AQUINAS COLLEGE DIRECTORY 2013

CPH 560 INTERNATIONAL NUTRITION Spring 2012

Course Instructor: Douglas L. Taren, PhD Location: Drachman Hall A118 Course Time: Tuesday 1:00pm – 3:50pm Office Hours: By appointment Drachman Hall A317H [email protected] Phone: 626-8375 Course Description This course will focus on current nutrition knowledge affecting health in underserved populations and in low-income countries. The impact of various nutrient inadequacies at different stages of the life cycle and their functional outcomes in terms of morbidity, psychological well-being, reproduction and growth will be highlighted. Students will become acquainted with the epidemiology of nutritional disease in developed and low-income countries. Programs and resources available to combat malnutrition will be evaluated. The role of world food production, food availability and supply in relation to nutrition and health will be discussed in the context of socioeconomic development and current political/economic policies and realities. Course Prerequisites Graduate student in a health related field including biological or social sciences. Objectives of the Course At the end of the course students will be able to:

1. Analyze the causes and effects of the major nutritional deficiencies that are present in the world.

2. Analyze the impact biological and sociological factors that modify nutrition - infection interactions.

3. Describe the nutrition transition and factors affecting it.

4. The role of women in nutrition and how nutrition affects women

5. Determine the effect of governmental policies on nutritional status in low-income countries.

6. Prioritize factors that need to be considered when developing public health programs to combat

malnutrition in low-income countries.

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CPH 560 INTERNATIONAL NUTRITION Fall 2012

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Public Health Competencies Addressed by This Course B. 1. Communicates effectively both in writing and orally (unless a handicap precludes one of those forms of communication) C. 1. Assess and interpret information to develop relevant policy options C. 7. Developing mechanisms to monitor and evaluate programs for their effectiveness and quality D. 3. Identifying and examining the role of cultural, social, ethnic, religious, spiritual, and behavioral factors in determining disease prevention health promoting behavior, and health service organizational and delivery E. 3. Applying the basic public health sciences including behavioral and social sciences, biostatistics, epidemiology, environmental public health, and prevention of chronic and infectious diseases and injuries How to Succeed in this Class

1. Read the assignments. 2. Class participation is essential. Be prepared for class discussions. You will need to support your

opinions, programs, and statements with facts from the readings and lectures. 3. Turn your cell phones to vibrate, silent or off during class. Students who have cell phones going

off during class and students talking on cell phones in class will be asked to leave. If you are a physician or have another occupation that requires you to be on call, please speak to me so I know that you may have to be interrupted during class, and sit in the back of the class.

4. Do not have your laptop computers on during class unless it is part of a course activity. 5. You are welcome to email the instructor regarding class issues. Place “Student in CPH 560” in

the subject line of your email. This will ensure that I read your email in a timely fashion. 6. Do not leave class early and attend every class.

Course Requirements and Evaluations

Percent Grade 90-100% A 80-89% B 70-79% C 60-69% D < 60% E

Graduate Students Evaluation Points

Chapter Paper 100 Class Project 50 Mid Term 100 Take Home Assignment 100 Total Points 350

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Class Papers

You will be required to write what is equivalent to a book chapter on a strategy for improving the nutritional status of a population within low and middle-income countries. Each chapter will be 15-20 double spaced pages with a 12pt Arial font without references, tables or charts. You should plan to have 20 to 50 references for the chapters and 3-7 graphics. You can work alone or in groups of two. This chapter will be the foundation for your class project. The chapter needs to demonstrate how a nutrition strategy can change the nutritional status of a community, nation, region or world. It needs to use empirical data to support what has worked and what has not worked. You chapter should include a variety of data to develop final process and outcome statements along with recommendations regarding the strategy. The data may come from experimental studies, demographic data, ethnographic studies, epidemiological studies and program evaluations. You will need to provide specific examples across the various nutrition topics that are part of this course. Your outcomes for determining success need to be nutritional outcomes (anthropometry and indicators of nutritional status). You need to conclude with making statements based on the evidence regarding what works and what does not work. You are expected to meet with the Professor throughout the semester. The minimum should be at least once for 30 minutes to go over the chapter. The topics for the chapters will be on the following strategies and how they are used to improve nutritional status of a community, nation or region: Delivering Nutritional Programs in Low and Middle Income Countries

1. Nutrient Supplementation Programs 2. Fortification Programs 3. Food Based Interventions 4. Primary Care Programs 5. Nutrition Education Programs 6. Microfinance Programs 7. Community Development Programs 8. Economic Restructure 9. Agricultural Policies 10. Water Programs 11. Sanitation Programs 12. Local Food Production 13. Humanitarian Assistance in Crises Situations 14. Plant Production 15. Medical Interventions 16. School Based Programs

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You must include the following sections in your chapters using the headings that are provided: Introduction Intervention Strategies Community Programs Nutritional Outcomes Sustainability Conclusions Recommendations References Your reference format must be in the format for the journal Public Health Nutrition. You can get the complete information on this format at the following site: http://assets.cambridge.org/PHN/PHN_ifc.pdf. Place your graphs and tables after your references on separate pages. Number the pages and lines for each page. Place in the header, the last names of the authors and the title for the chapter as printed above. Your own title can be longer and more catchy. You will sign up for the topics or a different topic with approval of the professor. There will only be one chapter per topic. There are several deadlines to meet this assignment and feedback will be provided after each deadline. The deadlines are the following: Jan 31: Submit proposed topic and authors Feb 14: Provide list of potential references (25-50 references) Feb 21: Provide initial outline and overall purpose of the paper. Mar 20: Submit more detailed outline with some text and context to paper Apr 03: Submit more detailed draft of paper Apr 17: Chapter Due Once all the chapters are written, you will be asked to sign a release to be an author for a group publication. You will then remain in contact with the professor on the outcome of the publication.

Class Project Guidelines You are to create an online presentation from the chapter that you wrote and demonstrate this presentation to the class. The online module will include a PowerPoint presentation and a videotaped lecture that will be incorporated into an online course that you will complete prior to your class presentation. You will need to provide at least 5 learning objectives for the presentation using higher levels of learning from Bloom’s Taxonomy of Learning Objectives. You also will need to include at least 10 multiple choice questions. The length of your in class presentation will be determined by the total number of chapters that are written.

