Archaeological research in Estonia 1865–2005

7/30/2019 Archaeological research in Estonia 18652005

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E A 1

ARCHAEOLOGICALRESEARCH IN ESONIA

1865 2005

Tartu University Press

Humaniora: archaeologica


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Official publication of the Chair of Archaeology of the University of artu

Estonian Archaeology

E--C: V LE B: A A U Sk, SwB H F U B, GV K U , EA Kk U , EMk L U Hk, FH Lk U, EL L U, EY N U S. PJ P U, EK U C, DkJ-Pkk U k, FA U , EHk Vk U , EAj Vk U L, LV k U K, L

E A, 1Archaeological esearch in Estonia 18652005

E: V L M LE : Ax H, A k E IL- : M K J L-: M F

U , 2006

ISSN 1736-3810

ISBN-10 9949-11-233-8ISBN-13 978-9949-11-233-3

U Pwww.k.

O . 159


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CContributors 7Editorial 9

Part I. General rends in the Development o Archaeology in Estonia

T H A ( 1980). V.Lang 13

E A 19912005.M. Konsa 41

Part II. esearch into the Prehistoric and Historical Periods

S A.A. Kriiska 53

Bz E I A. V. Lang 77

I M I A.A. vauri 105

L I A.A. Mesalu and H. Valk 127

M A E Cx: w, C,M C. E. Russow, H. Valk, A. Haak, A. Prn and

A. Mesalu

159

P-M A E. E. Russow 193

M P-M A N P.H. Valk 205

Part III. Collections and the Conservation o Archaeological Heritage

T E A C E C S.A. vauri

225

T F N C I H.M. Kiudsoo

239

T C A H E.A. vauri 247

293

Part IV. Some Special Fields in Archaeological esearch

S M E A.A. Kriiska and L. Lugas 269


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S L A E. V. Lang 293

I Uw H E.M. Roio 301

A, O C. H. Valk 311

317

A 367

Ix P N 371

Ix A S 379

CONTENTS


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Arvi Haak (MA student) works as an archaeolo-

gist at the Museum of Viljandi. His main scien-

tific interests include the medieval town and castle

of Viljandi, the Latest Iron Age and the medieval

period in south-western Estonia. He has published

16 articles.

Mauri Kiudsoo (MA student) is Keeper of the

Numismatic Collection in the Institute of History atTallinn University. His main areas of research are

in medieval and early modern times, hoards and

monetary circulation, ornaments, the reasons for

depositing hoards, etc. He has published 23 articles

on these topics.

Marge Konsa (MA student) works as a technician,

researcher and teacher at the University of Tartu.

Herfields of activity are the archaeology of death,

culture and society, and digital methods in archae-

ology. She has published 30 articles.

Aivar Kriiska (PhD) is Associate Professor of

Archaeology at the University of Tartu. His main

areas of research are the Stone Age in Estonia and

neighbouring areas, especially from the point of

view of the development of settlement, economy

and technology. He has published a monograph on

Stone Age settlement and economic processes in

Estonian coastal areas and islands (Kriiska 2001c),

as well as 60 articles on different topics in archae-

ology and also some popular-scientific reviews andschool books.

Valter Lang (PhD) is Professor of Archaeology at

the University of Tartu. His main areas of research

are the Bronze and Early Iron Ages in Estonia,

settlement and landscape archaeology, the history

of agriculture and land use systems, and the social

structures of prehistoric society. He has published

two monographs on prehistoric settlement in north-

ern Estonia (Lang 1996; 2000a), 120 articles on dif-

ferent topics in archaeology, and edited a number of

books on archaeology.

Lembi Lugas (PhD) is Head of the Laboratoryof Geoarchaeology and Ancient Technology in the

Institute of History at Tallinn University. Her main

research area involves the history of fauna (par-

ticularly fish and marine mammals) in Estonia and

northern Europe. On these topics she has published

her doctoral thesis (Lugas 1997) and 42 articles.

Ain Mesalu (MA) is Lecturer of Archaeology at

the University of Tartu. His main interests in archae-

ology are medieval weaponry, glasses, and the his-

tory of late prehistoric hillforts and medieval townsand castles (particularly Otep and Tartu). He has

published 50 articles on these topics. In addition,

he is the author of a number of popular-scientific

reviews and school books.

Maili Roio (MA student) works as a maritime

archaeologist at the National Heritage Board. Her

main area of research is historical settlement and

the exploitation of lakes in southern Estonia. She

has published two articles about lake dwellings.

Anton Prn (PhD student) is Undersecretary for

Cultural Heritage in the Ministry of Culture. His

main areas of interest are medieval urban archae-

ology (incl. the development of early urban settle-

ments, town planning and defence structures, build-

C


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ings and issues of the hinterland). He has published

40 articles on different topics in archaeology and

heritage conservation.

Erki Russow (PhD student) is Research Fellow in

the Institute of History at Tallinn University. His

main research interests are medieval and post-medi-

eval pottery, urban archaeology, historical archae-

ology in Europe, and the history of consumption.

He has recently published a monograph on medi-

eval and post-medieval imported pottery in western

Estonian towns, 15 papers on several subjects and

edited a couple of archaeological books.

Andres Tvauri (PhD) is Senior Research Fellow

at the University of Tartu. The main archaeologicalperiods of interest to him are the Middle and Late

Iron Ages. In addition to 44 scientific articles, he

has published two monographs, one on prehistoric

Contributors

Tartu (Tvauri 2001a) and another on Late Iron Age

ceramics in Estonia (Tvauri 2005). He has recently

begun to study questions of industrial archaeology.

Heiki Valk (PhD) is Head of the Kabinetof Archae-

ology and Senior Research Fellow at the University

of Tartu. He is mainly involved in the study of the

Late Iron Age and the medieval and post-medieval

rural archaeology of southern Estonia, including the

earlier history of the town of Viljandi. His studies

concern burial customs, religious syncretism, popu-

lar culture, ethno-cultural questions, settlement his-

tory and the meeting points of archaeology and oral

tradition. He has published two monographs on

the rural cemeteries of southern Estonia in 1225

1800 AD (Valk 2001a) and on the Iron Age andmedieval cemetery of Siksl (with Silvia Laul;

Laul & Valk 2006) and c. 100 scientific articles,

and has also edited four books.


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I 2005 E - w . F, 140 ( x ) (Gwk 1865). S q, - j , w

w w w . S-, w 85 C A- w U . S w q - , . I E . T, k k

w E .

Cq, , w Estonian Archaeology, w . T w - , , E w . I E- k w E-

. T E- - 75 (M1932), - w k 20 (S & - 1984). A w

q -, k z .

A w E, . Eestiesiajalugu (E P), 1982 (J et al. 1982),

x w w kw -1970. I 30 , w, ,w w . I , - wk , w . T k

. A - w E (Kk & 2002), w , w .

T w - w , E, , E , . T , .. ,

E . T k . P I ( V L M K) w E 19 21

E


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, w - k . P II ( AKk, V. L, A , Hk Vk, AM, A P, Ek w A Hk) . I P III A. MK , - . P IV, , E . H (A. Kk), -

(V. L), w - (M ), w (H. Vk).

T x Estonian Archaeology w - . S - S A, Bz E I, M I A, L I A, - . I wk

,

w w . Hw, w w wk w, E- .

T -w Estonian Archaeology wk - M E (018255703 Social, Economical and Cul-tural Processes in Prehistoric and Medieval Estonia), U . I , j wk: Interdisciplinary Archaeology: Inter-actions o Culture and the Natural Environment inthe Past U (FLAJ

05909), E SF (. 5328, 6451 6119). P Esto-nian Language and National Memory( jTe Publication o Estonian Archaeology, 16) U . T x E,w , I, w C A U- (www...).

Valter Lang

, D 2005

Editorial


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PAR I

G D A E


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Introduction

T E - w : (1)

B G - 18 ( 17) -, w q , WW I, (2) ( ) C A U 1920. T ; , w, w - S (J et al. 1982, 9 ; S1995). S ,

k - ( ) x w , w S , .

Iz z : w , -- w , . N, w - kw,

w w - wk- w j k , w w w

. F , U - C Gwk Hw - ( w

1850 1860?); w - E. T 19 20 w w w q wk w k ( C G S, ). A

w J J.I E

. T , . T , w, w E w, w w w w E. S w ; ,

x ( wk), , k w x. T w q political, social and cultural power

T H A

R ( 1980)Valter Lang


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THE HISTORYOF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCHUPTOTHELATE 1980S VALTERLANG

- -

w .I w, q w , w x kw . W k x- , - ;, , w, w : . F , - E

Mx 1940. F , E 1940 E, ; . O -E (K 2001) - . I w, k -S - 1990.

T k z -

E 1980, .. E S . P . I , k - k , -

. O (19201950) - E x (J, L. 1991; 1995), w . Tw , k .

Beore proessional archaeology

From private collections to learnedsocieties and public museums (until 1865)

A q- q E 17 -, (S 1995), x .

