Arheologie.docx

7/24/2019 Arheologie.docx

1/63

Arheologie The World's First Temple

Volume 61 Number 6, November/December 200b! "#$dr# "ch#m

Tur%e!'s 12,000&!e#r&old sto$e circles ere the spiritu#l ce$ter o( # $om#dic people

)im#ge* +t is li%el! the meg#liths #t the Neolithic site o( -be%li Tepe i$ Tur%e!o$ce supported roo(s. Arch#eologists h#ve (ou$d oors co$structed o( bur$t lime#$d cl#! ithi$ the sto$e circles&&the e#rliest such oors ever discovered. #ldu$A!di$g$34ercurile de pi#tr# de 12000 #$i vechime er#u ce$trul spiritu#l #l u$ei

popul#tii $om#de.

)im#ge*

u$ter&g#therers used sto$e tools to cre#te im#ges o( m#le cre#tures o$ T&sh#ped

pill#rs. 5ost o( the c#rvi$gs sho d#$gerous #$im#ls, such #s this lio$. l#us"chmidt3V#$#torii (olose#u u$elte de pi#tr# s# cree7e im#gi$i pe st#lpii i$ (orm# deT.5#8orit#te# sculpturilor #r#t# #$im#le periculo#se, c# leul.

At 9rst gl#$ce, the (o: o$ the sur(#ce o( the limesto$e pill#r #ppe#rs to be # tric% o(the bright su$light. ;ut #s + move closer to the l#rge, T&sh#ped meg#lith, + 9$d it isc#rved ith #$ improb#ble me$#gerie. A bull #$d # cr#$e 8oi$ the (o: i$ #$ #$im#lp#r#de etched #cross the sur(#ce o( the pill#r, o$e o( do7e$s erected b! e#rl!Neolithic people #t -be%li Tepe i$ southe#ster$ Tur%e!. The press here is (o$d o(c#lli$g the site


2/63

pietre .Crimele structuri de l# oble%i Tepe #u (ost co$struite cel puti$ #cum 10000de #$i , i$#i$te# celor de l# "to$ehe$ge ,m#i rece$te cu cel puti$ 000 #$i.

The oldest m#$&m#de pl#ce o( orship !et discovered, -be%li Tepe is


3/63

)im#ge* )im#ge* )im#ge*

?e(t to rightH T&sh#ped pill#rs #t -be%li Tepe depict to bo#rs #ccomp#$ied b!ostrich&li%e birds, # crocodile&li%e cre#ture, #$d vultures !i$g #bove # scorpio$.

#ldu$ A!di$g$3De l# st#$g# l# dre#pt#, st#lpi i$ (orm# de T repre7e$t#$d op#s#re #sem#$#to#re strutului , si vulturi 7bur#$d de#supr# u$ui scorpio$.

:c#v#tio$s h#ve reve#led th#t -be%li Tepe #s co$structed i$ to st#ges. Theoldest structures belo$g to h#t #rch#eologists c#ll the e#rl! Cre&Cotter! Neolithic Aperiod, hich e$ded #rou$d G000 ;.4. "tr#$gel! e$ough, the l#ter rem#i$s, hichd#te to the Cre&Cotter! Neolithic ; period, or #bout 000 ;.4., #re less el#bor#te.

The e#rliest levels co$t#i$ most o( the T&sh#ped pill#rs #$d #$im#lsculptures.:c#v#tiile #u revel#t (#ptul c# -be%li Tepe # (ost co$struit i$ dou#et#pe.4ele m#i vechi structure #p#rti$ perio#dei $umite de #rheologi $eolitic A pre&cer#mic#, #pro:im#tiv G000 ;.4..+$ mod ciud#t, celel#lte resturi, c#re d#te#7# di$perio#d# $eolitic# pre&cer#mic# ;, 000 ;.4., su$t m#i puti$ el#bor#te.