Final Exam You will have one comprehensive take home assignment that will be due

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Schedule of Class Topics

Jan 17: Introduction, Issues Associated with Nutrition in Low-income countries Jan 24: Food Security: Measurements and Implications for Policy Development Jan 31: Anthropometry: Assessment, Epidemiology, Pathology, Treatment, Prevention Paper Topic Due Feb 07: No Class (Work on Papers) Feb 14: Vitamin A Deficiency: Assessment, Epidemiology, Pathology, Treatment, Prevention Provide Preliminary List of References for Paper Feb 21: Iron Deficiency: Assessment, Epidemiology, Pathology, Treatment, Prevention Provide Initial Paper Outline Feb 28: Other Micronutrient Deficiencies: Assessment, Epidemiology, Pathology, Treatment,

Prevention Mar 06: Mid Term Exam; Water, Sanitation, Infection and Nutritional Status Mar 13 SPRING BREAK Mar 20: Breastfeeding and Infant Feeding Provide Second Draft of Paper Outline Mar 27: Nutritional Issues Affecting Women and Pregnancy Outcomes Apr 03: Nutrition and HIV/AIDS Provide Draft Paper Apr 10: Adult Nutrition and Nutrition Transition Apr 17: Refugees, Displaced Populations and Emergency Situations Term Paper Due Apr 24: Measuring Impact and International Aid May 01: Class Projects May 08: Final Take Home Assignment Due by 5pm.

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ACADMEIC POLICIES: Communications: You are responsible for reading emails sent to your UA account from your professor and the announcements that are placed on the course web site. Information about readings, news events, your grades, assignments and other course related topics will be communicated to you with these electronic methods. The official policy can be found at: http://www.registrar.arizona.edu/emailpolicy.htm Disability Accommodation: If you anticipate issues related to the format or requirements of this course, please meet with me. I would like us to discuss ways to ensure your full participation in the course. If you determine that formal, disability-related accommodations are necessary, it is very important that you be registered with Disability Resources (621-3268; drc.arizona.edu) and notify me of your eligibility for reasonable accommodations. We can then plan how best to coordinate your accommodations. The offical policy can be found at:http://catalog.arizona.edu/2008%2D09/policies/disability.htm Academic Integrity: All UA students are responsible for upholding the University of Arizona Code of Academic Integrity, available through the office of the Dean of Students and online: The official policy found at:http://dos.web.arizona.edu/uapolicies/scc5308abcd.html and http://dos.web.arizona.edu/uapolicies/cai1.html. Classroom Behavior: All students are expected to behave respectfully during class. If you arrive late or must leave early, please take a seat near the door to minimize disruption. Please turn off cell phones and pagers unless there is great need (e.g., if you are a practicing physician on call or a family crisis is unfolding). If you must allow for such contact, set cell phones and pagers to vibrate if at all possible, and sit near an exit. Students are expected to be familiar with the UA Policy on Disruptive Behavior in an Instructional Setting found at http://web.arizona.edu/~policy/disruptive.pdf and the Policy on Threatening Behavior by Students found at http://web.arizona.edu/~policy/threatening.pdf Grievance Policy: Should a student feel he or she has been treated unfairly, there are a number of resources available. With few exceptions, students should first attempt to resolve difficulties informally by bringing those concerns directly to the person responsible for the action, or with the student's graduate advisor, the department head, or the immediate supervisor of the person responsible for the action. If the problem cannot be resolved informally, the student may file a formal grievance using the Graduate College Grievance Policy found at: http://grad.arizona.edu/academics/policies/academic-policies/grievance-policy Grade Appeal Policy: http://catalog.arizona.edu/2009-10/policies/gradappeal.htm Syllabus Changes: Information contained in the course syllabus, other than the grade and absence policies, may be subject to change with reasonable advance notice, as deemed appropriate. Please Note: URLs change frequently. You will need to test the URLs in the syllabus you produce each semester, to ensure the links are correct. Telephone and Computer Use: You are not allowed to have your computer on during class unless it is for a course activity. Turn your cell phones to silent or vibrate in order to not disrupt the class and disturb your fellow students and professor.

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Plagiarism: What counts as plagiarism? • Copying and pasting information from a web site or another source, and then revising it so that it

sounds like your original idea. • Doing an assignment/essay/take home test with a friend and then handing in separate assignments that

contain the same ideas, language, phrases, etc. • Quoting a passage without quotation marks or citations, so that it looks like your own. • Paraphrasing a passage without citing it, so that it looks like your own. • Hiring another person to do your work for you, or purchasing a paper through any of the on- or off-

line sources.

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Class Schedule and Reading Assignments

Required Readings are from the literature. These are available on the D2L site for this course. Required Readings may also change as more current information becomes available during the semester. The textbooks chapters are to provide you additional reference information.

Suggested Textbooks Semba, RD, Bloem, MW. Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries. Humana Press, New Jersey, 2001. Latham, M. Human Nutrition in the Developing World. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, 1997. http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/W0073e/w0073e00.htm#TopOfPage The Lancet Series. (A valuable resource!!!). http://www.thelancet.com/series Jan 17: Introduction, Issues Associated with Nutrition in Low-income countries Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the perspective that will be presented in this class regarding international nutrition is a

combination of biological and social sciences. 2. Be able to identify the primary differences for the nutritional problems that exist between

developed and low-income countries. 3. Know the assignments that will be given during the semester. 4. Know the grading system that will be used for this class. 5. Identify the major nutritional issues that are currently present in the world. Textbook Chapters Semba & Bloem: Chapter 1 Latham: Chapters 1, 4, 5 Required Reading Svedberg, P. How Many People Are Malnourished? Annual Review of Nutrition 31: 263-283, 2011. United Nations System. Standing Committee on Nutrition. Chapter 1, Nutrition Through the Life Cycle in the 6th Report on The World Nutrition Situation, 2010. United Nations Standing Committee on Nutrition. Why is Nutrition Important. http://www.unscn.org/en/home/why-nutrition-is-important.php

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Additional References Van de Poel E, Hosseinpoor AR, Speybroeck N, Van Ourti T, Vega J. Socioeconomic inequality in malnutrition in developing countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2008; 86:282–291. FAO. World Declaration of Nutrition. http://www.fao.org/docrep/u9920t/u9920t0a.htm FAO, Country Mapping Profiles. http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/default.asp?lang=en UN Standing Committee on Nutrition: http://www.unscn.org Jan 24: Food Security: Measurements and Implications for Policy Development Food Security Learning Objectives: 1. Explain the difference between issues of food security and nutrition surveillance activities. 2. Compare how various intrahousehold factors affect food security. 3. Critic cultural and economic strategies for developing programs to decrease food insecurity within

poor households. Textbook Chapters Semba & Bloem: Chapters 19 Latham: Chapters 2, 24, 33, 34, 35, 40 Required Readings FAO. The Hunger Portal. http://www.fao.org/hunger/en/ Read all the FAQs and Definitions. FAO. The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2011. How does international price volatility affect domestic economies and food security. 2011. The Lancet, Tackling global food insecurity. The Lancet, Volume 371, Issue 9612, Page 532, 16 February 2008. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60243-3 Additional References FAO, The State of Food Insecurity in the World, 2010. Rome. Coates J, Frongillo EA, Rogers BL, Webb P, et al. Commonalities in the Experience of Household Food Insecurity across Cultures: What Are Measures Missing? Journal of Nutrition 136: 1438S-1448S, 2006.