I 18 19 , - w w E L. O w AW H (17371819), w w kw

: w w x , opographische Nachrichten(3 , 17741782) Nordische ( NeueNordische)Miscellaneen (46 , 17811798). I , w - . I kw - 1780. J C Bz(17421823) w G wk . H -

L E 10 2000 Sammlung verschidener liefndischer Monumente,Prospecte, Mnzen, Wappen etc. Liv- und Kurlands.T q w E P K (17701850), - V, E. I , , k H, . B w

T - E B P (G. Ostsee-provinzen) E E(Estland), L (Livland) C (Kurland),w L w w E, -L. T E- L-k Lw , , .


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he History of Archaeological Research up to the late 1980s Valter Lang

- -

LE S ( , , ).

I 19 , 1830, w - w , Gesellscha r Geschichte und Altertumskundeder Ostseeprovinzen Russlands in Riga (1834),Gelehrte Estnische Gesellscha U (D) (1838), Estnische LiterrischeGesellscha () (1842). T k L E S, , w - w: die Kenntnis der Vorzeit undGegenwart des estnischen Volkes, seiner Sprache undLiteratur sowie des von ihm bewohnten Landes zu

rdern (H 1921, 137). A ,

x w - w . T w j .

I z w E q . I E, L, BG, -q w ,

, B G G . I , - q w ; w j . T k - . O x w - K E wk . A P

L (1993), w E : w z w ,

Establishment o scientifc archaeology:the Baltic German school

I 19 , - E . O , - (wk) Ew I AC S. P, E B x , w G. A - w w . I, w

, LE S w - (H1896, V).

A w - w w U (D), w - 1802.A , w, B w -. A w , w

w Gk . A - U 1803, w M C A (J, L. 1995). Hw, C M

I ( ), -w : Vj (FellinerLitterarische Gesellscha, . S ), S (Verein zur Kunde sels, K (A) ), P(Altertumorschende Gesellscha zu Pernau, ), P

(Gesellscha zur Erhaltung Jerwscher Altertmer, ) N (Altertumorschende Gesellscha, ). (S , , .) T U , wB w x , w C. Gwk, (k & V, ).


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F Aq w U ( L E S w j w 1860) 1843. F w

E L , - .

T w F KH K (17901866, - 18281853). I 1838 1839 w x E BP E w B (K 1842; 1846). N, x

k w , .

A K, , w A Gk E, w j w S

T E L w C CA Gwk Das Steinalter derOstseeprovinzen, 1865 (F. 1, 2). H w S A L K (Gwk 1882;1884), w E B (Gwk 1874; 1877) w q- (Gwk 1884). Gwk (18191887) , J S.P; P M, w , SA. H k K (Gwk

1882; Kk, ) w x- x : w ( w k, w w , ), w, w w , (Nationalitt). A Gwk -

(, w), w . A Gwk, B S A AD, w wz j w kw .T w w w w , .. w

S A G, w w w -, B. A

(G G); E w w C S.

Fig. 1. Constantin Caspar Andreas Grewingk (photo: AI).


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Gwk, w U L-S -. T - tarand- IA (14 AD) E L, w , w G, G

kw . T E L w

O w tarand- w G w - , w w - G , G.

B 1 AD.

I - G , k w . F, w w G - - B, - x w E L w V I A. E A E w k U w wkw . S, G - w w B

G , - -- , w G w B . T w w, ,w B G - , A F (18741941) A L Sk (18631939), 1920 1930, w .

w w

G ( 2003). O w G Lk (18521915), w - Lz B. I1879 w - U . Lk U B. I , w B . W x tarand-, w -, Gwk ,

q . T w P L S P P A. Vk

S w x- ( ).

Fig. 2. Cover o D S Oz byGrewingk, published in 1865.


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(18421905). Vk x , tarand- , .. E.

A B G w G G H (18421918),P H U 1880 (F. 3). A , w - I A; x

. H w G : z , z G -

F H, .

B .T q tarand- .

H w w E B U . H w E w 1890 (W1950, 43). H w -

z 10 -w A C 1896. I - x z w , H w B (H1896). I 1910 w,

Fig. 3. Richard Gustav Gotthard Hausmann (photo AI). Fig. 4. Artur Leopold Spreckelsen (photo AI).


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w BG (H1910).

I 1913, H w wk. D W W I 1914, G w , w

I B G - w :

w (.. C. G. S,A. B, A. Bz, ), w x x ( .. Kk, ). T ,w, U .

B G B G (A. Sk A. F;F. 4, 5) wk w.I w G ( Gesellscha r Geschichte und Altertumskundeder Ostseeprovinzen Russlands in Riga) z EB . Mx E(18791929) B w -, q w w w (E 1913)

16 -w AC (B S, 1914). D w, k . E w w , w - E B. T w .

Te Estonian dimension

I B G- , Gwk , E - - wk 19. N, w x: - - w z z. L G 13 w , w , k

. O w w

L, , E w U L (), w . F E, M .

Fig. 5. Adol Friedenthal conducting excavations in Jgala

(photo AI).


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; w - wk.I , w, ww z w - E 19 .

T w J J (18351900; F. 6). H w , w x ( x

F j). W w E w x B G .N, w w . F, E w E (J 1899)

E . S, w wk , w BG w ( M1930). T w E-w , w J F J A, w E .

I E -w - w (J 1898; 1910), x w J . T k

w - wk, , , -. A x w - w E k, w wk w . T J, , (w) E w k

, . T k , wk w J . S q J.

I , , F SA A - w E , B G . O F E wk

w wk (S 1996). T F E . T w F Fx w 1920.

Fig. 6. Jaan Jung(photo AI).


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First decades o proessionalarchaeology (19201940):

the artu school

Proessor allgren and theChair o Archaeology

A W W I W I- (19181920), E . T U w 1919,w E , w G .I w , w Ez -

w w , , .A .

P w -z E 1920, w C E N A w U . A w E , k . I - W I

G w . T, w , - w F, AM (18851945), w E(F. 7). T k, k , .. F ( A)

F-U S w wk w w k ( F ), .

F , Kk .

E w: , w ; -, z E-w ( w wk - wk); , E ( 1922;

1925).Tk C A- U , E - q qk . D , -

Fig. 7. Aarne Michal allgren (photo AI).


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Kabinet M A w - U . T 19 w ( , , ). A w Kabinet, w w z F x. A w (J, L.1995).

T x w w E-w q w w - J. J. T

w G; , BG . T q - w k E ; , w q . Tk H C A, w w E 1925, -

w .A w

kw , kw j , w k k . T j q- w w , .. x w q( , , ). A , -

J, w w q- w x, w w . T wk , w w k .

T w x E - w w - w w E.T 20 E w - - , w w k w w - ( w G. K V. G. C).A E w w ( ), w , w .

Nw w (1922; 1923) ww E, S A K Vk, w . F , w w , - ( 1922, 70 ). I K Vk -

, w - BzA . T F w w E G , w G (G). S

I w , . H, E L, kw ; w w (H). A , ( ).


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w x w z.

A , Gwk ( ) w w S F w (.. B S, P Vj k, .). T w S Aw w , I A w

w w . T q - w , E ( L, , ).

I , k Ek . F, w -

B G , w w E -. S, wk w J q, w w w - . T, E w E . F, ( j-

w ) G w F-U F-- E . TE w , w , -

- .

Research in the 1920s and 1930s

A 1923, x w Sw. T BN (18881971; F. 8) w w S (J, L. 1995). N

w (19231925), w w . I w 1930 H M (19001968, 1925), , w - , 1938 (F. 9). I M,

Fig. 8. Birger Nerman (photo AI).


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w j - Kabinet M A: M S (18961981; 1923), Ik (19001961; 1927), Ek L (19041961; 1927), A V (19111977; 1939),E A (19042000; k 1931) O S (19041975). I - wk , w w B G -

w P M E L S A. Sk A. F. I 1920 1930, wk x, - tarand E.

A , z - E, w w w ww .. w -. I z, w, - w , (, ) (, -) ; w w , w w E - 1920 1930.

I z

, -, , IA w wk: w w (1922) q, w M 16 (1938). T x- ; L ( xE) P- IA. O k w w x M -

wk, w q .

B k S A, q (.. ) I A w , .A M k , w

: w -. T ( ) w w x . M x w .

Fig. 9. Harri Moora (photo AI).


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B M - w G P , w w . Tk w , M w w z P- I A; -, ( ). T I A w x M -, w . T w w ,

. T w wk (.. -w w , w w ; ,M q w S ). I M , , w . I I A, w

: ( L,E -w F) w L, E F( , w, AHk 1905), w w w w B ( ).I w , w w , ( ) w q

. B M L I A, w E E ( w ), . A ,

G E, w w x x G w E, B .

A , M , w , ( wk w ), - . A wk M w, wk - , - w , -. N q k

: - , , - , ( ), -, . I k q , w (.. ) w . M w E 1950 1960, 1970 1980, . I E, -

w , w w Mx 1940; w, w, w k w - x , w w w.T E , w, - , S L (2001) P- I A -E 21 .