Archaeologist Klaus Schmidt downplays extravagant spiritualinterpretations of Gbekli Tepe, such as the idea, made popular in thepress, that the site is the inspiration for the iblical Garden of !den" uthe does agree that it was a sanctuary of profound signi#cance in the$eolithic world" %e sees it as a key site in understanding the transition


4/63

from hunting and gathering to agriculture, and from tribal to regionalreligion"

Arheologul Klaus Schmidt minimi&ea&a interpretarile spiritualextravagante ale sitului, ca de exemplu aceea , populara in presa, ca situl

rste inspiratia pentru Gradina iblica a !denului"'ar este de accord cuideea ca era un sanctuar cu semni#catii profunde in lumea neolitica"!l ilpriveste ca un sit cheie in intelegerea tran&itiei de la vanatoare laagricultura si de la religie tribala la cea regionala"

Schmidt and his colleagues estimate that at least ()) people werere*uired to hew the +) to ()ton stone pillars from local *uarries, movethem from as far as a *uartermile away, and erect them" %ow did StoneAge people achieve the level of organi&ation necessary to do this-%auptmann speculates that an elite class of religious leaders supervisedthe work and later controlled the rituals that took place at the site" .f so,this would be the oldest known evidence for a priestly castemuch earlier

than when social distinctions became evident at other $ear !astern sites"Schmidt si colegii sai estimea&a ca a fost nevoie de peste ()) de oamenisa taie de la +) la () de tone de stalpi de piatra de la cariere locale, sa lemute de la cel puti un sferty de mila distanta, si sa le ridice"/um au reusitoamenii !pocii de piatra sa a0unga la un astfel de nivel de organi&are -%auptmann speculea&a ca o elita formata din conducatori religiosi ausupravegheat munca si mai tar&iu au controlat ritualire ce se savarseauaici"'aca este asa, ar # cea mai veche marturie a unei caste religioase,mult mai devreme decat distinctiile sociale sa # devenit evidente in altesituri din &ona 1rientului Apropiat"Klaus Schmidt of the German Archaeological .nstitute believes GbekliTepe attracted small nomadic groups from numerous regions throughout

southeastern Anatolia" 2%aldun Ayding3n4 Klaus Schmidt of the GermanArchaeological .nstitutecrede ca Gbekli Tepe a atras micute grupurinomade din numeroase regiuni dea lungul Anatoliei de sudest"

efore the discovery of Gbekli Tepe, archaeologists believed thatsocieties in the early $eolithic were organi&ed into small bands of huntergatherers and that the #rst complex religious practices were developed bygroups that had already mastered agriculture" Scholars thought that theearliest monumental architecture was possible only after agricultureprovided $eolithic people with food surpluses, freeing them from a

constant focus on daytoday survival" A site of unbelievable artistry andintricate detail, Gbekli Tepe has turned this theory on its head".nainte dedescoperirea sitului, arheologii credeau ca societatile din $eoliticultimpuriu erau organi&ate in micute grupuri de vanatoriculegatori sic aprimele practice religioase complexe au fost de&voltate de grupuri carede0a stapaneau agricultura"1amenii de stiinta cred ca arhitecturamonumentala timpurie a fost posibila doar dupa ce agricultura, producand


5/63

surplusuri de hrana, ia eliberat pe oameni de gri0a de a supravietui de la o&i la alta"

Schmidt believes the people who created these massive and enigmaticstructures came from great distances" .t seems certain that once pilgrims

reached Gbekli Tepe, they made animal sacri#ces" Schmidt and his teamhave found the bones of wild animals, including ga&elles, red deer, boars,goats, sheep, and oxen, plus a do&en di5erent bird species, such asvultures and ducks, scattered around the site" 6ost of these animals aredepicted in the sculptures and reliefs at the site" Schmidt crede ca poporulcare a creat aceste enigmaice si massive structuri venea de la maridistante"7are sigur ca orice pelerine ar # a0uns la Gbekli Tepe , ei faceausacri#cii de animale" Schmidt si echipa sa au gasit oase de animalesalbatice, inclu&and ga&ele, caprioare rosii, prci salbatici, capre, oi, tauri,plus multe specii de pasari, ca vulturi si rate, imprastiate in sit"6ulte dinaceste animale sunt repre&entate in sculturile si reliefurile sitului"