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Coates J, Wilde PE, Webb P, Rogers BL, et al. Comparison of a Qualitative and a Quantitative Approach to Developing a Household Food Insecurity Scale for Bangladesh. Journal of Nutrition 136: 1420S-1430S, 2006. FANTA Program. http://www.fantaproject.org/ Swindale A and Bilinsky P. Development of a Universally Applicable Household Food Insecurity Measurement Tool: Process, Current Status, and Outstanding Issues Journal of Nutrition 136: 1449S-1452S, 2006. USAID, Food for Peace Program. http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/humanitarian_assistance/ffp/ USAID, Food For Peace Title II Program Guidelines. http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/humanitarian_assistance/ffp/fy06_myap.html WHO, World Food Program. http://www.wfp.org/english/ Wilde PE and Peterman JN. Individual Weight Change Is Associated with Household Food Security Status Journal of Nutrition 136: 1395-1400, 2006. Lorenzana P, Mercado C. Measuring household food security in poor Venezuelan households. Public Health Nutrition 2002;5(6a):851-858. Rosegrant MW. Meijer S. Appropriate food policies and investments could reduce child malnutrition by 43% in 2020. Journal of Nutrition 2002, 132(11):3437S-40S. Jan 31: Anthropometry: Assessment, Epidemiology, Pathology, Treatment,

Prevention Child Growth and Malnutrition Learning Objectives: 1. Describe the epidemiology of childhood malnutrition. 2. Explain the uses and limitations of growth charts. 3. Discriminate between the social and biological effects of malnutrition on child development. 4. Describe appropriate prevention, and treatment programs for malnourished children under various

social and economic situations. Textbook Chapters Semba & Bloem: Chapter 4, 16 Latham: Chapters 6, 8, 9, 12

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Required Readings WHO. "A growth curve for the 21st century" http://terrance.who.int/mediacentre/videos/who11621.wmv WHO. WHO Growth Standards. http://www.who.int/childgrowth/en/ Download Software and use it. WHO child growth standards and the identification of severe acute malnutrition in infants and children. A Joint Statement by the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children's Fund. http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/severemalnutrition/9789241598163_eng.pdf De Onis M, Wijnhoven TMA, Onyango AW. Worldwide Practices in Child Growth Monitoring. J Pedaitr 144:461-5, 2004. C Prudhon, A Briend, Z Weise Prinzo, B Daelmans, J Mason. NPP 21. Community-Based Management of Severe Malnutrition in Children, WHO, 2006. Taren D, Almony C, Tecle S, Navarrete L, Ernst, K. Growth of children receiving a dehydrated potato-soy protein concentrate or corn-soy blend as part of a food aid program in northern Senegal. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development. Volume 11 No. 4, July 2011 Additional References WHO. WHO Child Growth Standards: Head circumference-for-age, arm circumference-for-age, triceps skinfold-for-age and subscapular skinfold-for-age Methods and development. Geneva, 2007. De Onis, M, Garza C, Onyango AW, Borghi E. Comparison of the WHO Child Growth Standards and the CDC 2000 Growth Charts. J. Nutr. 137: 144–148, 2007. WHO. WHO Child Growth Standards Growth velocity based on weight, length and head circumference Methods and development. Geneva, 2009. De Onis, M, Garza M, Onyango AW, Martorell R. WHO Child Growth Standards. Acta Paediatrica 95: (Supplement 240) April 2006. Ferro-Luzzi A. The conceptual framework for estimating food energy requirement. Public Health Nutrition 8(7):940-952, 2005. Pena M. Bacallao J. Malnutrition and poverty. Annual Review of Nutrition. 2002;22:241-53. World Health Organization. Management of server malnutrition: a manual for physicians and other senior health workers. Geneva, 1999. http://www.who.int/nut/documents/manage_severe_malnutrition_eng.pdf Ashworth A. Treatment of severe malnutrition. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition. 2001;32(5):516-8.

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Briend A. Management of severe malnutrition: efficacious or effective? Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition 2001;32(5):521-2. Butte N. Enegy requirements for infants. Public Health Nutrition 8(7A):953-67, 2005. Cogill B. Anthropometric Indicators Measurement Guide. Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project. Academy for Educational Development, Washington DC 2001. http://www.pronutrition.org/files/Anthropometric.pdf de Onis M, Frongillo EA, Blössner M. Is malnutrition declining? An analysis of changes in levels of child malnutrition since1980. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2000;78:1222-1233. http://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/00-0688.pdf Gardner JM, Grantham-McGregor S. Activity levels and maternal-child behavior in undernutrition: Studies in Jamaica. PAHO. Nutrition, Health and Child Development, Washington DC, 1998 pp 32-42. Grantham-McGregor S, Walker S. PAHO. Nutrition, Health and Child Development, Washington DC, 1998 Health and nutritional determinants of school failure. pp 82-90. Manary M. Protein-energy malnutrition: there is still work to do. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition 2001;32(5):519-20. Prista A. Maia JA. Damasceno A. Beunen G. Anthropometric indicators of nutritional status: implications for fitness, activity, and health in school-age children and adolescents from Maputo, Mozambique. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003; 77(4):952-9. Torun B. Energy requirements of children and adolescents. Public Health Nutrition 8(7A):968-93, 2005. Feb 07: No Class Feb 14: Vitamin A Deficiency: Assessment, Epidemiology, Pathology, Treatment, Prevention Vitamin A Learning Objectives: 1. Describe the epidemiology of vitamin A deficiency on a world wide and local level. 2. Understand the methods that can be used to determine the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in a

low-income country. 3. Explain the role that vitamin A deficiency has on childhood morbidity and mortality in low-

income countries. 4. Justify several strategies that can be used to prevent and treat vitamin A deficiency.