I A E 1920 1930. T x tarand- w x - ; H. M M. S, w


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w w .T x S A - Gwk , w . Ik w 1930; -wk ( x w ) w L K 19331937 (J, L. 1995, 23 ). Tk Ik x A, SI, 1931, w - E. T Bz P- IA w j L - E , x E. N w w M

L I A, w x, w -. E. L E w .

T 1930, w . A wk U w k ( w), , wkw L

I A L Bz A.

Archaeology and national-romanticist ideology

A - , k x 1920: E - w ( ). W -

, w - E . O - (). T z w (L 1995, 262):

T - // j k -. P w - w z, w j

w w. I w w I A E w w w . F w , - w x . T - w w F-U - Ew z, w-ww w I-E .T x x 700 , x

w E E A.T B G E , E .

O , w, k - , w , ,

x E , w w . I x , - w E (EA I, 1932 EA I, 1935), w w, , j- J L, H. M.T w - - (w w w -) ( - ) , x,

wk.I w, w-


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k. T

T E J.J wk BG , w RepublicofE, E. T q k: , w x - (. ); , ,

w , (),. S w , w w - . A , -

, - . Hw - w w ; w w wk - .

W J w , (- -

), q, w , w

, w .

Fig. 10. Archaeological excavations on the hillort o Lhavere (photo AI).


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.I w z wk E N C 1930 w E (F. 10). T wk wk k w z Muistse Eesti linnused(T H A E; MEL, 1939). I , M, , k

(w w ) 19 , - w -. F w , - x w kw L IA , w ; , L Bz A

w , w w - . I w w H C A w E 1936. F , I P Aq M E ( w E. L) w q

I E NC, , x, w x I . T - w E E. T kx, , G.

( , , ).Tk wk , w .

New trends in the 1940s and 1950s

Institutional reorganization in the 1940s

A E S U 1944,

w C Kabinet A U . F w w I H w - A S ESS ( 1946) 1947. A I H w k ( ) E, ( ) w , - , C

Kabinet( , , ). TC A w w w, - , C A . B -, w cathedra w , w w, .H. M w - (wk w ).M. S w

S Fw; L J L M wk. E. A cathedra, wA. V (F. 11) w Cathedra EH (J, L. 1991, 24). . Ik E. L x (Sw) w.


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I 1950, , -, , , w . Nx, w I H w , . A w wk (7 E S.), w

w -, w 1980. I w, w , , w - I H . A -

w w w , w S,F E , w - E (J, L. 1991, 39).

New approaches in archaeological research

A D A I H w S- - . I w - w w : N

E M (.. Bz P- I A), L I A; J ( N ) M.S wk w P- I A -E, w M w Mx (J, L. 1991, 25).

A E w w SU,

w z USS, E w (M 1954, 6). T w w w z , K. Mx F. E - - , w .T M N(.. S A) w ; L N P- I A (.) w

. T w w: (.. L N E Bz A) () ( L Bz P- IA). T I A w

Fig. 11. Artur Vassar (photo: AI).


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( ) , M I A w , w L I A w w , .. - (M 1954; V 1954, 26 ).O w z - ( II ), w - , w , w .

I Mx

, w . N, k,w w E k k w- Mx? W 1940, E . w S E I A w M ( -P) Ik M E - . S

G, x - 20 . T wk w kw S ; , 1990, w P (S 1990). Ik M Sw(Ik 1948). F w, Ik w -w E, wk

Sw F. I k, M w k, - . I k , Ik

K C ( ,q z - , .), w x w E.

T V (1943, ) N tarand-, w, . A , - wk, w w x . I - , V k .. -

, w w . H - w -w: - tarand-, w - . I - , w : T

tarand-. Cq, V, , . W x I A, V , , , w ww w , w wk , z . T , -z

w TReich . V w w w tarand- - , ,


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- -

- P- I A w q: Why k ? T w q, k j -, V x x . T - k .

W E , S , (w ) S (1955) E I A - E.

I q- w 1930: .. q(w w, , q w - ), , , , -, , . N, Mx (, , w x V), q k. S w -

P- I A ( wk -); ( z , x , .), - , ,.. -. I (tarand- - ), w

- (, k ; , k , , - w ). T -

k w w - , .. z , w, w w z x . T w - w . I - , - () ( w

). T tarand- w x ; w w , .. -- w .

I z k- 1950, w w

w E E,w, , x w - w. T S (1955) j wk - , w q w , . O w , k W -

, w . T w, w, Mx, w , . T k - w


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- -

w -- . D , w V, S 1950 interpretation , k q - k - .

W w x w - (.. - ), w . I w w j , w -z w

- . N - w - wk. D( ) , k ( ) w -w - . T w , w w w wk Mx.

O

1950 w E . E q , x, x , w w E (EA I, 1935). Nw w , . F, H. M, - wk, -z w , w - w Mx . S, E w ,

w w F-U ,w x . T, - (.. - w ) -

j E w ,w w ( ) w -. I , k - . W , w , wk - w , , k w , w.

M, q - , -

w kw k . I , w G.K V. G. C 20 .T w multi , .. - , k w ; , inter w . T -

w . S, , M (1956) w - , w . A , w w (, , w B I A,x

). H w w x , , - . Hw, K, w z wk -


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- -

. I wk E B , .

A kw ( EEA, 1956), B w (.. I A) (kw) -E .I w F-U . 5000 , w w; - B w C W C. Tw w M w wk 1935. D

, w w q - . A , ww B 1 BC: D w F ( E L) B. B , w q .

I F-U. I 1948, Ik w [] F-U w - E P (Ik 1948,13). T, Ik, F-U B M N, E w

C W C ww, , w - w. T , w, F-U w B , w () . T Ik

wk x w E 1950. T M (EEA,1956) SE , w w ( L 2001).

Archaeology in the 1960s 1980s

Te archaeologists, institutionsand feldwork

I 19601980, w I H . A w D C w 1971 ( w J S; F. 12). I k w z x. S w O w (- S.), , -

w . L, 1986, w L G A ( w A-Mk k; 19431997), k w w x , - () .

T w -, wz 1980 (

w, F. 16). A - w U , w - V wk L ( A P, .. D - S ). A w


35/388


- -

w wk , w I H w - (L. J, E. V. L).A I H w j , w wk . S w

E H M (M M), C M (K D) S-M C M C H, w w M C (A K).

T w - E.T w , .. N (L. J) M L IA ( S M AK (19301970), L L E (19282001) - E J. S).

S w w : Bz P- I A E j V L (19371998; F. 13), M I A -- E (. w w) M A M K

Fig. 12. Jri Selirand (photo: AI). Fig. 13. Vello Lugas (photo: AI).


36/388


- -

J. T q , w, w 1980. T w

w ( , A L, V L), w V q- - E (P L; 19581994), (Hk Vk), (J P), w (M. M A M), . I , w - K Mk (19221999), LH G S (19401993) wk I H, w -

. w q, w

P- x ; w wk : Mketal. .

- (A.-M. k, M ), w .

I wk, w

. T w w E-w - , w w L 1970. T w x - w w . T wk w x, q ( - E). D

wk, w , w ( , -k ) w (

O LMEA, Kk & L, ..

Fig. 14. Archaeological rescue excavations in the settlement site o Olustvere (photo: AI).


37/388


- -

, , ). T x (F. 14). D x q wk kkz, , k q w - q, x. x j wk 1970 1980, w . T x - O, Lj U V, I, J k x - wk. N

wk.

New Archaeology in Estonia?

A w 1960 1970, w w z N A W E - - Nw A, kw w S E. O k , w,

(1) I C, w kw- w w W, (2) xMx w x w , (3) Nw A w w A-A w kw E , E. F , x - . O Nw A w

. N, w , w . F , k J. S (1977, 72) w--, z - :

T k x - , w - w

.

Cx w k w 1970 w E ( S,, ); wk wV. L . M. H - : w w - w , E -

w z:

T q w w ; w q w w - (S 1977, 73).

I q S , w w

x S I. M: W w , w k . T -x w , : j - wk w w ( ) w , q . Hw, - w , k z ,

wk.

F , w x E (EA,), w w w , w (, , , .) -


38/388


- -

I - , w E , . F , V. L K. J - x 1970 z .N k w , w, , - q .

T - ( S.) . S w :

, w , , , , ,, x-. T w , w; , w w .

O NwA w , w kw E.M w

, w . F, qk I A (w w q), kw S A, . A , w , z w, w .

x ( x) w - . N, w K.J K C (J ).

Eesti esiajaluguand other studies

I , ww 1950. I z , , w x 1960 1970.T w A. K(1962). T w - E S M 1113 . A w (1965), J. S E , w

(S 1974). T x , ,w L I A L Gj L ( 1968, 1974). A , L IA qk - x E,w k , w ( M & Vk, ). . I 1970,

V. L Bz P- I A E, 1974,S. L I A - E ( w w 2001). T M. A (1979)w - E;

A z S , - w k, - . T - PD , w w - (

), , , k . T S , , w () wk . A E q w ; ( M. S) w E. ().


39/388


- -

w, x MI A ( wk w 1992).