There is still much that we don8t understand about religious practices atGbekli Tepe, Schmidt cautions" ut broadly speaking, the animal images9probably illustrate stories of huntergatherer religion and beliefs,9 hesays, 9though we don8t know at the moment"9 The sculptors of GbekliTepe may have simply wanted to depict the animals they saw, or perhapscreate symbolic representations of the animals to use in rituals to ensurehunting success"Sunt multe lucruri pe care nu le intelegem despreritualurile religioase la Gbekli Tepe"7e larg, imaginile cu animaleilustrea&a povesti ale religiei vanatorilorculegatori si credinte despre carenu stim in acest moment nimic"Sculptorii puteau pur si simplu sa descrieanimalele pe care le va&usera, sau sa cr(ee&e repre&entari simbolice aleanimalelor in ritualuri pentru succesul vanatorii"

Schmidt has another theory about how Gbekli Tepe became a sacredplace" Though he has yet to #nd them, he believes that the #rst stonecircles on the hill of the navel marked graves of important people"%auptmann8s team discovered graves at $evali /ori, and Schmidt isreasonably con#dent that burials lie somewhere in the earliest layers ofGbekli Tepe" This leads him to suspect the pillars represent humanbeings and that the cult practices at this site may initially have focused on

some sort of ancestor worship" The Tshaped pillars, he points out, looklike human bodies with the upper part of the 9T9 resembling a head inpro#le" 1nce, Schmidt says, they stood on the hillside 9like a meeting ofstone beings"9 Schmidt are alta teorie despre cum a devenit Gbekli Tepeun loc sacru"'esi nu a gasit inca dove&i, crede ca primele cercuri de piatrape dealul buricului marcau mormintele unor oameni importanti"!chipa lui%auptmann descoperise morminte la $evali /ori, si Schmidt este


6/63

incre&ator ca mormintele &ac in straturile cele mai vechi de la GbekliTepe"

"#$dr# "ch#m is AI4AJ?JK's W#shi$gto$, D.4., correspo$de$t #$d # (ello #tthe Americ#$ Associ#tio$ (or the Adv#$ceme$t o( "cie$ce.

L 200 b! the Arch#eologic#l +$stitute o( Americ#

#rchive.#rch#eolog!.org/011/#bstr#cts/tur%e!.html

:elcome to the presentation of the The :orld;s at la +( km distanta de orasul Sanliurfa, din sudestulTurciei"/el face pe acest sit unic printer cele din clasa sa este data cand afost construit, aprox" +),))) /"

!e$iMhomeM001

Archaeologically categorised as a site of the 7re7ottery $eolithic A 7eriod2c" ?@))BC)) /4 Gbeklitepe is a series of mainly circular and ovalshaped structures set on the top of a hill" !xcavations began in +??( by7rof" Klaus Schmidt with the help of the German Archeological .nstitute"There is archelological proof that these installations were not used fordomestic use, but predominantly for ritual or religous purposes"Subse*uently it became apparent that Gobeklitepe consists of not onlyone, but many of such stone age temples"


7/63

and geo magnetic results revealed that there are at least D) installations,which in archeological terms can be called a temple" ased on what hasbeen unearthed so far, the pattern principle seems to be that there aretwo huge monumental pillars in the center of each installation,surrounded by enclosures and walls, featuring more pillars in those set

ups"Arheologii lau Gbeklitepe este o serie de structure principalecirculare si ovale ase&ate in varful unui deal"!xcavatiile au inceput in +??(de catre prof" Klaus Schmidt cu a0utorul German Archeological.nstitute"!ste dovedit arheologic ca aceasta constructive nu avea un scopdomestic , ci unul religios"Se pare ca Gobeklitepe contine nu unul ci maimulte astfel de temple ale !pocii de piatra" En plus , excavatiile sire&ultatele anali&ei geomagnetice au revelat ca sunt cel putin D) deconstructii , care ar putea # numite temple"a&andune pe de&gropat panaacum, principiul de ba&a al constructiei pare a # ca exista doi stalpimonumentali in centrul #ecarei constructii, incon0urata de &iduri sicarcase, oferind mai multi stalpi in aceste setup"

obe%litepeMomeM002

All pillars are Tshaped with heights changing from C to @ meters"Archeologists interpret those Tshapes as styli&ed human beings, mainlybecause of the depiction of human extremities that appear on some of thepillars" :hat also appears on these mystical rock statues, are carvings ofanimals as well as abstract symbols, sometimes picturing a combination ofscenes"Stalpii sunt in forma de T cu inaltimi variind intre C si @