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Textbook Chapters Semba & Bloem: Chapter 11 Latham: Chapters 11, 15 Required Reading Taren, DL. Historical and practical uses of assessing night blindness as an indicator for vitamin A deficiency. Background Paper for WHO Nutrition Guidance Expert Advisory Group (NUGAG) Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) subgroup meeting, PAHO, Panama City, Panama, 15-17 September 2010. Latham, M. The Great Vitamin Fiasco. World Nutrition May 2010; 1, 1: 12-45. Anon. Hunger: For what, why, and what to do? [Editorial] World Nutrition, May 2010; 1, 1: 5-11. Gopalan, Sachdev, Kapil, Soekirman et al. Responses to The great vitamin A fiasco. World Nutrition May 2010; 1, 2: 78-119. West KP Jr, Klemm RDW, Sommer A. Vitamin A saves lives. Sound science, sound policy. [Commentary]. World Nutrition 2010; 1, 5: 211-229. Vitamin A saves lives. Sound Science, sound policy. [Responses] World Nutrition, November 2010; 1, 6: 270-285. Gogia S. Sachdev HS. Vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in infants six months of age or less. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2011. Additional References Grotto I, Mimouni M, Gdalevich M, Mimouni D. Vitamin A supplementation and childhood morbidity form diarrhea and respiratory infections: a meta-analysis. J Pediatr 2003;142:297–304. IVACG Proceedings 2004 and 2006. IVACG Statements: Policy Statement on Vitamin A, Diarrhea and Measles. Maternal Night Blindness: A new indicator of vitamin A deficiency Safe Doses of vitamin A during pregnancy and lactation. The Annecy Accords to assess and control vitamin A deficiency. IVACG. The bioavailability of dietary carotenoids: Current Concepts. Miller M. Humphrey J. Johnson E. Marinda E. Brookmeyer R. Katz J. Why do children become vitamin A deficient?. Journal of Nutrition. 2002;132(9 Suppl):2867S-2880S.

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Semba RD, Bloem MW. The anemia of vitamin A deficiency: epidemiology and pathogenesis. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56: 271–281, 2002. Taren DL, Duncan B, Shrestha K, Shrestha N, Genaro-Wolf D, Schleicher RL, Pfeiffer CM, Sowell AL, Greivenkamp J, Canfield L. The Night Vision Threshold Test is a Better Predictor of Low Serum Vitamin A Concentrations than Self-Reported Night Blindness in Urban Nepalese Pregnant Women. J Nutrition 2004; 134:2573-2578. Canfield L, Taren DL, deKaminsky R, Mahel Z. Short-term ß-carotene supplementation of lactating mothers consuming diets low in vitamin A. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 10:532-538, 1999. de Pee S, et al. Evaluation of biochemical indicators of vitamin A status in breast-feeding and non-breast-feeding Indonesian women. Am J Clin Nutr 66:160-167, 1997. Drammeh BS. Marquis GS. Funkhouser E. Bates C. Eto I. Stephensen CB. A randomized, 4-month mango and fat supplementation trial improved vitamin A status among young Gambian children. Journal of Nutrition 2002;132(12):3693-9. Duncan B, Canfield L, Barber B, Greivenkamp J, Orioko FO, Naluyinda F. The Night Vision Threshold Test (NVTT): A simple instrument for testing dark adaptation in young children, Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 46:30-35, 2000. Shrestha AK, Duncan B, Taren D, Canfield LM, Greivenkamp JE, Shrestha N, Shrestha KK. A new simple inexpensive means of testing functional vitamin A status: The Night Vision Threshold Test (NVTT). Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 46(6):352-356, 2000. Sloan NL, Rosen D, de la Paz T, Arita M, Temalilwa C, Solomons NW. Identifying areas with vitamin A deficiency: the validity of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. American Journal of Public Health 1997, 87:186-191. Sommer, A, et al. Impact of vitamin A supplementation on childhood mortality. Lancet May 24, 1169-1191, 1986. Feb 21: Iron Deficiency: Assessment, Epidemiology, Pathology, Treatment, Prevention Iron Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the methods that can be used to determine the prevalence of iron deficiency and

anemia in a low-income country. 2. Justify a strategy that can be used to prevent and treat iron deficiency during pregnancy in low-

income countries. 3. Compare strategies that can be used to prevent and treat iron deficiency in childhood and during

pregnancy

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Textbook Chapters Semba & Bloem: Chapter 13 Latham: Textbook: Chapters 10, 13, 20 Required Reading WHO. Assessing the Iron Status of populations. Second edition. Including Literature Reviews. Geneva, 2007. Cepeda-Lopez AC. Osendarp SJ. Melse-Boonstra A. Aeberli I. Gonzalez-Salazar F. Feskens E. Villalpando S. Zimmermann MB. Sharply higher rates of iron deficiency in obese Mexican women and children are predicted by obesity-related inflammation rather than by differences in dietary iron intake. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 93(5):975-83, 2011. Stoltzfus RJ. Iron interventions for women and children in low-income countries. [Review] Journal of Nutrition. 141(4):756S-762S, 2011. Additional References Nnam NM, Udofia SU. Food-based strategy to improve iron status of pregnant women in Nigeria. International Journal of Food, Nutrition and Public Health, 3(1): 71-74, 2010. Adish AA. Esrey SA. Gyorkos TW. Jean-Baptiste J. Rojhani A. Effect of consumption of food cooked in iron pots on iron status and growth of young children: a randomised trial. Lancet. 353(9154):712-6, 1999. Geerligs P. Brabin B. Mkumbwa A. Broadhead R. Cuevas LE. Acceptability of the use of iron cooking pots to reduce anaemia in developing countries. Public Health Nutrition. 5(5):619-24, 2002. INACG Proceedings 2004. WHO, UNICEF. Joint statement by the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children’s Fund. Focusing on Anemia. Towards an integrated approach for effective anaemia control, 2004. Scrimshaw NS. Iron Deficiency. Scientific American October 46-52, 1991 UNICEF. Preventing iron deficiency in women and children: Background and consensus on key technical issues and resources for advocacy, planning and implementing national programs. UNICEF/UNU/WHO/MI Technical Workshop. UNICEF, New York, 7-9 October 1998. WHO. Iron Supplementation During Pregnancy: Why Aren't Women Complying? Geneva 1988. Yip R. Ramakrishnan U. Experiences and challenges in developing countries. Journal of Nutrition. 2002;132(4 Suppl):827S-30S.

