press; because some members like Big Bill Haywood were Communist, they were heavy targets during the Red Scare of the 1920’s.

E.O.9981

Truman desegregated the army.

William Marcy Tweed

Corrupt political leader of New York City during the Gilded Age whose arrest & imprisonment was fueled by the political cartoons of Thomas Nast.

Omaha Platform

Populist Party position statement in the Presidential election of 1892: free coinage of silver, income tax, 8 hour work day, initiative, referendum, etc.

John Dickenson

Author the Olive Branch Petition and the Articles of Confederation; this 2nd Continental Congress delegate from Pennsylvania was the only member not to sign the Declaration of Independence.

Thaddeus Stevens

Radical Republican leader of the House of Representatives who along with Charles Sumner led the fight with Andrew Johnson over reconstruction.

Knights of Labor

Early labor union led by Terrence B. Powderly that was the only 19th century union to accept all races, genders, and skills of worker; unfairly blamed for the Haymarket Riot.

Northwest Ordinance

Congress passed this law to define the steps for the formation and admission of new states to the Union in 1787.

Election of 1932

Presidential Election that put FDR in the presidency where he would stay for 12 years.

Henry Kissinger

Richard Nixon’s foreign policy guru who negotiated U.S. withdrawl from Vietnam.

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