APUSH Unit 1 Notes

“SOL essentials”

Early European Exploration, Colonization, European Economic

Influence on Slavery in the Americas

UNIT 1

Characteristics of early exploration and settlements in the New World • New England • Puritans seeking religious

freedom (Europe)• “covenant community”

based on the principles of the Mayflower Compact

• sought economic opportunity and practiced a form of direct democracy through town meetings.

Which 2 of the following cultures Which 2 of the following cultures do you THINK will have more do you THINK will have more characteristics in common?characteristics in common?

Native Americans Native Americans EuropeansEuropeans AfricansAfricans

Native AmericansNative Americans EconomyEconomy

Political OrganizationPolitical Organization

Belief SystemBelief System

Available TechnologyAvailable Technology

Culture/LifestyleCulture/Lifestyle

EuropeansEuropeans EconomyEconomy

Political OrganizationPolitical Organization

Belief SystemBelief System

Available TechnologyAvailable Technology

Culture/LifestyleCulture/Lifestyle

AfricansAfricans EconomyEconomy

Political OrganizationPolitical Organization

Belief SystemBelief System

Available TechnologyAvailable Technology

Culture/LifestyleCulture/Lifestyle

Which of the following cultural Which of the following cultural “issues” is most likely to cause “issues” is most likely to cause problems when these 3 cultures collide problems when these 3 cultures collide and why?and why?

Trade problems/wealth/”money”Trade problems/wealth/”money” Religious beliefsReligious beliefs Control of technologyControl of technology Concept of “land ownership”Concept of “land ownership” Status of womenStatus of women

The discovery of the Americas by The discovery of the Americas by Europeans resulted in an exchange of Europeans resulted in an exchange of products and resources between the products and resources between the Eastern and Western HemispheresEastern and Western Hemispheres

Columbian ExchangeColumbian ExchangeWhat things came FROM What things came FROM Europe?Europe?

What things came FROM the What things came FROM the New World?New World?

Triangular tradeTriangular tradePrecious MetalsPrecious Metals

Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange

Western Hemisphere agricultural Western Hemisphere agricultural products such as corn, potatoes, products such as corn, potatoes, and tobacco changed European and tobacco changed European lifestyles.lifestyles.

European horses and cattle European horses and cattle changed the lifestyles of Native changed the lifestyles of Native AmericansAmericans

European diseases like smallpox European diseases like smallpox killed many nativeskilled many natives

From OLD to New:From OLD to New:

From NEW to Old:From NEW to Old:

ItemsItems

???????????????? PotatoesPotatoes HorsesHorses TobaccoTobacco SmallpoxSmallpox TomatoTomato ZucchiniZucchini PumpkinPumpkin SquashSquash Chili/paprikaChili/paprika

?????????????????? CornCorn CattleCattle SheepSheep Sweet potatoSweet potato CoffeeCoffee Sugar caneSugar cane Vanilla beanVanilla bean Cocoa beansCocoa beans OrangesOranges ApplesApples

Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange This term refers to the complex This term refers to the complex

exchange of food, animals, and exchange of food, animals, and diseases that happened as a result diseases that happened as a result of contact between vastly of contact between vastly different people when Europeans different people when Europeans came to the Americas.came to the Americas.

Christopher Columbus = Columbian Exchange

Impact of the Columbian Impact of the Columbian ExchangeExchange

Shortage of labor to grow cash crops Shortage of labor to grow cash crops led to the use of African slaves.led to the use of African slaves.

Slavery was based on race.Slavery was based on race. European plantation system in the European plantation system in the

Caribbean and the Americas destroyed Caribbean and the Americas destroyed indigenous economics and damaged indigenous economics and damaged the environment.the environment.

The triangular trade linked Europe, The triangular trade linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Slaves, Africa, and the Americas. Slaves, sugar, and rum were traded.sugar, and rum were traded.