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Feb 28: Other Micronutrient Deficiencies: Assessment, Epidemiology, Pathology, Treatment, Prevention

Iodine and other Micronutrient Learning Objectives: 1. Describe the epidemiology of Iodine and other micronutrient deficiencies on a world wide and

local level. 2. Understand the methods that can be used to determine the prevalence of iodine and other

micronutrient deficiencies in a low-income country. 3. Justify a strategy that can be used to prevent and treat childhood iodine deficiency in low-income

countries. 4. Justify a strategy that can be used to prevent and treat iodine deficiency during pregnancy in low-income countries. Textbook Chapters Semba & Bloem: Chapter 12, 14, 15 Latham: Chapters 14, 16, 32 Required Reading Pena-Rosas J, De-Regil JM, Rogers, LM, Bopardikar A, Panisset U. Translating research into action: WHO evidence-informed guidelines for safe and effective micronutrient interventions.. The Journal of Nutrition. 142:197s-204s , 2012. Habicht J-P and Pelto GH. Multiple micronutrient interventions are efficacious, but research on adequacy, plausibility, and implementation needs attention.. The Journal of Nutrition. 142: 205s-209s, 2012. Kawai K. Spiegelman D. Shankar AH. Fawzi WW. Maternal multiple micronutrient supplementation and pregnancy outcomes in developing countries: meta-analysis and meta-regression. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 89(6):402-411B, 2011. Imdad A. Sadiq K. Bhutta ZA. Evidence-based prevention of childhood malnutrition. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care. 14(3):276-85, 2011. Brown KH. Hess SY. Boy E. Gibson RS, et al. Setting priorities for zinc-related health research to reduce children's disease burden worldwide: an application of the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative's research priority-setting method. Public Health Nutrition. 12(3):389-96, 2009. Additional References International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorder. Hetzel 2004. Towards the Global Elimination of Brain Damage Due to Iodine Deficiency. http://indorgs.virginia.edu/iccidd/idddocs/thyroid_vol_ref.htm

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Sebotsa MLD, Dannhauser A, Jooste PL and Joubert G. Iodine status as determined by urinary iodine excretion in Lesotho two years after introducing legislation on universal salt iodization. Nutrition 21(1): 20-24, 2005. Bhutta ZA. Bird SM. Black RE. Brown KH. Gardner JM. Hidayat A. Khatun F. Martorell R. Ninh NX. Penny ME. Rosado JL. Roy SK. Ruel M. Sazawal S. Shankar A. Therapeutic effects of oral zinc in acute and persistent diarrhea in children in developing countries: pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000;72(6):1516-22. Saskia JM, Osendarp SJ. West CE. Black RE. Maternal Zinc Supplementation Study Group. The need for maternal zinc supplementation in developing countries: an unresolved issue. Journal of Nutrition. 2003;133(3):817S-827S. Wasantwisut E, Pattanee Winichagoon P, Chureeporn Chitchumroonchokchai C, Uruwan Yamborisut U, et al. Iron and Zinc Supplementation Improved Iron and Zinc Status, but Not Physical Growth, of Apparently Healthy, Breast-Fed Infants in Rural Communities of Northeast Thailand. Journal of Nutrition 136: 2405-2411, 2006. Winichagoon P, McKenzie JE, Chavasit V, Pongcharoen T, et al. A Multimicronutrient-Fortified Seasoning Powder Enhances the Hemoglobin, Zinc, and Iodine Status of Primary School Children in North East Thailand: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Efficacy. Journal of Nutrition 136: 1617-1623, 2006. Black MM. Micronutrient Deficiencies and Cognitive Functioning. Journal of Nutrition 133:3927S-3931S, 2003. Deitchler M, Winichagoon P, & Mason J. Report of Preparatory Workshop on Multi-Center Initiative on Capacity-Building and Evaluation Research for Micronutrient Deficiency Control Programs. Nakhon Pathom (Bangkok), Thailand June 12-14, 2001 Ogle BM. Wild vegetables and micronutrient nutrition. Studies on the significance of wild vegetables in women’s diets in Vietnam. Uppsala University, 2001. Shrimpton R, Schultink W. Can supplements help meet the micronutrient needs of the developing world? Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 61:223-229, 2002. Tontisirin K. Nantel G. Bhattacharjee L. Food-based strategies to meet the challenges of micronutrient malnutrition in the developing world. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2002;61(2):243-50. Mar 06: Water, Sanitation, Infections, and Nutritional Status Water and Sanitation Learning Objectives:

1. Analyze how water and sanitation projects can improve the nutritional status of children.

2. Analyze why water and sanitation projects have not improved the nutritional status of children.

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3. Compare several important modifying factors that promote and impede the success of water

and sanitation projects and why.

4. Compare the importance of water quality and water quantity on nutritional status.

5. Interpret the paradigm regarding the two-way interaction that exists between malnutrition and infections.

6. Explain the role of various socioeconomic and cultural factors that affect the prevention and

treatment of diarrheal infections.

7. Describe and critic the advances that have been made with the treatment of diarrheal infections within resource deprived environments.

8. Compare the impact of diarrheal diseases on childhood survival compared with other factors

affecting health. Compare Mechanisms of Infection Nutrition Interactions for Different Parasitic Diseases.

9. Analyze factors that affect the Impact that Nutrition Interventions Have on Infectious

Diseases.

10. Provide strategies that can be used to break the nutrition-infection interactions that exists for various diseases

Textbook Chapters Semba: Chapter 5 Latham: Chapter 3 Required Reading WHO and UNICEF. Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water: 2010 Update. Schlaudecker EP. Steinhoff MC. Moore SR. Interactions of diarrhea, pneumonia, and malnutrition in childhood: recent evidence from developing countries. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 24(5):496-502, 2011. Marino DD. Water and food safety in the developing world: global implications for health and nutrition of infants and young children. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 107(11):1930-4, 2007. Taren, DL. Diarrhea and Other GI Diseases. Gershwin, ME, Nestle P. (Eds) Handbook on Nutrition and Immunity. Humana Press. 2004.

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Additional References Schaible UE, Kaufmann SHE (2007) Malnutrition and infection: Complex mechanisms and global impacts. PLoS Med 4(5): e115. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040115. Black RE. Sazawal S. Zinc and childhood infectious disease morbidity and mortality. British Journal of Nutrition. 2001;85 Suppl 2:S125-9. Crompton DWT, Nesheim MC. Nutritional Impact of Intestinal Helminthiasis During the Human Life Cycle. Annual Review of Nutrition 22:35-59, 2002. Davidson G, Barnes G, Bass D, et al. Infectious diarrhea in children: working group report of the first world congress of pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology, and nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol and Nutr 2002;35:S143-S150. Dickson R, Awasthi S, Williamson P, et al. Effects of treatment for intestinal helminthes on growth and cognitive performance in children: systematic review of randomised trials. British Medical Journal 320:1697-1701, 2000. Fewtrell L. Kaufmann RB. Kay D. Enanoria W. Haller L. Colford JM Jr. Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 5(1):42-52, 2005. Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report. Travis P, Bennett S, Haines A, Pang T, Bhutta Z, Hyder AA, Pielemeier NR, Mills A, Evans T. Overcoming Heath-Systems Constraints to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals. Lancet 364:900-06, 2004. Victora CG. Kirkwood BR. Ashworth A. Black RE. Rogers S. Sazawal S. Campbell H. Gove S. Potential interventions for the prevention of childhood pneumonia in developing countries: improving nutrition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999;70(3):309-20. EHP, Planning Tools for the Nepal Public Private Partnership for Hand Washing Initiative. Activity Report 128. March 2004. Esrey SA, & Habicht JP. Maternal literacy modifies the effect of toilets and piped water on infant survival in Malaysia. Am J Epidemiol 127:1079-87, 1988. Esrey SA. Water, waste, and well-being: a multicountry study. American Journal of Epidemiology. 143(6):608-23, 1996 Mar 15. Hirschhorn N, & Greenough WB. Progress in oral rehydration therapy. Scientific American 264:50-56, 1991. Taren DL, Crompton DWT. Nutritional interactions during parasitism. Clinical Nutrition. 8:227-38, 1989.