O - . I , wk w w - wk. A wk ..culture-historical archaeology mixed with orthodox

Marxism and natural-scientic methods. A w , w , -, , - ,

. A E w w ( w V. L .M), w x - . A w x - , Mx .

S E w . A , w M I A 1950, w L I A w - . I 1960, w - S U , HM H L x , L I

A k - -, (M & L 1970). L, - .A P L (1995, 189),

. F, k, L I A E, O , E . S, w - , -w q (.. ) .O : x E . T w, w, E - w kw w

, w . I , -- E G (EA, 1992, 116 ). W , , B G kw E.

T 1970 1980 z

w k, w (L 2000). T w x, w . N, k wk w 1980 1990.

T Eesti esiajalugu(E P; J et al. 1982)

k - E . T w 1970, w - Bz E I A(L 1970; L 1974) L I A


40/388


- -

(K 1962; S 1974). I , - , w Mx ( x 1950). T wk , -w , - ( ), - . Eesti esiajalugu z .Hw, - , . T Mx k

q; w 1950(w -w), w w K E.

Summary

S E 140- . I 1860, - , U . D - w , C. Gwk . H, , k wk w w w wk . T B G

E . I , w kw J. J E-w q.

E w z - B , .. 1920. T C Kabinet A, w , z P A. M. , x30 . A - w 20 , 1930. F w, .. -, w .S wk w - q, x q -. T w --

, w w , w q .

T S w , w C A w w I H . A w , w Mx . I x Mx

w - , , k w q - . G, w , w w ; x , Mx , w - .

I w -E w S . T 1950 -w w . A - H. M.


41/388


- -

T w z ; - w q w. D , w w . T x w , 1960, - wk .

T x x - 1970 1980, - - w . T w 1960 1970, w - wkEesti esiajalugu. T 1980 -z , w w .


42/388

- -

Introduction

F w, - . I , x -

x x, w x. I w, x x w ( 2000). M - , E z q w . O x w j j , x

x, E , . F , k w , - k, q .

E 1990 z - (N 2002). A, E , w S- , east, minor-

ity, traditional. O west, main-stream, innovative. S ( L 1997) 1990 -C , w Wz -

. C k, k w E-k . I , w-, , W w

W w - 1990.

I , . F w , secondary archaeolo-

gies w -, k w w w , wk corearchaeologies ( .. C2003, 2).

I , E -

w . I, , . A , , - x , w , , , , - . , E

1990. B S - E, w j j- . Hw, w , -

E A

19912005Marge onsa


43/388

Estonian Archaeology from 19912005 Marge onsa

- -

, w j w w -, w - (L & V 2002, 58).P- E w W z -, .A , , (B& O 2000), w () w -, w , , (K 2004). O

w w w - x, - (K 2004). S w w , x, w w 2002. T j x - w w w w , w - -

(K et al. 2003).

Research milieu: institutionaland social changes

T - . T w

w w . T, w

E A.

1990, - w 1994, w (), ,k . U , - k j. I E, E- , S w A S . Mk - w - , w E E w S . T

w w , wk . I , - w - w , w (K & L 2001, 10).

I w - x , -

U w 1980. I 1990 L A( Mk) w U , , Kabinet A w - 1993.A w S , C Aw 1992. I 19901993, E w P A, , C w x . I 19941996 A Kk,

w w L, 19971999 LA M, w k C. I 1999V L P C.T Kabinet, w S Fw Hk Vk -, , -


44/388


- -

, . T - , 2005, - , - .

A z A S, w w 19961998. A I H, w w A, w M E, . T

( P L 19921994, V. L 19941999, Mk M 2003), ( 1993), L G A ( J P 1993) . T - w w , j. O

I Hw w U 2005, - .

T w , w - , j - .

I -, -

, E, ,, public relations(popularization). I 2005, E x50. T F 15. I w -

, -, z

- zM Akk (A C), 2002. I - , w, , w , x .A , 12 - . T

-. S ,.. , , x , k . Hw, - (z) w x q, E U j Pathwaysto Cultural Landscape European Cultural Paths, (K 2002).

F , w

C , - , , j, x.

Fig. 15. Distribution o Estonian archaeologists in dierentareas o employment.


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- -

. I - (19902000), PD w V. L, w - (1996). Fw , w 20012005. I , w- j : S A - E (Kk 2001), w w (Vk 2001), - ( 2001), z

S 9 13 (M 2002), k (P 2003), LC 513 (M 2003), E VkA M A (Lk 2005).

I z , -C 1990 w

- . I E -, k -w , w w: Eesti Arheoloogiaseltsi eataja ( 7 19901991), Stilus (7 19921997),

Austrvegr(4 19951998, E ). T w z 1997 w j Eesti Arheoloogia Ajakiri / Journal oEstonian Archaeologyw j - A S I

H ( 2001 U )w w ; 2004 - E, Estonian Journal o Archaeology. T NH B Arheoloogilised vlitdEestis / Archaeological Fieldwork in Estonia (

1998) . T Muinasaja teadus/ Research into Ancient imes (16 1991) w j I H U U .

I w ,

(F. 16). S 1920 1980, 29 11 - ( 50 ) E E- j w , 14 E ( 2005) w - 70 , 19 31 . I , (L

1993; Lk 1998; L & M 2001; 2005) (L2000) (M1994) z (L 1997) . S w S

Fig. 16. Dynamics o the number o excavations, disserta-

tions, publications and researchers in Estonian archaeologyin 19502000 (aer Lang 2000c, g.).


46/388


- -

- w (A 1992; L 1995;L 2001; 2002). T - V E (Mj 2), (Mj 5), S A E (Mj 8), - w - (Mj 11), k (Mj 15), (EJA 8: 1) (EJA 9: 2). T E E.T W

w E . F x, Sw K Cz (2003) F Mk (2004) E .

I - - w W w -. I 1990, C E PAC j E w . O j w x E

U M, A P G U Sk. I w- , j - w, . P - - , - w w ( Kk & L, ).

T , x . A

E S G P, C, B M q A A.

, w w k -. F w, , , w .T x , x , , , w ( L, , ). T , - - .

I 1990 w

- j - w E w . M E w - wk Castella Maris Baltici Lbecker Kolloquium zur Stadtarchologie imHanseraum ( w et al., ); -- - ICAZ Wk B G; x j EAH j, . A

w x E CCC (Culture Clash or Compromise?) j, ww 1995 U G Ez B S , w - x x w w (M & Vk, ). O w w

x , - w .I - E ,


47/388


- -

- k w (Vk 2001; 2003).

Changes in the interpretationso the past

Te incommensurability o worlds

E - (k- ) w / j, , -

, , -- ( G 1986, 57 ; 1990, 270 ). T x z w / - w , , / w, .. w w resp. . F w w --/ ,

w w. T S. K (1970) - incommensurability o theories z w , - w. T w 1990 - w E .

A w E E w

, W E -, x z- . I w

, , . W w E 1990 P L(F. 17), w z z - E (L 1993; 1994), w x -. I , L w - w x E -

, w Mx. I w k , w ( 1994-; S1994).

Fig. 17. Priit Ligi (photo: AI).


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- -

T w w x L w - E -. A K - ( ) (K 1970, 15; Chapman 2002, 228), normal science z S- - , w w x x. O , - . I

S w -, -- . I H M, w x, w w 5000-- E, , -. M,

S , j - , x, . H w w-k - w, x- kw, A-A w 1990, -, - w , x ,

q .A w w - w w 1990. I , j- w

. SP Szk (2000) k - . O w w w (.. ) k : S ver-sus , Eversus W . I, 21 E . D , w , E - .T w -C

w, w x Mx, w , k .

New prehistoric society

T x -- P. L w j ( )

. T E V. L (1987) j w L - (L & L 1991) M I A x , ( L, , ).T z w w

w q. T E w Bz A , w w -


49/388


- -

w k- w - -w E. Nw , .. kw w , - E Bz I A w S. I , w w -Mx (L. H) (I. H, C. ) . A , w - .

L (1995) w

- . I x , - , . H, L (2000) k x , , - w w () . I x

, w . I x-, - .

A L, E , .. . H L Bz A w -z w, I A,

-k - w . Hw, , -z w M I A,w w w L I A. I L (1996),

w w k -- . A , w L BzA, w . T z I A . I IA , M I A, w w w, w . T --- P-Vk Vk A

. B L I A , x vakus, .

I w , - . T - /- . A , - , , , . C

, E k Jk (2005). O w -- , , , w . O L BzA, w k x - . B S -

(A. K, D. W), Jk z w - w , , w . S M P, x w -


50/388


- -

w Aw, w w L I A. A , , w w . T w C ww k .

Some general theoretical trends

I L L, 1990 w

/ wk -. S j / j .T -, - , , - w . T . I

, .. , ,.. w , j x(.. K et al. 2003; M & w 2003; 2003; 2003).