8/63

metri"Arheologii interpretea&a ca aceste forme de T repre&inta #niteumane stili&ate, mai ales datorita descrierii extremitatilor corpului careapar pe unii din stalpi"6ai apar pe aceste statui de piatra niste sculpturide animale si simboluri abstracte, dar si combinatii de scene"

obe%litepeMomeM00AM00

obe%litepeMomeM00;M00


9/63


10/63

obe%litepeMomeM00M;M00

The u$iOue method used (or the preserv#tio$ o( obe%litepe h#s re#ll! bee$ the %e!to the surviv#l o( this #m#7i$g site. Whoever built this m#g$i9ce$t mo$ume$t,m#de sure o( its surviv#l #lo$g thous#$ds o( !e#rs, b! simpl! b#c%9lli$g the v#rioussites #$d bur!i$g them deep u$der, b! usi$g #$ i$credible #mou$t o( m#teri#l #$d#ll these led to #$ e:celle$t preserv#tio$.B$ic# metod# (olosit# pe$tru pre7erv#re#

sitului # (ost chei# supr#vietuirii lui.Jrici$e #r 9 co$struit #cest mo$ume$t m#g$i9c ,s #sigur#t de supr#vietuire# lui pri$ i$grop#re# c#t m#i #d#$c# , (olosi$d o m#s#i$credibil de m#re de m#teri#l.


11/63


12/63

$u se stie de ce locul sacru a fost abandonat" Teoria lui Schmidt este ca elservea nevoilor culturii vanatorculegatorilor, si ca odata ce acestia aude&voltat agricultura si au domesticit animalele, templele de la GobekliTepe nu au mai servit nevoilor lor"

:hy was the site initially dismissed by academics-The big broken stones on top of the hillIactually fragments of pillarsIwere mistaken for medieval gravestones, and the academics doing theoriginal survey in the +?@)s simply didn8t look any deeper" The site isremote enough that only a few archaeologists had ever been there"Jsually prehistoric settlements in the region are found near water sourcesor rivers, so #nding something like this on top of a dry plateau was reallysurprising"/ercetatorii care au descoperit locul in +?@) au cre&ut ca eraupietre funerare medievale si nu au cautat mai adanc"Situl este destul deindepartat astfel ca putini arheologi au 0uns acolo"'e obicei, ase&arile

preistorice se gasesc langa rauri, astfel ca gasirea unui astfel de loc intrun platou sterp a fost cu adevarat surprin&ator"

The new excavation area in LanlMurfa;s Gbeklitepe, known as the world;soldest temple, will be covered with a roof for preservation" The head ofthe excavations, 7rof" Klaus Schmidt said they had found new artifactsduring their work, which is still continuing, and their work focuses on thearea where the preservation roof will be constructed"

%e said they had found a broken piece of a human sculpture duringexcavations in the fall, adding, N:e found it in a place very close to the

surface" This is why it was ruined"O

Gbekli Tepe PQRbekli tepU este un sanctuar $eolitic ridicat pe o creastVde munte din sudestul Anatoliei, a>at la circa +( km, nordest, de oraWulXanlMurfa" Acesta este cea mai veche structurV religioasV cunoscutVreali&atV vreodatV de om"P+UPDU /el mai probabil, sanctuarul a fostconstruit de cVtre vYnVtoriculegVtori En cursul mileniului al Zlea E"%r",situl #ind excavat de cVtre arheologi turci Wi germani EncV din anul +??["PCU

\mpreunV cu $evalM ]ori, acest sit a revolu^ionat statutul $eoliticului

!uroasiatic"/u sapte milenii inainte de constructia complexului megalitic dinStonehenge, oamenii $eoliticului au inaltat si decorat, pe teritoriul Turciei,in Gbekli Tepe, un ansamblu monumental care sugerea&a un loc de cult,descoperit in +?@) de o echipa de arheologi germanoturca" /onstruit inurma cu ++"))) de ani, este cel mai vechi din lume" Jnii dintre monolitiidin piatra, taiati in forma de T, pre&inta sculpturi infatisYnd animale,