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Mar 13: SPRING BREAK Mar 20: Breastfeeding and Infant Feeding Breastfeeding Learning Objectives: 1. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of extended breastfeeding. 2. Describe factors affecting, and related to exclusive breastfeeding and the start of the weaning

period. 3. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of breastfeeding when a mother is infected with HIV. Textbook Chapters Latham: Chapter 7 Required Reading Bentley ME. Wasser HM. Creed-Kanashiro HM. Responsive feeding and child undernutrition in low- and middle-income countries. Journal of Nutrition. 141(3):502-7, 2011. Singh JA. Daar AS. Singer PA. Shared principles of ethics for infant and young child nutrition in the developing world. BMC Public Health. 10:321, 2010. Lawn JE. Mwansa-Kambafwile J. Horta BL. Barros FC. Cousens S. Kangaroo mother care' to prevent neonatal deaths due to preterm birth complications. International Journal of Epidemiology 39 Suppl 1:i144-54, 2010. UNICEF. Infant and Young Child Feeding. http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/index_breastfeeding.html Including the following sections: Breastfeeding Complementary feeding Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes & other legislative issues HIV and infant feeding Infant feeding in emergencies Simondon KB. Early Breast-feeding Cessation and Infant Mortality in Low-Income Countries. In Breast-Feeding: Early Influences on Later Health. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 2009, Volume 639, 319-329.

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Additional References Shi L. Zhang J. Recent evidence of the effectiveness of educational interventions for improving complementary feeding practices in developing countries. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 57(2):91-8, 2011. WHO. 10 Facts on Breastfeeding. http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/breastfeeding/en/index.html Caulfield, LE, Huffman SL, Piwoz EG. Interventions to Improve Complementary Food Intakes of six- to 12-month old Infants in Developing Countries: Impact on growth, Prevalence of Malnturition and Potential Contribution to Child Survival. Academy for Educational Development, Washington DC, 1999. http://www.pronutrition.org/files/InterventionsCompFoods.pdf Kuhn L, Stein S, Susser M. Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission in the New Millennium; the Challenge of Breast Feeding. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 18:10-16, 2004. Lopez-Alarcon M, Villalpando S, Fajardo A. Breastfeeding lowers the frequency and duration of acute respiratory infection and diarrhea in infants under six months. Journal of Nutrition 1997;127:436-443. Ramakrishnan U. Nutrition and Low Birth Weight: From Research to Practice. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 79:17-21, 2004. Taren DL & Chen J. A positive association between extended breast-feeding and nutritional status in rural Hubei Province, Peoples Republic of China. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1993;58:8 62-7. WHO. Guiding Principles For Complementary Feeding For The Breastfed Child. WHO. HIV and infant feeding counseling tools : reference guide. 2005. Bertolli J, Hu DJ, Nieburg P, Macalalad A, Simonds RJ. Decisions Analysis to Guide Choice of Interventions to Reduce Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV. AIDS 17:2089-2098, 2003. Luang’aho MS. Infant and Child Feeding Indicators Measurement Guide. Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project, Academy for Educational Development, Washington DC, 1999. Marquis GS, Habicht J-P, Lanata CF, et al. Breast milk or animal-product foods improve linear growth of Peruvian toddlers consuming marginal diets. Am J Clin Nutr 66:1102-9, 1997. World Health Organization. Breastfeeding and Replacement Feeding Practices in the context of Mother-to-child Transmission of HIV. An Assessment Tool for Research and Programs. Geneva, 2001.

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Mar 27: Nutritional Issues Affecting Women and Pregnancy Outcomes Women and Pregnancy Outcomes Learning Objectives: 1. Name and analyze the importance of four roles that woman have in the providing food to their

families in low-income countries. 2. Analyze the risk of vertical transmission of HIV by breastfeeding. 3. Describe the impact that maternal nutrition has on the health of women and their infants. 4. Analyze the benefits of extended breastfeeding. Textbook Chapters Semba and Bloem: Chapters 2, 3 Latham: Chapter 6 Required Reading Rosenthal J, Reedy JC, Frías JL, Alverson CJ, Taren D, Flores A, Mulinare J. Epidemiology of Neural Tube Defects in Latin America: A Review from 1990 to 2010. International Journal of Epidemiology (Submitted, Under Review) Sanghvi TG. Harvey PW. Wainwright E. Maternal iron-folic acid supplementation programs: evidence of impact and implementation. Food & Nutrition Bulletin. 31(2 Suppl):S100-7, 2010. SV Subramanian SV, Jessica M Perkins JM, Emre Özaltin E, and George Davey Smith GD Weight of nations: a socioeconomic analysis of women in low- to middle-income countries. First published November 10, 2010, doi: 10.3945/ ajcn.110.004820. Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation During Pregnancy in Developing Country Settings Guest editors: Nita Dalmiya, Ian Darnton-Hill, Werner Schultink, and Roger Shrimpton. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, vol. 30, no. 4 (supplement) Lancet Series on Maternal and Child Undernutrition. 2008.

Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA, Caulfield LE, de Onis, M, Ezzati M, Mathers C, Rivera J. Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences. Victora CG, Adair L, Fall C, Hallal PC, Martorell R, Richter L, Schdev HS. Maternal and child undernutrition: consequences for adult health and human capital.