T 1990, w - archaeological worlds w w , - w , w

x E . I , - - , - w w ,

w -- . O , k j- , - , w w , . I creolization - . I , z w z-, w , , , . T kw w

q x. S z k . M x - k , - . O , - , living human being.F x,

x - , , . T x w - w -. I w, w, , q x - , S A. A w x z,

, x . T w - . S x


51/388


- -

w , k .

B, E k - , w ,apossible society . I -S , w x - . F, L w - w 1990(S 1999, 106). A w (.. LSV, 2001),

L .A ,

q A-A , x .T B A S (BASE), 2003, -, - w w

( x ), x ( CMC, 2005).

Conclusions

I z w , -

E . T 19911994w , 19952004 , 2005 .T x Wz , W . I k- . A x, wk , (.. ).

M, E 1990 w

z , / -, . T z S- - , - w w j, q, - w . T, , - - w . T k

. D w k, k - E . P , .. w j , w . I , .


52/388

PAR II

R P H

P


53/388


54/388

- -

Introduction

T S A, w E w - M (90004900

BC) N (49001800 BC) , - P - .

I , w kw S A E, w (1) (2) . Hw, -

k , , - - , -wk ,. O , w kw.

S A (3) -, x x .A , -, w , w , w S

A . S A , x z, , , - ( x L, V. 1996, 115 ; Kk& S 2000, 9). T

, - .

I S A, w 140 ,

w, w S A , w w E .

Te frst studies and fndcollections 18651920

Constantin Grewingk the ounder o the

eastern Baltic Stone Age investigation

T ES A w C Gwk ( L, , ).A , - D Q B . A w , -. T S A

E w Gwk 1865. I k, - E ( L) ,w w . L 20 S A

R S A

Aivar riisa


55/388

Research into the Stone Age Aivar riisa

- -

, x z, w kw E (Gwk 1865,20 ), w w z w w . I 1870 Gwk w (1871) x S A

(1874; 1877).

Gwk S A, , , w w .

F Gwk, j - K - E,w 1872 k (F. 18). Gwk S A, -

k . H w wk w - K (Gwk 1882; 1884). I 1886 -k x k k L (S H) S A . T

Fig. 18. Stone Age sites mentioned in the text. 1 Lehola, 2 Kroodi, 3 Jesuu in Jgala, 4 Vihasoo and Vhma (Kadrina),

5 Lammasmgi in Kunda, 6 Koogu, 7 Sope, 8 Kudrukla and Riigikla, 9 Lommi, 10 Joaorg and Siivertsi in Narva,11 Ardu, 12 Haapsi, 13 Umbusi, 14 Kunila, 15 Ko, 16 Kivisaare, Siimusaare and Moksi, 17 Valma, 18 Karlova, 19 Akali,20 Kullamgi, 21 amula, 22 Villa, 23 Kpa, 24 Lemmetsa, 25 Pulli, 26 Sindi-Lodja, 27 Lepakose, 28 Jlevere, 29 Kasekla,

30 Kpu, 31 Undva, 32 Vhma (Mustjala), 33 Loona, 34 Paju, 35 Koki, 36 Naakamgi, 37 Knnu, 38 Kljala, 39 Kuninguste,40 Klasema, 41 Ruhnu.


56/388


- -

w S A - E w .

T Gwk - w .D , w k , w k (Gwk1871). I K - k- (Gwk 1882). T kw , Uk,Dk F w.A w, wk Gwk -z x

, ( x ) -q S A.

A Gwk, S A B w B S. A - S A B 2500 , 6 AD (Gwk 1865, 108; 1871, 49),

w- (PN) , N (Gwk1871, 44). H , 1 AD (Gwk1874, 34). T S A w w S w, , w - k . T , w 2 AD (Gwk 1865, 110 ).

I , j K, K, M, (Ik , ).

Case studies and the compiling ocollections at the end o the 19th and

the beginning o the 20th century

A 19 20, S A w wk H, P H U , w I A. F , w K ( E), Kj (S) K w (H 1904;1912), w x K E (Ow 1911,154 ), w . H S

A E L ( H 1910). I S A , - w w w w - Vk E ( Lk Vj) - -w- E. O E , -

K, w P Kj, K K. A H, S A ( 3 BC ) wU w , -, k w-.

A 19 , M Bz(18681917), V. Bz : w, , ,, k ;

S A ,

B k w - (W ; F ) F Bz, M .


57/388


- -

. Bz 500 x, z, k ,. 18901913, Vj, x P w. I1914 w (Bz 1914), w (1914).

Bz x K E. T w 1882, w k w 1903, w Bz x k w J Pkk,

(Bz 1914).T E S A w -

Mx E, G . H x K , E` - w E B (1913) .

O JJ w, w F x, q. T w w

S A (J 1898; 1899; 1910). I -w S A, w w q , J w Gwk, E , q B.

A J (), E w A z , w w L. T F k E - -

, Kz V. I F k w B, : W G F, w w w, w E w w N, j B , w J.

Te collectors o the PrnuSociety or Antiquities

Fw x , 19 , P S Aq (Altertumorschende Gesellschazu Pernau) w 1896. I - B G - w , z w E . I w

w E (P 1997), P w k - E S A.

S P S Aq S A ,

Fig. 19. Eduard Glck (photo: Prnu Museum).


58/388


- -

w - w E - ( x, 1914 k w 104 Ez). C w w w w E , w ( , Kk 1997). F 1899 1939, PS Aq 12 - Sitzungsberichteder Altertumorschenden Gesellscha zu Pernau ( w w w P).

A w 1897, w x- I A w k. T S A w ( x P ) 1901 - E Gk (18661918; F. 19).T 774 , j w Gk 19041905, w

w . T Gk .

A F (18531916), (Gk 1906, 272; Ik1932, 283), . 550 (Ik 1926).T w (

1903) k P , x, .

F Gk, E .

T - B G w P .T , - B - L L (Vk1999). M w w . I 1905

x w k Gk, ,H Fk, Ax Jx, w w , - , wk - (Fk 1906).

Fig. 20. Eduard Bliebernicht (photo: Prnu Museum).


59/388


- -

L, W W II, w w E GB(19021943; F. 20). H - w P (B 1924), w - S A P . A 378 B .

I , w w P w A L J Pj. TL 147 19201926, Pj 150 1931, w j

w Ik. T w k P x 10-k- k x w S P. Tj w Kabinet A U (Ik1931; 1935, 140).

T 2000 S A , , w , w w P

20 . T : -, ,w, k, w, -k, z x, w -, k ( x), . T j , w P w wk, w w . I M , S A

N w . A w , w

F B, S et al. .

w w .

w x x SA w : w P x (Gk 1906), (W 1926). T w N w- (PN) , z- D G F. L. Sw E N, w L S, - K E V Nw

(Gk 1906, 246). C w , w w w - Gwk` G -, Gk (1906, 302) : Berechtigen unsvorlug: die hiesige neolithische Fundstelle an derReidenmndung als eine Niederlassungssttte einesnordugrischen, den Lappen verwandten Volksstammesanzusehn, der spter von den Gothen und Esten ausden Ostseeprovinzen verdrngt wurde.

Investigation o the Stone Age at theUniversity o artu rom 19201945

Te frst hal o the 1920s

A SA k 1920 w C A U .

A E S A - , .

T S A w P AM . A x-


60/388


- -

S A ( K 1921 N J J 1923), , -z wk . H (1922) w . A -w S A k w , - . I ( A 1924), w w x (- J A A ).

kw

-w S A k w w ( -). H x . I w S A, w - (x 900 1900 1922, 23), w j

. I w x w , w. A , - , LkVj, S A (1922, 30 ).

S A w

q, w S A. H

8 In addition to Richard Indreko, whose work will be dis-cussed below, amateur archaeologist E. Bliebernicht, whowas mentioned in the context of the Prnu find collections,might also be considered a disciple of Tallgren.

w w - E: (1) (K) (2) (Vk) ( x , L, , ). I w w A Lk B S (L K,w 60005000 BC) L S ( w P ). A , w E Vk x- L S ( : 50003000 BC). - w -

, k der Stein kam immermehr und mehr in Anwendung, der Knochen verlorimmer mehr seine praktische Bedeutung (1922, 45). H , w w w E, w - .

I S A C W C W . C W C ,

3 BC. W C W C, E 2500 BC. A , w B-Ax C (Bootaxtkultur) w w- , E, E w (1922, 65).

A S A q 1920. M w

w ( x Nk M L N , U K L N - H, Kk, K LL N C W C )


61/388


- -

w ( 1922, 125 ; 1924,59 ). A w - z 1924, w S A w x H M (1925).

T w x wk N - J J w k 19201923 ASk. T w w C W C w .

Research rom 19261945

Ik (F. 21) w -

w U -z S A. E - , w S A, 1926 S A - P M. T - wk k w P w LkVj, w w kw . I w , Mk, S A w

w x. I 1931 Ikk x K S.I 1932 S A - . Ex w w , S, N (Ik 1932), .

B , , w

P . F Ik, Kk . x Ik , x L Bz A A k.

F 19331937, Ik - L K, w Gwk. L w j , w w 1941 x Sw(Ik 1948; w).