13/63

mYini, brate, vesminte, stili&ate" Spectaculos este cel din care _tYsnesteOo felina masiva, care emana forta si ferocitate"

A fost construit intro epoca in care oamenii preistorici traiau dinvYnatoare si din fructele si vegetalele oferite de natura" `n acea vreme,

structura societatilor de vYnatoriculegatori nu le permitea acestora saridice constructii de o asemenea anvergura" /ine au fost acesti oamenicare detineau cunostinte tehnice de constructie- 'e ce au gravat sisculptat repre&entari de animale pe () din megaliti- `nainte de aparitiaagriculturii se poate vorbi de un cult religios-

Gbekli Tepe este inainte de toate un sit preneolitic exceptional, faraechivalent, amplasat pe o colina care domina vasta cYmpie, departe deorice sursa de apa, ceea ce ridica un semn de intrebare ma0or" Ansamblulde megaliti formea&a structuri rotunde si ovale si coloane in forma de T,a>ate in centrul #ecarei structuri circulare 2ovale4, cu inaltimi cuprinse

intre C si ( metri, cYntarind pYna la () de tone" Se aprecia&a ca aceastaconstructie a fost de#nitivata dupa o 0umatate de mileniu"

'oar o comunitate ierarhi&ata, in care au aparut taietori in piatra, &idari,sculptori si arhitecti, ar # putut duce la bun sfYrsit astfel de constructii untip de societate pregatita sa investeasca o munca complexa si timpnemasurat, dea lungul generatiilor, pentru a repre&enta o lume imaterialaprin forme imaginate si desprinse din realitate"


14/63

!ste situat la sudest de Anatolia, in apropiere de frontiera cu Siria" .nacest sit, aparut la inceputurile neoliticului, se a>a cel mai vechi templudin piatra descoperit vreodata 2intre ++())))) i"/h"4 la care au lucratsute de oameni timp de C( secole" /ivili&atia megalitica a>ata la origineaacestui sit e insa foarte putin cunoscuta" Situl este de fapt o colina

arti#ciala inalta de +( metri si cu un diametru de C)) de metri, situata pevarful unui munte alungit" Gobekli Tepe a fost inregistrat ca sit arheologicin +?@C, in cadrul cercetarilor arheologice turcoamericane"

Au fost remarcate mai multe coline ciudate acoperite cu bucati de silex,ceea ce indica o anumita activitate umana" .n acea vreme au lipsit#nantarile necesare pentru a se proceda la excavatii" /u timpul, locul afost dat uitarii" Trei decenii mai tar&iu, un cioban a &arit aici un grup depietre cu forme neobisnuite care ieseau din solul nisipos"

.n +??( au inceput sapaturile, la care au participat si specialisti de la

.nstitutul German de Arheologie din .stanbul" A fost descoperit unsanctuar monumental cu &iduri de piatra, printre cele mai vechi cunoscutein 1ccident, devansand cu aproape B) de secole cele mai vechi piramideegiptene" 7ana acum au fost dega0ate [ incinte si coloane din calcarcantarind #ecare aproximativ +) tone"

.n urma cu cativa ani, la un kilometru de sit, echipa de arheologi adescoperit o enorma piatra in forma de T cu o lungime de ? metri careparea sa # facut parte din complexul de stalpi ai templului" 'in pacate, intimp ce a fost dega0ata, piatra sa sfaramat" Arheologii sau gandit ca in&ona exista si alte pietre de acest gen asa incat au procedat la anali&e

geomagnetice, acestea indicand faptul ca cel putin D() de pietre se a>aingropate in sol"