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Additional References Horton S. Opportunities for Investments in Nutrition in Low-income Asia Asian Development Review, vol. 17 nos. 1,2, pp. 246-273. Beaton GH. Iron needs during pregnancy: do we need to rethink our targets? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000, 72(1 Suppl):265S-271S. Brabin BJ. Hakimi M. Pelletier D. An analysis of anemia and pregnancy-related maternal mortality. Journal of Nutrition. 2001;131(2S-2):604S-614S. Butte N, King J. Energy requirements during pregnancy and lactation. Public Health Nutrition 8(7A):1010-1027, 2005. Hindin MJ. Women's input into household decisions and their nutritional status in three resource-constrained settings . Public Health Nutrition 9(4): 485-493, 2005. Tomkins A. Davies C. Goldenberg R. Jackson A. Keen C. King J. Nestel P. Nutrition as a preventive strategy against adverse maternal pregnancy outcomes - a USAID/Wellcome Trust Workshop at Merton College, Oxford, UK, 18-19 July 2002. Public Health Nutrition 6(7):629-30, 2003. Kramer MS. Effects of energy and protein intake on pregnancy outcome: an overview of the research evidence from controlled clinical trials. Am J Clin Nutr 58:627-635, 1993. Merchant KM. Maternal nutritional depletion. SCN News 11:30-32, Mid-1994. Tomkins A. Nutrition and maternal morbidity and mortality. British Journal of Nutrition. 2001;85 Suppl 2:S93-9. UN/ACC/SCN. Low Birthweight. Nutrition Policy Paper 18, September 2000. http://acc.unsystem.org/scn/Publications/NPP/npp18_lbw.pdf Apr 03: Nutrition and HIV Learning Objectives:

1. Describe the salient issues with Nutrition and the HIV management. 2. Analyze the Infant Feeding issues associated with the HIV epidemic in Africa.

3. Critic nutrition intervention studies that have targeted people with HIV/AIDS.

4. Appropriately debate the role that women have on the nutrition status of people with HIV and

those at risk for HIV.

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Textbook Chapters: Semba: Chapter 10 Required Reading UNAIDS. Policy Brief, HIV, food security and nutrition, 2012. FAO and Food Security. http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/nutrition/household_hivaids_en.stm. FAO. Pocketbook on integrating HIV/AIDS considerations into food security and livelihoods projects. UNAIDS, Guidelines on HIV and Infant Feeding. WHO, NAIDS, UNFPA, UNICEF, 2010 Saloojee H. Cooper PA. Feeding of infants of HIV-positive mothers. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care. 13(3):336-43, 2010 May. McIntyre J. Use of antiretrovirals during pregnancy and breastfeeding in low-income and middle-income countries. Current Opinion in HIV & AIDS. January 2010 - Volume 5 - Issue 1 - p 48–53 Sztam KA, Fawzi WW, Duggan C. Macronutrient Supplementation and Food Prices in HIV Treatment.

J. Nutr. January 2010 vol. 140 no. 1 213S-223S. Additional References Jackson DJ, Goga AE, Doherty T, Chopra M. An Update on HIV and Infant Feeding Issues in Developed and Developing Countries OGNN, 38, 219-229; 2009. World AIDS Conference 2008. Food Security, Livelihoods and HIV: Challenges and Responses http://www.aids2008.org/Pag/PSession.aspx?s=459 Anabwani G. Navario P. Nutrition and HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: an overview. Nutrition 21(1):96-9, 2005. Coutsoudis A. Infant Feeding Dilemmas Created by HIV: South African Experiences Journal of Nutrition 135: 956-959, 2005. Doherty T, Chopra M, Nkonki L, Jackson D et al. A Longitudinal Qualitative Study of Infant-Feeding Decision Making and Practices among HIV-Positive Women in South Africa. Journal of Nutrition 136: 2421-2426, 2006. Fawzi W, Msamanga G, Spiegelman D, and Hunter DJ. Studies of Vitamins and Minerals and HIV Transmission and Disease Progression. Journal of Nutrition 135: 938-944, 2005.

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Frankenfeld C, Taren DL. The Growth of HIV Infected Children. In Watson R (Eds) Nutrition and AIDS III. CRC Press, 2000. Piwoz EG. Bentley ME. Women's voices, women's choices: the challenge of nutrition and HIV/AIDS. Journal of Nutrition. 135(4):933-7, 2005. Semba RD, Ndugwa C, Perry RT , Clark TD, et al. Effect of periodic vitamin A supplementation on mortality and morbidity of human immunodeficiency virus–infected children in Uganda: A controlled clinical trial. Nutrition 21(1): 25-31, 2005. Shankar AV, Sastry J, Erande A, Joshi A, et al. Making the Choice: the Translation of Global HIV and Infant Feeding Policy to Local Practice among Mothers in Pune, India. Journal of Nutrition 135: 960-965, 2005. Taren DL. The Infant Feeding and HIV Transmission Controversy Impacts Public Health Services. Nutrition Today 35:103-106, 2000. UNAIDS: http://www.unaids.org/en/ World Food Program HIV/AIDS Initiatives: http://www.wfp.org/food_aid/food_for_hiv/index.asp?section=12&sub_section=1 Apr 10: Adult Nutrition and the Nutrition Transition Textbook Chapters Semba: Chapters 17, 18 Required Reading Popkin BM, Adair LS, Ng SW. Global nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries. Nutrition Reviews 70(1): 3-21, 2012. Best, Cora. Neufingerl, Nicole. van Geel, Laura. van den Briel, Tina. Osendarp, Saskia. The nutritional status of school-aged children: why should we care?. [Review] Food & Nutrition Bulletin. 31(3):400-17, 2010. Uauy R, Kain J, Corvalan C. How can the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis contribute to improving health in developing countries? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110000562, 1s-6s, 2011. Additional Reading Popkin BM. Contemporary nutritional transition: determinants of diet and its impact on body composition. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, Page 1 of 10. doi:10.1017/S0029665110003903 g . The Summer Meeting of the Nutrition Society hosted by the Scottish Section was held at Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh on 28 June–1 July 2010.

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Doak CM. Adair LS. Bentley M. Monteiro C. Popkin BM. The dual burden household and the nutrition transition paradox. International Journal of Obesity. 29(1):129-36, 2005. Garrett JL. Ruel MT. Stunted child-overweight mother pairs: prevalence and association with economic development and urbanization. Food & Nutrition Bulletin. 26(2):209-21, 2005. Hawkes C. The role of foreign direct investment in the nutrition transition. Public Health Nutrition. 8(4):357-65, 2005. Koletzko B, Girardet J-P, Klish W, Tabacco O. Obesity in Children and Adolescents Worldwide: Current Views and Future Directions – Working Group Report of the First World Congress of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. Journal of Pediatric Gasroenterology and Nutrition 35:S205-S212, 2002. Popkin BM. The nutrition transition and obesity in the developing world. Journal of Nutrition. 2001;131(3):871S-873S. Rivera JA, Barquera S, Gonzalez-Cossio T, Olaiz G, Sepulveda J. Nutrition Transition in Mexico and in Other Latin American Countries. Nutrition Reviews 62: s149-S157, 2004. Charlton KE, Rose D. Nutrition among Older Adults in Africa; The Sitaution at the beginning of hte Millenium. Journal of Nutrition. 2001;131(9):2424S-2428S. Filozof C, Gonzalez C, Sereday M, Mazza C, Braguinsky J. Obesity Prevalence and Trends in Latin-American Countries. Obesity Reviews 2:99-106, 2001. Tucker KL. Buranapin S. Nutrition and aging in developing countries. Journal of Nutrition. 2001;131(9):2417S-23S. Zohoori N. Nutrition and Healthy Functioning in the Developing World. Journal of Nutrition. 2001;131(9):2429S-2432S. Apr 17: Refugees, Displaced Populations and Emergency Situations Learning Objectives: 1. Analyze the worldwide refugee situation and risk factors that affect the nutritional status of this

special population. 2. Compare the influences of the multiple dynamic forces that change the nutritional status of

refugees and displaced people. 3. Develop a framework to assess the nutritional situation of refugees and displaced people. 4. Develop a framework to design, implement, monitor and evaluate nutrition programs for refugees

and displaced people.