B 1930, Ik z w M, N, w , . H w : 19331934 Ik x CW C S (-E) 1936 k -x

K E. I1938 Ik - Ak E, N V - E; 1939 x Ak K; 1940 x - L. H w wk w: 19421943 Ik x 1943 U

S. Hw, wk -, 1943 Ik w F Sw.

W Ik , x S A E .Lk x w x- w wk. T wk w -, w , w w . T - w . A ,

w x w Ik , w w , w - .

T S A w x E : 1926 H M x C W C


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- -

S 1936 E S C W C A w (Ik 1937).

I , w w x , , j

w . M w (

T w : w k(Ik , ) - .

x Ik 1932, ; 1945), w , Ik, w S A (1931), - (1932) (1934), . H w - Vj C Viljandimaa E (Ik 1935).

T , , w - S A ( Kk & L, ). S wk S A, - w , Ik.

T 1920 w . T w Sw L P q 20 w qk , w - , w w. P W T (18921957), E , kw - K, w P (T 1928;

1930) S (Ik 1932, 65). I x L K, 1935 K Ok (19031981) k.T wk z J Lk(19072005) w , L, - (..Lk 1938). H C W C w J A (18971994), w

T E , w L. P k K (L ). T Ik (Ok ).

Fig. 21. Richard Indreko (photo: AI).


63/388


- -

w (.. A 1935).

General treatments o the Stone Ageand some important interpretations

in the 1930s and 1940s

I 1930 1940, z wk S A w M (1932; EA I, 1935) Ik (1937; 1940) w . T - w x M, w w I A. T 1920 w k .

T x w 1930. T w q , w - , , , z,, . T S A w w w BS, Lk Vj Lk P (.. M 1932, . 2). M

w , . I k/ w : - , , .

T E A Lk B S (75 BC); w, w - E

(EA I, 1935, 2). T w P

F x: A , -k x -; , - (Ik , ).

- ( P ) E (M 1932, 11). w w M: (1) K () C A Lk (2) Vk () C L S (5 -2 BC). B K w E w w . T j w P, - E LkVj w VkC. T w j

. O - w x w Sj C z F, w - E w G F (EA I,1935, 18). A Ik , VkC w , K C w B , F(.. Ik 1940).

I L S A (30001300 BC), w -

w : C W C B-Ax C. T w - w - E, ( ) G. C C W C B S U AO P (EA I, 1935, 22 ).

Q - . M, x, kEesti ajaluguI(T H E), -

1935, 15 S x ( k) w - . B , w - , M. Bz.


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- -

S A . I , F-U , ,w w z - w x -, w . Hw, M - F-U C W C - w w F-U C W C. A , - w K C w z,

k F-U (w- x ) (EA I, 1935, 28, 58). T B-AxC w w I-E (the nomadic warlike herding people) (Ik 1940, 21).

I 1930 w S A - ( - z , -w, .), k w- ,

. T w w -. T -k w- (EA I, 1935, 38). T w, w, w , S A w wx E. A,

I E , - (Ik , ) w w x - Mk (Ik ). I ,

S A q , .N, Ik k w S A w , w w x Pkj K I F SkP. A , -

( V S) - k E x w (EA I, 1935, 39). Ik - N; x K, E, w 3040 -k w (Ik 1940, 23).

A - x -x- k C W C (EA I, 1935, 47 ). Ex - ( ) w - S A . Ex

k- w -, . T C WC N (EA I, 1935, 49 ).

A 1930, k S A, w - B-Ax C (x2000 BC M 1932, 15), w w

w w-.A C W Ck w w

(P ). T P - S A E S A (M, ), - . ,w, -, P x (O

S, . . ). T w w w S A, w j , - .


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- -

, w -. C w Bz A, x1300 BC, - w x w k (Ik 1940,41 ). T x (Ik 1934, 119). Ik(1940, 50) w E w w E. A w C W C : , w w (Ik 1940, 33, 47).

A z,

S A E 1920 1930 w L J (1991, 36):

E , w - - z (w w A. M. x N -), x ( w

w E , 1930, H. M) . A , E w. T w -, x w . A w w k , x , - , .

B , Ik (, ), C W C w w - .

Research during the years 19451994

Te post-war years 19451955

W W II S A. Ik w Sw, w wk, w . ISk w (Ik 1948; L, , ) N 1930 1940 (1948).

D 1940, L J (F. 22)

S A. I 1947, - L N - U , N wk Ik w. A J x- M S A, w w w .

J wk w - E (1948

K C W C , 19491955Ak S Bz A ; 1950,19531955 V N ; 19511952 K N ;1951 V III N ; 1954 JS A N). O , 1954, w w 1959 - (J 1959). T -wk 1950

J (.. 1954; 1955). J F , Ik wk P D E S I Sw. A L. J, x Kk -;; & Kk ; , Mj , , .


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- -

N kw , x -

w ,, .

I J, E S A w - w N G (19091990), w x N k, -- E. M (G1967). A w wk w k H. M,w x w

w SA (M 1952; 1957).A w

z S A. A 1947 w 1949 x -

S A Ak, , V U , P K (V 1952;L 1988).

B 1950, 13 N - wkw E, w w z j N (J 1955, 176, . 50).Fwk, L S A w E w J w k N, w - x

. T Ak k Ak w - j .C k , k. T w , , . T - - w

wk , k - - .

A - , w w E N w z, w N C ( w N ) k N .

I w , --k

(J , ). J (, ) - Ak: N , w, w, w x- w. T N E w - Ak w .

Fig. 22. Lembit Jaanits (photo: AI).


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- -

I 1950 w w E w (M 1952; EAI, 1955), w SA w H. M. I , S A w w z( ) - , S U. A , w - w ( J,L. 1991, 37 ). T M N w ( 7 2 BC) L N C W C,

, , (x 18 BC ). I w w qF E J S S A .

I , - 1930, w . P w -

. A, - N k-, w J . I Ik (1940, 23),M 510 w w z normal z N. A x , Nw - w (EA I, 1955, 19 ). T -

C W C - wk w w , w w (EA I, 1955, 29).

C k : , w 1956 E (J 1956; Mk 1956; M 1956). M C W C w F-U, w , w V K U. TC W C w w - B w w w F-U C W C D q ,

w w w , k, ( L, , ).

Research rom 1955-1994

D , - S A . A wk L. J .H x- S A -

(1957, 1960, 19621964 J S A - N; 19551956, 1961,1968, 19881989 L N ; 1958 k III N - ; 19571959 L L N - ; 19581959, 19611962 Nk M L N ; 19591962, 1974K N ; 1960 K EN ; 19611964 SM L N ; 1961L S A K;

S- x L. J k L K , w w - wk, S A - w k - (J, L. , ).


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- -

1962 1965 K S A ; 19771986 K N 19681973, 19751976 P EM ).

I 1970 1980, K J, L.J, w ES A. H U 1968 w M -, (J 1989; 1990). H x- S A E(19721973, 1976 Lk, 19701971 J,19741975 U), w E w ( Pj S

19751976, Kk 1980 L K 1981, - E).

D - , - S A, w - , w , L. J, 1970 K. J. O (1964) w w Ik. S x - S A (J, L. 1966;1968; J, K. 1990) (J, L. 1970),

(J, L. 1965), (J, L. 1955;1973; J & L 1973), N (J, L. 1970; 1981; 1984), (J, L. 1973; 1975; J, K. 1973), (M 1957), (J, K.1991), S A(J, L. 1956; 1973), (J, L. 1961), w ( : J, L. 1957; 1959; 1976; 1979; 1984; J& J 1975; 1978; J, K. 1975; 1977; 1978) q (J, L. 1952; 1966; J,

K. 1981).C w w k- ( Kk & L, ).A w Kj P(19211985), w E

(1965). S (Ak, V ) w z V. k (1962). P q - , w -. K Mk w w E SA (.. Mk 1956; 1970-).T w (L 1963; I etal. 1974; J & J 1981). T - w , K S,

S A w , w - (H et al. 1985).

I , w, - wk E (SS) , w w S A. T S A w w L. J Eesti esiaja-lugu (E P; J et al. 1982) Eesti talurahva ajalugu (T H E

P; EA, 1992), x , w . T - w - B S. A w , w w w 1956. T w , w L. J (J etal. 1982, 66).

I , S A w w : M N. I w , (86 BC) (54 BC) w ,w w -. I w


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- -

. I , P ( 1967),w kw - E w , became the beginningof the Estonian Mesolithic. A , wz , E w - . O k-q - L B, w wk P, L. J ( -), w (J et al. 1982, 32, 53). M

w, w Ew w w .

A J, , w , w K C, M k- w. N, k k : qz, E.

A w , K C w z - x z k (J et al. 1982,52). O - k Zjk S A L, w K C M.

w w wM q -

Sk E M w - M k Zjk -; w w .

(J et al. 1982, 48).S k w- ( ---k) w , . Dw w w - , (op. cit., 49). T -x w k- wz ( ). T w .

T N w . A L. J,

-k kw-w w E - B S. C M, wk, - z x ,w N.W N w -: E N (30002200 BC) LN (22001500 BC), w w - (x ) - (J et al. 1982, 58 ).