.n urma sapaturilor au fost dega0ate [) de pietre in forma de T cu oinaltime de C metri, cea mai mare parte dintre ele #ind gravate curepre&entari animale serpi, tauri, vulpi, lei, porci, mistreti, vaci, scorpioni,furnici""" Jnele gravuri au fost sterse, probabil pentru pregatirea altorrepre&entari" .n apropierea pietrelor se a>au sculpturi din argila cu formeanimale 2porci mistreti sau vulpi4 sau geometrice, existente si in culturile

sumeriana, mesopotamiana sau egipteana, folosite probabil in ritualurisamanice"

Situl din Gobekli Tepe releva faptul ca umanitatea dispunea intro epocapreagricola de su#ciente mi0loace pentru a reali&a un loc de cultimpo&ant" $u au fost gasite urme de locuinte din piatra, in schimb au fostidenti#cate varfuri de sageti, ustensile din silex, seminte salbaticecarboni&ate si oase de animale salbatice" /eea ce sugerea&a faptul ca


15/63

populatia din Gbekli nu intrase in fa&a de crescatori de animale" 7rin anii))) i"/h" in timpul tran&itiei spre agricultura, situl a fost acoperit cupamant in mod deliberat, din motive necunoscute"

'1.$ 6AA$

7oate cV, En vacanele dumneavoastra repetate pe litoralul sudic al Turciei,En Ensoritele Antalya i Alanya, vei dori, Entro &i i altceva decYt pla0V iistorie grecoromanV" Atunci, vV sfVtuiesc sV cVutati un traseu cVtre nord,pYnV En /apadoccia, unde vV ateaptV peisa0ul aproape lunar al stYnciloruguiate i locuite din cele mai vechi timpuri" A doua propunere, pe careEncercVm sV o descriem pe larg, vV trimite mai la est, pe un platou deunde, la D) de km, se vede grania cu Siria i leagVnul mesopotamian alcivili&aiei umane" Aici, la mi0locul secolului trecut, arheologii au scos laluminV cea mai veche construcie presupusV a # un templu religios"9Gobleki Tepe9 este un sit arheologic de la Enceputul neoliticului, situat En

Anatolia i descoperit, EntYmplVtor, de un pastor"

$umele sVu, En turcV, EnseamnV 96untele uricului9 i trimite la aceastVformV speci#cV" 'atarea templului e estimatV la ++"))) de ani E"%", deciEnseamnV cV precede cu B) de secole piramidele egiptene i construciilemegalitice de la Stonehenge, #ind cel mai vechi templu cunoscut din lume"'in cau&e necunoscute, el a fost abandonat acum ))) de ani, cYndoamenii, tot din cau&e necunoscute, lau acoperit cu pVmYnt"

Templul En sine repre&intV o colinV arti#cialV cu pereii din pietre,cYntVrind, #ecare, +) tone i alcVtuind o construcie megaliticV rotundV"

7YnV acum, au fost scoase la luminV patru asemenea incinte" Anali&elegeomagnetice aratV cV la Gobleki Tepe mai sunt Engropate EncV D() depietre" Jnele, au formV de T i sunt gravate &oomor#c erpi, rae, tauri,vulpi, lei, vaci, scorpioni, furnici""" Arheologii cred cV este vorba desimbolismul unei culturi amanice, apropiatV de cea sumerianV imesopotamianV" /onstrucia unui asemenea sanctuar a durat Entre C)) i()) de ani, iar miile de oameni care lau ridicat pot # considerai primiiarhiteci ai misterelor istoriei"

Se pare cV aceastV &ona din sudestul Turciei ascunde, EncV, multe secrete,iar asocierea ei cu GrVdina !denului, locali&atV nu departe, nar # deloc

EntYmplVtoare" \n perioada construciilor de la Gobleki Tepe, &ona era unparadis terestru tone de cereale creteau En stare sVlbaticV, cu turmelede ga&ele care veneau En regiune carnea nu lipsea, iar culesul fructelor erao plVcere" /ondiiile acestea 0usti#cV un tablou paradisiac, acceptat demuli cercetVtori ai fenomenului Gobleki Tepe" 7otrivit acestora,sculpturile gVsite pe coloanele En formV de T care reproduc imagineaarpelui i a arborelui ar putea chiar trimite la motivul biblic al fructului