Export of precious Export of precious metalsmetals

Gold and silver (exported to Gold and silver (exported to Europe and Asia)Europe and Asia)

Impact on indigenous empires Impact on indigenous empires of the Americasof the Americas

Impact on Spain and Impact on Spain and international tradeinternational trade

European Colonization PatternsEuropean Colonization Patterns

SPANISH SPANISH COLONIZATION COLONIZATION

PATTERNPATTERN

European Colonization PatternsEuropean Colonization Patterns

FRENCH COLONIAL FRENCH COLONIAL INFLUENCEINFLUENCE

European Colonization PatternsEuropean Colonization Patterns

DUTCH EMPIRE

European Colonization PatternsEuropean Colonization Patterns

BRITISH EMPIRE

Close up: British Colonies in North Close up: British Colonies in North AmericaAmerica

http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/graphics/13mapnew.htm

If the Hyperlink works, you can click on each colony and learn more about it!

COLONY NAME

YEAR FOUNDED

FOUNDED BY BECAME ROYAL COLONY

Virginia 1607 London Company 1624

Massachusetts 1620 Puritans 1691

New Hampshire 1623 John Wheelwright 1679

Maryland 1634 Lord Baltimore N/A

Connecticut c. 1635 Thomas Hooker N/A

Rhode Island 1636 Roger Williams N/A

Delaware 1638 Peter Minuit and New Sweden Company N/A

North Carolina 1653 Virginians 1729

South Carolina 1663 Eight Nobles with a Royal Charter from Charles II

1729

New Jersey 1664 Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret 1702

New York 1664 Duke of York 1685

Pennsylvania 1682 William Penn N/A

Georgia 1732 James Edward Oglethorpe 1752

Native American Tribal Locations: Native American Tribal Locations: East CoastEast Coast

Native American Tribal Locations Native American Tribal Locations to know from p. 9 in Am Pag:to know from p. 9 in Am Pag:

Nez PerceNez Perce NavajoNavajo HopiHopi PuebloPueblo ApacheApache ComancheComanche ChoctawChoctaw

ChickasawChickasaw CreekCreek CherokeeCherokee PowhatanPowhatan HuronHuron NarragansettNarragansett IroquoisIroquois

Native American Tribal Locations: Great Native American Tribal Locations: Great Plains to Pacific (see page 9 in AmPAg)Plains to Pacific (see page 9 in AmPAg)

Characteristics of early exploration and

settlements in the New World • The Middle Colonies • settled chiefly by English, Dutch, and German-speaking

immigrants seeking religious freedom and economic opportunity.

Characteristics of early exploration and settlements in the New World

• Virginia and the other Southern colonies

• settled by people seeking economic opportunities The early Virginia “cavaliers” were English nobility who received large land grants in eastern Virginia from the King of England.

• Poor English immigrants --small farmers or artisans and settled in the Shenandoah Valley or western Virginia, or as indentured servants (tobacco plantations)

Characteristics of early exploration and settlements in the New World

• Jamestown, established in 1607 by the Virginia Company of London as a business venture, was the first permanent English settlement in North America.

• The Virginia House of Burgesses, 1619, was the first elected assembly in the New World. It is now known as the General Assembly of Virginia.

Interactions among Europeans, Africans and American Indians (First Americans)

• The explorations and settlements often led to violent conflicts with the American Indians

• The Indians lost their traditional territories and fell victim to diseases carried from Europe.

Interactions among Europeans, Africans and American Indians (First Americans)

• French exploration of Canada did not lead to large-scale immigration from France, and relations with native peoples were often more cooperative.

• large landholdings in the Southern colonies and in the Caribbean (agricultural economy) led to the introduction of slavery in the New World.

• The first Africans were brought against their will to Jamestown in 1619 to work on tobacco plantations.

Economic characteristics of the Colonial Period • The New England colonies

developed an economy based on shipbuilding, fishing, lumbering, small-scale subsistence farming, and eventually, manufacturing.

• The colonies prospered, reflecting the Puritans’ strong belief in the values of hard work and thrift.

Economic characteristics of the Colonial Period • The middle colonies of

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware developed economies based on shipbuilding, small-scale farming, and trading.

• Cities such as New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore began to grow as seaports and commercial centers.