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Required Reading UNSCN. Nutrition Information in Crisis Situations (formerly RNIS) http://www.unscn.org/en/publications/nics/. UNHCR. Food Security Page. http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646cec.html The Sphere Handbook. Minimum Standards in Food Security and Nutrition. In Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response. 2011 edition. Pgs 139-238. Additional Reading Shrestha R, Taren DL. Lead Toxicity: An Under Appreciated Harm for Refugee Children Entering the USA. In: Nutrition Information in Crises Situations. United Nations Standing Committee on Nutrition, Report No. 16, March 2008. Collins S, Duffield A, Myatt M. Assessment of Nutritional Status in Emergency-Affected Populations. Adolescents. WHO/ACC/SCN. July 2000. Kaiser R, Woodruff BA, Bilukha O, Spiegel PB, Salama P. Using design effects from previous cluster surveys to guide sample size calculation in emergency settings. Disasters 30:199-211, 2006. Prinzo ZW, de Benoist B. Meeting the Challenges of Micronutrient Deficiencies in Emergency-Affected Populations. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 61:251-257, 2002. SCN, Nutrition in the Context of Conflict and Crises. Number 24, July 2002. Seal AJ, Creeke PI, Mirghani Z, Abdalla F, et al. Iron and Vitamin A Deficiency in Long-Term African Refugees. Journal of Nutrition 135: 808-813, 2005. Woodruff BA. Blanck HM. Slutsker L. Cookson ST. Larson MK. Duffield A. Bhatia R. Anaemia, iron status and vitamin A deficiency among adolescent refugees in Kenya and Nepal. Public Health Nutrition. 9(1):26-34, 2006. World Food Programme and United Nations High Commisssioner for Refugees. Joint WFP/UNHCR Guidelines for Estimating Food and Nutrition Needs in Emergencies. Dec. 19, 1997. Lopriore C, Guidoum Y, Briend A, Branca F. Spread Fortified with Vitamins and Minerals Induces Catch-up Growth and Eradicates Severe Anemia in Stunted Refugee Children Aged 3-6y. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80:973-81, 2004. WHO/ACC/SCN. July 2000.

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Apr 24: Measuring Impact and International Aid Learning Objectives:

1. Analyze factors that affect the impact of nutrition interventions. 2. Analyze the role that international agencies have on the nutritional status of the world.

3. Identify and describe the role that NGOs have on world nutrition.

Textbook Chapters: Semba: Chapters 20, 21, 22 Required Reading World Bank. What can we learn form Nutrition Impact Studies. 2010. Sarah W. Adelman, Daniel O. Gilligan, and Kim Lehrer, How Effective are Food for Education Programs? A Critical Assessment of the Evidence from Developing Countries, IFPRI 2009. WHO. A Review of Nutrition Policies Draft Global Nutrition Policy Review: 20 December 2010

(Full report at: http://www.who.int/nutrition/EB130.10/en/index.html) The Lancet Series. The Millennium Development Goals: a cross-sectoral analysis and principles for goal setting. 2010.

Waage, J, Banerji R, Campbell O, Chirwa E, et al. The Millennium Development Goals: a cross-sectoral analysis and principles for goal setting after 2015. Pitt C, Greco G, Powell-Jacson T, Mills, A. Countdown to 2015: assessment of official development assistance to maternal, newborn, and child health. Sridhar D. Improving aid for maternal, newborn and child health. Cleland J. The benefits of educating women.

The Lancet Series. Maternal and Child Undernutrition. 2008.

Bhutta ZA, Ahmed T, Black RE, Cousens S, Dewey K, Giugliani E, Haider BA, Kirkwood B, Morris SS, Sachdev HPS, Shekar M. What works? Interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival Bryce J, Coitinho D, Darnton-Hill I, Pelletier D, Pinstrup-Andersen P. Maternal and child undernutrition: effective action at national level.

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Morris SS, Cogill B, Uauy R. Effective international action against undernutrition: why has it proven so difficult and what can be done to accelerate progress? Heikens GT, Amadi BC, Manary M, Rollins N, Tomkins A. Nutrition interventions need improved operational capacity.

Additional References Allen LH, Gillespie SR. What Works? A Review of the Efficacy and Effectiveness of Nutrition Interventions. UN, ACC/SCN, Asian Development Bank, 2001. Allen LH. New Approaches for Designing and Evaluating Food Fortification Programs Journal of Nutrition 136: 1055-1058, 2006. Cohen J. The new world of global health. Science 311:162-167, 2006. das Neves J, Martins PA, Sesso R, and Sawaya AL. Malnourished Children Treated in Day-Hospital or Outpatient Clinics Exhibit Linear Catch-Up and Normal Body Composition. Journal of Nutrition 136: 648-655, 2006. Mackintosh UAT, Marsh DR, and Schroeder DG. Sustained positive deviant child care practices and their effects on child growth in Viet Nam. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, vol. 23, no. 4 (supplement): 16-25, 2002. (Within Food and Nutrition Volume 23, 2002.) Neto UF, Baker S, Anthony D, Nelson S, Shulman R. The Political Environment: Effects on Growth and Development – Working Group Report of the First World Congress of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 35:S224-S233, 2002. Robert RC, Gittelsohn J, Creed-Kanashiro HM, Penny ME, Caulfield LE, Narro R, and Black RE. Process Evaluation Determines the Pathway of Success for a Health Center–Delivered, Nutrition Education Intervention for Infants in Trujillo, Peru. Journal of Nutrition 136: 634-641, 2006. Ruger JP. The Changing Role of the World Bank in Global Health. Am J Public Health. 2005;95:60-70. Wahlqvist ML. The new nutrition science: sustainability and development. Public Health Nutrition 8(6A):766-72, 2005. World Bank. Repositioning Nutrition as Central to Development A Strategy for Large-Scale Action. 2006.

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