1

APWH Chapter 4

1

2

p. 119

2

2

3

p. 1293

4

I. Ancient Iran

A. Geography

1. Bounded by Zargos mountains in the west

2.Desert to East and Southeast and Persian Gulf to the Southwest

a. Allowed vulnerability to attacks by Central Asian nomads

4

5

3. Limited natural resources which could only support limited population

4. Technology of underground irrigation used to prevent evaporation from heat5. Mineral deposits were copper, tin, iron, gold, and silver and timber available from mountains

5

6

Map 5-1, p. 1186

7

B. Rise of the Persian Empire

1. Group arrived near end of 2nd millennium B.C.E.

2. Medes were the first to achieve complex level of political organization

3. Medes played major role in destruction of Assyrian empire in late 7th B.C.E.

4. Medes extended territory westward between Assyria and Anatolia & southward toward Persian Gulf

7

8

5. Patriarchal family organization where the male had nearly absolute power over the family.

6. Persian society composed of 3 social/ occupational classes

a. warriors- dominant class, landowning aristocracy

8

9

b. priests (Magi)- ritual specialists who supervised performance of sacrifices

c. peasants- common people, village based farmers and shepherds

C. Persian rulers

1. Cyrus “ the Great” (550- 530 B.C.E) through marriage united various Persian tribes and overthrew Median monarch in 550 B.C.E

9

10

2. Cyrus maintained the Median framework

3. Placed both Persians and Medians in positions of power

4. Cyrus expanded his empire to include Lydia, all of Anatolia and some Greek city-states

5. Cyrus respected native traditions and empowered local priests and local rulers

10

11

6.Darius I and Persian rulers to follow gave power roles to Persians instead of Medians7. Darius I extends Persian rule East bordering Indus Valley and West into Europe’s Danube River8. erected forts, promoted development of maritime routes, and commissioned canal linking Red Sea to Nile river

11

12

D. Imperial Organization and Ideology

1. Darius I’s empire was the largest empire as of yet

2. he implemented a new organizational structure which was maintained for 2 centuries

3. After the death of Darius I, the empire was divided into 20 provinces supervised by Persian satrap- governor connected to royal family through ancestry or marriage

12

13

4. significant satrap responsibility was to collect and send tribute to king

5. well maintained & patrolled roads connected provinces to heart of empire

6. main capital of empire was Susa, in Southwestern Iran and later capital moved to Persepolis

13

14

E. Persian Religion

1. Zoroastrianism, founded by Zoroaster, is the belief in a supreme deity known as Ahuramazda2. believed that Zoroaster lived in Iran

3. Zoroastrianism taught high ethical standards and promised salvation

4. may have impacted Judaism & Christianity

14

15

5. Ahuramazda is the great god whom represents good but struggles with Angra Mainyu, a hostile spirit, whom represents evil.

6. Persians also venerated beneficial elements ie. water, & fire, and concerned with the purity of the body

15

16

p. 12316

17

II. Rise of the GreeksA. Emergence of Polis

1. increase of population in 8th century caused the emergence of villages and new urban centers.

2. Greek city-states or polis- independent political entities, emerged

3. most city states had an:

a. acropolis- fortified hilltop

b. agora- gathering place for citizens to meet

17

18

4. hoplites- heavily armed infantry of mean whom fought in formation

5. hoplites emerged due to rivalry between city-states

6. many city-states sent people to establish colonies around the Black Sea, Libyan coast, N.Africa, Southern Italy, & Sicily7. early 6th century, use of coins for currency originated in Lydia (W. Anatolia) and spread throughout the world

18

19

8. coinage allowed for:

a. rapid exchange of goods

b. more efficient record keeping and

c. more efficient storage of wealth

d. easier to transport

9. Kingship rule of Dark Ages eventually replaced by councils composed of the heads of nobility and aristocracy

19

20

10. land of aristocracy worked by peasants were allowed to occupy plot of land and keep a portion of harvest11. emergence of a middle class- craftsman & merchants12. In mid 7th & 6th centuries, some city-states came under the rule of the tyrants- person whom seized power by force & held power in violation of normal procedures of community

20

21

13. tyrants eventually ejected by community and city-states developed either an:

a. oligarchy- political privileges primarily to wealthy member of city-states

b. democracy- political privileges exercised by most free adult male

B. New Intellectual Currents

1. during the Archaic period, there was more of an emphasis on individualism

21

22

2. developed humanism- valuing of uniqueness, talent, and some rights of individuals

3. Pre-Socratic philosophers challenged traditional religious conventions by shifting focus to ethical questions and rational explanations