16/63

oprit" Avei, aadar, norocul sV vedei, la Gobleki Tepe, o 9catedralV9misterioasV, altfel decYt cele pe care leai cunoscut pYnV acum, i carere&ervV, EncV, multe surpri&e geologilor" 7oate # tentant de vi&itat, #enumai i pentru a vV hrVni imaginaia""

L ;! Io;IT m. "4ho4h, Ch.D.:hat were our ancestors like +),))) or more years ago- The mostcommon image is one of small nomadic bands endlessly in pursuit of thenext meal" 6en hunted game while women and children gathered fruits,seeds, roots, shoots, insects, and other edibles"

The height of technology was a # nely worked stone knife blade orspear point nets, baskets, and cordage were also put to good use"7ermanent structures were super> uous, for the group never stayed

in one place very long" 6aterial goods were sparse as possessions had to

be limited to those easily carried" Hewellery 2perhaps beads, animal teeth,or shells strung on a cord4 and personal decoration 2body paint, tattoos4were pri&ed" .n colder climates appropriate clothing was fashioned fromanimal skins" Social institutions were minimal" $ot until the $eolithicevolution, beginning about

+),))) years ago, did agriculture and domestication appear" This in turnallowed permanent settlement, leading to specialisation of labour, thedevelopment of crafts 2including pottery and metalworking4, the buildingof substantial structures, longdistance trade, and the slow and gradual

evolution of complex societies" $one of this happened overnight" .t tookthousands of

years, and it was not until around [))) to C))) /! that true signs of highculture # rst appeared, such as # ne artistry in decorative crafts, writtenrecords, scienti# c observations of the heavens, complex politicalorganisations, and megalithic building pro0ects" This level of achievementwas reached in

6esopotamia, the $ile Falley, and the .ndus Falley by the beginning of thethird millennium /!" A wellknown example is the rise of dynastic !gypt

about CD)) to C+)) /! and the building of the '0oser pyramid circa D@C)/!" Stonehenge in !ngland dates from the same period" Althoughaccepted as dogma by many, this nice neat scenario may be completelywrong" uestioning Accepted history

ack in +??+, . had the temerity to announce that the Great Sphinx of!gypt, conventionally dated to D()) /! 2the reign of 7haraoh Khafre4,actually has its origins in the B))) to ())) /! range, or possibly earlier"


17/63

6y announcement was done via a presentation at the 1ctober +??+annual meeting of the Geological Society of America 2this was allowedonly after a formal abstract, submitted with my colleague Hohn Anthony:est, was accepted based on positive professional peer review4"+ . mademy case utilising scienti# c analyses, comparing erosion and weathering

pro# les around the Sphinx to the ancient climatic history of !gypt" .nbrief, the Sphinx sits on the edge of the Sahara 'esert, a hyperarid

region for the past (,))) years yet the statue shows substantial raininduced erosion" The original structure must date back thousands of yearsprior to C))) /! 2the head was recarved in dynas

tic times4" . had pushed the Great Sphinx, arguably the grandest andmost recognisable statue in the world, back into a period when humanitywas supposedly 0ust transitioning from a huntergatherer economy to asedentary life" 7eople B,))) or more years ago were still brutish and

unsavoury,

at least by modern civilised standards" /ertainly they were not carvinggiant statues 2the Sphinx is about D) meters tall by over B) meters long4out of solid limestone bedrock" .mmediately after my announcement of anolder Sphinx, . was under attack" Archaeologist /arol edmount 2Jniversity of /alifornia, erkeley4 was *uoted in the media, NThere;s 0ust noway that could be true"O The article continued, NThe people of that regionwould not have had the technology, the governing institutions or even thewill to The 6ystery of Gbekli Tepe and .ts 6essage to Jsased onradiocarbon analyses, the site goes back to the period of ?))) to +),)))

/!, and was intentionally buried circa ))) /!"

build such a structure thousands of years before Khafre;s reign, shesaid"OD

At the time . lacked any pottery shards" ut . was sure of my science, and .persisted" Two decades later, we have something better than potteryshards, and even earlier than my conservative Sphinx date of circa ()))/! to B))) /! 2. now currently favour the older end of this range, or aneven earlier date for the original Sphinx4" Gbekli Tepe dates from over+),))) years ago" etter than 7ot ShardsA short drive from Jrfa