Economic characteristics of the Colonial Period • Virginia and the other Southern

colonies (for AP…we are saying “and MARYLAND”) developed economies in the eastern coastal lowlands based on large plantations that grew “cash crops” such as tobacco, rice, and indigo for export to Europe. Farther inland, however, in the mountains and valleys of the Appalachian foothills, the economy was based on small-scale subsistence farming, hunting, and trading.

Economic characteristics of the Colonial Period

A strong belief in private owner-ship of property and free enterprise characterized colonial life

Social characteristics of the colonies • New England’s colonial

society was based on religious standing. The Puritans grew increasingly intolerant of dissenters who challenged the Puritans’ belief in the connection between religion and government.

• Rhode Island was founded by dissenters fleeing persecution by Puritans in Massachusetts **RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE

Social characteristics of the colonies • The middle colonies were

home to multiple religious groups, including Quakers in Pennsylvania and Catholics in Maryland, who generally believed in religious tolerance.

• These colonies had more flexible social structures and began to develop a middle class of skilled artisans, entrepreneurs (business owners), and small farmers.

Social characteristics of the colonies • Virginia and the Southern

colonies: social structure based on family status and the ownership of land (aristocractic)

• Large landowners (eastern lowlands) dominated colonial government –(maintained an allegiance to England longer than in the other colonies)

• In the mountains and valleys further inland-- (subsistence farmers, hunters and traders of Scotch-Irish and English descent)

Social characteristics of the colonies

• The “Great Awakening” was a religious movement that swept both Europe and the colonies during the mid-1700s.

• It led to the rapid growth of evangelical religions such as the Methodists and Baptists and challenged the established religious and governmental order.

• It laid one of the social foundations for the American Revolution.

The development of indentured servitude and slavery

• The growth of a plantation-based agricultural economy in the hot, humid coastal lowlands of the Southern colonies required cheap labor on a large scale.

• Some of the labor needs, especially in Virginia, were met by indentured servants, who were often poor persons from England, Scotland, or Ireland who agreed to work on plantations for a period of time in return for their passage.

The development of indentured servitude and slavery

• Most plantation labor needs eventually filled by the forcible transfer of African slaves– “involuntary migration”

• some Africans worked as indentured servants, earned their freedom, and lived as free citizens during the Colonial Era

• over time larger numbers of enslaved Africans were brought to the Southern colonies via the “Middle Passage”

Labor was Necessary to Make Colonies Profitable

• Forced Labor

– Native Americans

– Africans

• Indentured Servitude

– “work off your passage”

– 7 years, then you get some land, tools, and seed to start your own farm….

Indentured Servitude•“debt bondage”•3-7 years of service in exchange for passage to America (or wherever)•Over ½ of all white immigrants to the 13 Britsh-American colonies came as indentured servants•Legal contract enforced by the courts

Indentured Servitude

•Legal action against masters was rare (violence, rape, general abuse)•Terms of service would lengthen for women who became pregnant•Many suicides•“freedom dues” were sometimes paid at the end of service when they became regular free members of society

From Indentured Servitude to Racial Slavery

• “All servants imported and brought into the Country. . . who were not Christians in their native Country. . . shall be accounted and be slaves. All Negro, mulatto and Indian slaves within this dominion. . . shall be held to be real estate. If any slave resists his master. . . correcting such slave, and shall happen to be killed in such correction. . . the master shall be free of all punishment. . . as if such accident never happened. “

• - Virginia General Assembly declaration, 1705

Slavery/Middle Passage

Is not the slave trade entirely at war with the heart of man? And surely that which is begun by breaking down the barriers of virtue, involves in its continuance destruction to every principle, and buries all sentiments in ruin! When you make men slaves, you... compel them to live with you in a state of war. –------- Olaudah Equiano, former slave

"A people without the knowledge of their past history, origin and culture is like a tree without roots!"

- Marcus Garvey "Education is our passport to the future, for tomorrow belongs to the people who prepare for it today."

- Malcolm X  

The development of indentured servitude and slavery

• The development of a slavery-based agricultural economy in the Southern colonies would lead to eventual conflict between the North and South and the American Civil War.