4. Herodutus, considered the father of history, collected information and wrote of events of previous generations

22

23

C. Sparta

1. Spartan ancestors migrated from Peloponnese- southernmost part of Greek mainland around 1000 BCE2. Sparta conquered instead of colonizing

3. the conquered became helots- those whom worked the land of Spartans and turned over portions of food produced

4. Spartan became military camp- constant state of preparedness (with paid professional army)

23

24

5. at age of 7, boys sent to live in barracks to begin military training

6. Spartans ended participating in economic, political and cultural enlightenment/advancements

D. Athens

1. unlike other Greek city- states, Athens had a large and populose territory (region of Attica)

24

25

2. Solon known as Lawgiver and created 4 classes, as an attempt to avoid a civil war

3. Pericles came into power and was known as one of Athen’s greatest rulers

a. founder of Democracy, though not the same democracy which exists today

b. created the Assembly, council of 500 & People’s court

c. on all levels/classes, male citizens had political rights

25

26

III. The Struggle of Persia & GreeceA. The Persian Wars

1. Cyrus conquered Lydia- leading to the conquering of Greek city- states in Anatolia

2. Ionian Revolt- uprising occurred between Greeks and Persians

3. Persians invested 5 years & many troops to end Revolt

4. Persians wanted to punish the Greek city-states which aided the Ionian Revolt & this led to the Persian wars

26

27

5. 1st Persian attack under Darius I was stopped by Athenians hoplites at Marathon

6. 2nd Persian attack under Xerxes and was slowed by efforts of 300 at Thermopylae 7. Persians sacked Athens but conquered by Greek navy (mostly Athenian)

8. In 477 BCE, Delian League- created alliances of Greek city-states under Athens

27

28

Map 5-2, p. 127

28

28

29

B. Height of Athenian Power

1. classical period: 480- 323 BCE

2. Athenian mastery of naval technology transformed Greek warfare and politics

3. Greeks utilized trireme- sleek, fast vessels powered by 170 rowers, as warships

4. as for democratic system- hoplites were part of upper and middle class

29

30

p. 141

30

30

31

p. 13531

32

5. Greeks contribution to theatre were tragedies with famous playwright, Sophocles, and Euripides

6. Greek contribution to philosophy- ethic, with famous philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle

C. Inequalities of Classical Greece

1. only 10% to 15% of population experienced “actual” democracy

32

33

2. slaves were 1/3 of population- justified by Greeks because of the notion that non-Greeks lacked capacity to reason

3. Spartan women were more athletic, some visibility in public and outspoken

4. Athenian women had to be accompanied by males in public

33

34

5. husbands had nearly absolute power in homes

6. Many Greeks practiced infanticide- killing of infants, through exposure of unwanted children, mostly girls or deformed children

D. Failure of City-States & Peloponnesian War

1. In 431 BCE, start of the Peloponnesian War- between Sparta & Peloponnesian league & Athens and Delian league

34

35

2. lasted 3 decades, utilized an enormous amount of resources and many lives lost

3. ended with Spartan naval defeat of Athens

4. Independent polis a fundamental flaw which fostered rivalry between city- states5. internal conflict weakened all Greek city-states

35

36

E. Triumph of Macedonia

1. Phillip II (359-336 BCE), King of Macedonia, hired Aristotle as a teacher for his children

2. Alexander (356- 323 BCE) the Great, son of Phillip II, conquered Persian forces under Darius III (366-330 BCE)

36

37

3. Alexander the Great eventually conquered Egypt, Asia Minor, Syria, Persia and India

4. Alexander the Great maintained the framework of the Persian administration

5. Alexander the Great is responsible for spreading Greek and Persian culture

37

38

IV. Hellenistic SynthesisA. Hellenistic Age

1. because no plan of succession was left by Alexander the Great, after his death, chaos and fighting occurred for half a century

2. Empire of Alexander the Great was divided into 3 major kingdoms

a. Seleucid- Indus Valley, Afghanistan, Mesopotamia, Syria, and parts of Anatolia

b. Ptolemaic- Egypt,& Syria- Palestine areas

38

39

c. Antigonid- Macedonia & northern Greece

3. periods of large kingdoms, heterogeneous population, great cities, powerful leaders, and disparities in wealth

39

40

Map 5-3, p. 14440

41

4. many advances in science and math

a. Aristarchus- calculated distance & size of moon, and sun; also developed theory that planets orbit around the sun

b. Eratosthenes- calculated circumference of earth

c. Archimedes- invented the mechanical pumps

41

42

Next Stop- Ch 4 Quiz

42