O w , , L. J E N N C M w j; , (J et al. 1982,125). T w D . O , w w , .. : (1) -

(2) - E. I , w (1) K I (2) L (op. cit., 67).

T N C w w C W C, w z


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- -

, w ( z w - ), - , , ., . A L. J, C W C -, E, F, , L, L -w B -P (J et al. 1982,. 52).

I w w M - N w - . T C W

C (- Lk L, w w - w Ok V ), (J et al. 1982,75 ). J - ( V , - B S, Lk O, .) . B -

, , - (w z ) C W C w F-U , w F (op. cit., 123).

T L C W C , w , w (: N C) ,w w

E N (J et al. 1982, 77).A L S A (x

2200 BC), w L C W C B-Ax C,w J w

I-E -w w D 3 . T w (J et al. 1982,101 ,125).

T , w 1970 w z , w - - x , C WC w .T wk -, w , - - w

C W C (J et al.1982, 105 ).

A J, x CW C W k S A (J et al. 1982,120), w B -w w k E, E - E . S w w : w x w -

, - x w - - x w x , , E S. T x-- - w (op. cit., 117 ).

C w M , N w w , J x k (J et al.

1982, 88 ). T wk kw . H - N,


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- -

(Typical Combed Ware) Nk SI, - w (op. cit., 93).

A J, w w ( w-) . 2050wk- , , z wk. D N, w z w , k- (J etal. 1982,91).

D 1980 -w , w w . T w .

T M. K. J - M , x , x . O E , P, Lk, L K, U,S J (J & I 1988)

j M kw . W w , M ( x), - - B S (Y S, ALk L S). T -, - w - M E.

T K C, w w - ,

T x w S A S - ( .. J & I , ).

w j .

F , wk w E :32 M w Mk Z (J 1990, 24 ).

M wk VL 1980, w V (I) -w S K (I) w H w , , w E w M E N(.. L 1982; J, L. 1991, 25).

Research into the StoneAge aer 1994

T S A - x . F, w - , w , -

x E w.

S 1994, wk - , w - U S, Mj O, K J M L. T wk k E w E, x E.N w S A wk. A

M , w w w .Fw N (x) , x, E - M -


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- -

Lk Vj .

I 1990, S A. I , - k,K V, w SPO- .

A x k 20 (1994, 1998,2001 K I N ; 19941995K VII/VIII L M ; 19951996 K IV/V L M ;1995 k IV N ; 19961997 K XI M N ; 1995

V I L M 19951996 V IIIE N ; 1997 V I(Mj) L M L N - ; 1997 Kk L N ; 1998 k XIV L N ; 1999 I L M IIL M E N ;19992002 V I (K) L N - ; 2000 L II N ; 20012003 S-Lj I M ; 2001 S-Lj II M ;

20022004 K S A - ; 20022003 S-Lj III N - ).

D 19972001, S A x, : z L L(1997), S Vk (1998), - A Kk (2001) APk (2001).

T x

E S A w - Kk & 2002, w w ( Kk1995; 1997; 1998; 2001; k et al. 1996;L& K1998;Kk et al. 1998; 2004-; Kk

& S 2000-), S A (Kk 1999; 2001), - S A(Kk 2003), (Kk 2001; L& Kk 2001), (Kk 2002; 2003), (L 1995; Kk 1996; 2000; 2003;L et al. 1996;), (Kk 2002;), (Kk 1995; 1996; K et al. 1997), (O 2003), w (.. k et al. 1995; M & L1995; L et al. 1996; Vk et al. 2004), - (L 1998; L & M 2000) .

T S A k. T , , w - ,

- E w (Kk 2001; L &Kk 2001). I E S Bz A - w , - w 14C (J & Kk 2004). T k L L S

, - w .

T S A z L. J, M w w 90004900 BC, w w : E L, w k x 6500 BC. I w, -- w N: EN (49004200/4000 BC), M N

(4200/40003200/3000 BC) L N(3200/30001800 BC) (Kk 2001).

W M , w M N, w M LN, w .


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- -

T S A , . k M, w - z - (.. J, K. 1995;Kk 2000). E , w . T , - k, w w (Kk 2003, 11).

T

. T - S, H M.P , w w w , - S LM, w w H L N (Kk 2001).

Vw .

T , - - LM, q - M N C W (Kk 2003, 12 ).

P . O

F , qz .W w - Pz -

E (J , ), wk , w Q E. I E, w S , w k M.

(w, , ), k C W C, .. M N, E -z. N, - x , k ( C WC) (Kk2000, 73; 2003, 15).

P - w w, LN, k , -, w - , w

w -(Kk & 2002, 78 ).

Nw S A ( E Bz A), w - x . C - x , x (-) k (Kk2003; J 2005). T , w -

1 AD (M, . 1966).

M CW C W , w w - z ( x- M 1956, 55; J et al. 1982, 102; Mketal. 1994, 248), w (L1995, 135 ; 1998; Kk 2004, 47 ). E C W C, w wk

(L 1998). A ,30 This correlates with the decrease in the pollen of trees andthe increase in herbaceous plants (Veski 1998; Poska 2001). E E w w S A (EA I, , ).


74/388


- -

S A, C C W - (L 1998; Kk & 2002, 54, 84).

Summary

T SA E 1865, wC. Gwk k q . F , S A ,

, wk w S A w w E L K w - w .

T 20 -z .I k P (E. Gk, F. E. B). S A , x , w

k P .

A SA w C A U 1920. A , P A. M. w S A w w- E , w . z w x , -

- SA (K, Vk, C W CW). V x w q k C A.

A x 1920 k w . T k wkw . Ik, w x L K 1930. T, w x (Mk, K, S S) , w M, w ( 1941)x E S A.

A 1930, w Ik z w M,

N. T wk , Ik w E w.

A w x E , - 1930 w Ik, w (J. A,J. Lk, K. Ok P. T). A Ik, w - H. M, w w z I A, w w S A

E 1935 1955.D , w ,

, S A w -- w w . F ( -) wk F - S. P, w -k -. SA w x , -

C W C, w . A 1930, k S A, w B-Ax (C W) C, w w w w -


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- -

k , w-.

T q -, w - w , . A M, - F-U C W C. T B-Ax C w w - I-E.

A N - W W II, q w L. J 1950. Ex x - w

z N . I - w kw , N Cw w . A 1960, w - .

I 1950 -- w (K. Mk, H. M, L. J), -1990 w -

. A , S A - w : M, F-U -N I-E N.

P EM w 1960,w E M P , w kw E, w . I 1970 1980, K. J x M

, . N, -.

I 1982 1992, w - S A w - (J

et al. 1982; EA, 1992); L. J. T z w q 1950. A, w S A . D M, 50 , w w .I N, C W , w - . A S A, C W C w (-) w -. D N, -z . D

V. L w E 1980 1990 21 . M , z w .

T z w S A . T -w - kw S A w .

T z x : , w S A ,, w . T - z (L. L) (A. Pk, S. Vk).

I - , - S A . Nw x-

- . O E, - , q.

T S A , - . T


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- -

M w E, w - , k x. T - x. I , - L M. P - . P

(w, ) w w C WC. T w -, L N . D C WC, - . D x w - C C W, wk .


77/388


78/388

- -

Introduction

T Bz A (1800500 BC), P- I A

(500 BC 50 AD) I A (50450AD) ( w EI A) , kw 21 , w:

(1) - , w :- - ( ),- -,- tarand-,- tarand-,

- -tarand-,- ,- bauta- ;

(2) - w ;

(3) :- L Bz A,- - E I A,- ;

(4) ;

(5) :- ,- k- ;

(6) -k ;(7) ;(8) ;

(9) .

A w Bz P- IA, E w B E M A. A w q , k w . T I A w k -

, w, w . I E M A, .. 1950, w Bz P- I A w kw; w, w, . , -, , 1100 BC 450 AD (.. L Bz A I

A) , w E Bz A.I w , , Bz E I Aw .

R Bz

E I AValter Lang


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Research into the Brone and Early Iron Ages Valter Lang

- -

Fig. 23. Bronze and Early Iron Age sites mentioned in the text. 1 Iru, 2 Viimsi, 3 Vo, 4 Nehatu, Proosa, Saha and Lagedi,5 Saha-Loo, 6 Migu, Kurna, Assaku and Lehmja-Loo, 7 Jri and Rae, 8 Rebala and Jelhtme, 9 Rannamisa andIlmandu, 10 nsu, 11 Mikuri, 12 Valkla, 13 Muuksi and Uuri (Klaukse), 14 Kolga-Aabla, 15 ugu, Vhma (Kadrina),Uuskla, Ilume and Palmse, 16 Moe, 17 Ojaveski, 18 Kloodi, 19 Kunda, 20 Koila, 21 Pada, 22 Purtse, Purtse-Matka,Lganuse and Napa, 23 Jbara, 24 Jrve, 25 Kahula, 26 oila, 27 rsame, 28 Joaorg in Narva, 29 Metskla, 30 Nurmsi,

31 arbja, 32 oovere, 33 Krenduse and Nava, 34 indimurru and Puiato, 35 Saadjrve, 36 Alatskivi and Lahepera,37 Akali, 38 Siimusaare, 39 Vehendi, 40 amsa, Jaagupi and Peedu, 41 Kullaku and Unipiha, 42 Kambja and atra,43 Paali, 44 Mletjrve, 45 Knnu, 46 Ala-Pika, 47 Saamueli (ruuta), 48 Pikkjrve, 49 Plgaste, 50 Villa, 51 Loosi,

52 Virunuka, 53 Sadrametsa, 54 siistre, 55 lpre, 56 Keava and Vnnumgi, 57 Lipa, 58 Kabala (amme), 59 aebla,60 Poanse, 61 Kmsi and Kasekla, 62 Altkla, 63 Srve (Llle) and Karuste, 64 ehumardi, 65 Lmanda (Punapea),66 Loona, 67 Kurevere, 68 Vhma (Mustjala), 69 Kuninguste, 70 nija, 71 Ridala, 72 Asva, 73 Kaali, 74 Liiva-Putla,

75 Mla, 76 Kpu (Pihla), 77 Misakla (Kihnu).


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Te ormation o the conceptso the Bronze Age, Pre-Romanand Roman Iron Ages and the

frst results o research (untilthe middle o the 1930s)

A w 2 1 BC w kw 19 20, Bz A P- I A w - -. A C Gwk H, w E S A

I A, w kw (Gwk 1882, 58;H 1896, XII ; 1910, 11 ). F q- 19 , L Bz P- I A, -, kw , w x w (L 2002, 10 ).

T Bronze Age w A M

(1922, 72); , Bz A 1800600/400 BC. I 14 z 11 w kw; ( ) w L Bz A, w

O . w Bz A w E, L C , w

P- I A w kw. H (), , Bz A , w k w S, w - z . N, Steinzeit und Eisenzeit berhren sich hieretwa um die Zeit der Geburt Christi (H , ).

E Bz A ( 1922, . 74). , z w, w H M w w w : 1500500 BC (M 1932, 22 ). S w , Bz A 1300BC (EA I, 1935). T (1300500 BC) x , wk V L (1970, ).

S 20 , - . I w B G - A Sk AF w x-

E, .. S, L, Mk, N ( Sk 1907;1932; 1926; 1927; F 1927) (F. 23, 24).D , w, w, . A H (1908) Sk (1932), - w S A, w I A. T w x - w

w ( LN ), w - E I A. (1922, 77) ; -, w M S

A , w : , ( x j; J et al. ,). T, z w . T E - -

, w w ( ) -w() () () . T . w . T -, w ( ).


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- -

(F. 25) x J 1920, w

- E L BzA (M 1932, 26).

T Bz A B , - E, w j E, L . C E, Bz A P- I A w ( 1935). A , E Bz A E (S,

B , ), LBz A, S - . T wS B D , w w C. S

w P- I A,

w w P- I A.

C , w B N(1933). T w - w S B Bz P-I A, - C - E. N w z q

S, Sw, G Lk M. H F k k - (Mk) - N . T E

Fig. 24. Reconstructed stone-cist graves in Jelhtme (photo: . Volmer; AI).


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- -

q - , - G P (M1929, 15; 1932, 26 ).

A w 1 BC, (1922) Bz A . 600400 BC, I A 1 AD. T - w w ;, F (- G ) w w E vorr-mische Eisenzeit( 1922, 126). T Pre-RomanIron Age 1920, w S - x - (J A),w z (S1926). Nx, (500 BC )w M (1929, 1), w w . A M, - ,

- , w P- I A, w w (M1932, 28 ). A z j w kw ( k- ); w S P. I k, M k - Bz A P- : - ( )

V () w , - - L Bz A, w ( w). T k .

. I w E ,

w qk , - . I M 1932, w , E N C W C Bz P- I A I A, .

M (1932) x P- IA

w BzA. T , w, w , , w kw - (M 1938, 369). I , I A, w w P- x, w kw - .

Uk Bz P- I A, Roman Iron Age w z w , .19-

Fig. 25. Marta Schmiedehelm (photo: AI).


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- -

I A E ( w

L) w : (1) AD ( I A), w B - G -, (2) (8) 9 13 (L I A), w (.. E,L L) .

T (, ) - I A w tarand- -

tarand E (F. 26). A T tarand- ( ) , w w- -- . T (tarand) z;

, .. 1870,

w G -. A Gwk, w I A w G , G,w w V w w E L 200 AD (Gwk 1877; L, , ). M wk J N ( P A. Vk G Lk) 1880 tarand-

-

x w . T ; - . O x Gwk U, Kj, Pkkj (II), (L, ).

Fig. 26. ypical-grave in Jaagupi (photo: AI).


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- -

( 2003, 46 ). Fw x- H, w z w w -, w Steinreihengrber( w w). H x S (),, Kk Kj .

T IA w w x tarand-. I , x N(19211922 , 19221923 M, 19341935V), P (19281929 S), Ojk(19321933 F), P-Mk (19271933F), P (1933 S), J

N (19331935, 1938 M, V A), J (1926,19331934 S). I E , (1922) Steinreihengrab, F (1911) - (Steinsetzungen) w. A , w F , w E P- I A

G (G) . E x G - w . T tarand-(tarandkalme) w -1930 M (EA I, 1935, 116 ), w (..G. arandgrab, F. tarhakalmisto).

I ,M (1932; EA I, 1935) w

T V

; S ; L ; . T x G E w D W T q ; w F J . A ( , ).

(1922) I A, k () . T w w S A ww , . T tarand- w -. M G () E; w - B S G -w

F (M 1932; EA I, 1935, 88,114).

T q w 1930, w w . Kw Bz A, P- I A w x (w ), w

-. T w w x tarand-,w - w -. T E Bz Aw .

New discoveries and approaches(rom the late 1930s to the late 1950s)

T - (F. 27) 1930 w L Bz E I A,


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- -

- . T A S w 1930; w x 1931,1934 19381939 (Ik 1939). T x w I ( E) 19361938 (V 1939). B w x W W II. A

, Bz E I A : , - tarand-; k.

Te sites and excavations

T ortifed settlements , Bz P-I A w - (M 1938, 366 ). T w .. -

w - w (M 1939,10). T A w 87 BC (Ik 1939, 47), I w , .. 1 -

Fig. 27. Fortied settlement in Iru (photo: AI).


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- -

BC (V 1939, 78 ). O w w L, L , -G C, w F-U , w w E LzC (Ik 1939, 49 ). A , - w z, , , w .

T x w. Nw x w A(19481949 V S) I(19521958 V);

w . I w E( E SS), A I w q 1 BC , w w w V (Dk C) , LzC . S - - w wk , w w

w (Mk, K P), w , w w . T - w (A I) w x (EA I, 1955).

S w opensettlement sites. A - L J, z

() Bz A w L N E:Ak, S, V, J N,

T - -w A z V ().

(J 1959). T z w wkw, w, w - w , x- w w L N E BzA. , w, - (L & Kk 2001).

A stone-cist graves w A V x Mk (19361937) (V 1938). W x , .. , V w .W w ,

V w - w, - w . A w . T V ;, w w , , - w , .. tarand- (V 1943). T w w

- , , xw, w ( ). A , tarand- w (H1910; M 1932, 31), V w w w w : -

w w w - . B , w : w w w -


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- -

j q. T, V, , tarand- x . T - - tarand- , w Bz A I A.

T w . I wk V Mk, x K(S), (Pk P) P

(K P H) w V S 1941, w - S . A w, w L (1954, 19561957S L) w - L (S, 19581959 J) w x. I w 1930 w - k (Kk

U, 1939 V) (N, 1936 V) . T - P- I A. I 1921, x Mk H (1921).

tarand-graves I A w x (1941 V), Mj (1942, 19471948 V A) N (19451946 M). Sq, x w

- E (L1991, 13). T, tarand- (1947

Hw, N w M I A V () w V L(), w .

S), w w J (19461947 S A), K J (1948 S), w x-. I , x w (- E), (1947M). T w (Sw. bau-tastenar) Vk, E, w wx 1937 O S, w x .

Te development o a general treatment

F w Bz EI A, wk

-1950 w - E (EAI, 1955; S 1955; EEA, 1956). F, z (M 1954; EA I, 1955). A S Mx w w w w w - -. T E Bz A w L N ( C W

C) w . T L Bz A P- I A (1 BC) ww -, w I A w .

P , patriar-chal clan society w , x, - -

-- (EA I, 1955, 31 ). A k w - , w - wk , , w . I w w


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- -

x ; , w (.. Lk K E), ( ) . T x - - , w , , w w w , - . T - w x , w - . T A I w x w

. T w w w - , w , .

T - - -. A w , k . T . 4/5

A I; w : , x , , . Mwk :, w w , -. T , 1 BC w - w , , V D . N w w -

w .W Roman Iron A

Documents

Archaeological research in Estonia 1865–2005