2alternatively SanlMurfa4, southeastern Turkey, atop a mountain north ofthe %arran 7lain, sits Gbekli Tepe" Since +??( 7rof" 'r" Klaus Schmidt ofthe German Archaeological .nstitute has been excavating the site"(ecently . visited it for myself" . was ama&ed"

At Gbekli Tepe immense #nely carved and decorated Tshaped limestonepillars, many in the range of two to #ve and a half meters tall andweighing up to an estimated +) to +( tons, stand in Stonehengelike


18/63

circles" The workmanship is extraordinary, with clear sharp edges thatwould do any modern mason proud" .t may be a clich, but . cannot helpbut think of the opening scene of the classic +?@ movie D))+ A Space1dyssey" A group of apelike protohumans discovers a giant monolithin>uenced by it, they learn to use tools, leading to civilisation"@Farious

pillars at Gbekli Tepe are decorated with basreliefs of animals, includingfoxes, boars, snakes, aurochs 2wild cattle4, Asiatic wild asses, wild sheep,birds 2cranes, a vulture4, a ga&elle, and arthropods 2scorpion, ants4" Thecarvings are re#ned, sophisticated, and beautifully executed" a GbekliTepe imense #n sculptate Wi stYlpi de calcar En formV de T, multe Enintervalul de doi la cinci metri Wi 0umVtate EnVlîme Wi greutate de pYnV la ovaloare estimata de +) la +( de tone decorate, sta in cercurileStonehengeca" 6anopera este extraordinar, cu margini ascuîte clare,care ar face orice mason moderne mYndru" Acesta poate # un cliWeu, dareu nu pot a0uta, dar cred cV de scena de deschidere a clasic +?@ #lmulD))+ A Space 1dyssey" Jn grup demaimu^V ca protooamenii descoperVun monolit uriaW in>uenât de ea, Enva^V sV foloseascV instrumente, ceeace duce la piloni civilisation"@Farious la Gbekli Tepe sunt decorate cubasoreliefuri de animale, inclusiv vulpi, mistreti, Werpi, &imbri 2bovinesVlbatice4, mVgari sVlbatici asiatici, oi sVlbatice, pVsVri 2macarale, unvultur4, o ga&elV, Wi artropode 2scorpion, furnici4" Sculpturile sunt ra#nate,so#sticate, Wi frumos executate"

$ot only are there basreliefs, but also carvings in the round, including acarnivorous beast, possibly a lion or other feline, working its way down acolumn, apparently in pursuit of a boar carved in relief below" .n the

round, carvings of lions and boars have been uncovered, now housed inthe 6useum of SanlMurfa, as is a lifesi&ed statue of a man, which, thoughfrom Jrfa, apparently dates to the Gbekli Tepe era" Also from GbekliTepe are perfectly drilled stone beads" And, according to 7rof" Schmidt,while some of the stone pillars were set in the local bedrock, others wereset into a concrete or terra&&olike >oor" ooking only at style and *ualityof workmanship, one might easily suggest that

Gbekli Tepe dates between C))) and +))) /!" %ow wrong one would be"ased on radiocarbon analyses, the site goes back to the period of ?))) to+),))) /!, and was intentionally buried circa ))) /!"BThat is, the site

dates back an astounding +),))) to +D,))) years ago This wassupposedly the time of the brutish, nomadic, hunters and gatherers who,according to many academics, did not have the technology, governinginstitutions, or will to build structures such as those found at GbekliTepe" /learly there is a disconnect between what conventional historiansand archaeologists have been teaching all these years and the clearevidence on the ground" As Stanford Jniversity archaeologist .an %odder


19/63

commented, Gbekli Tepe is Nunbelievably big and ama&ing, at aridiculously early date""" huge great stones and fantastic, highly re#nedart""" 6any people think that it changes everything"""

.t overturns the whole apple cart" All our theories were wrong"O $u

numai ca sunt acolo basoreliefuri, dar Wi sculpturi En runda, inclusiv unanimal carnivor, eventual un leu sau alt feline, lucru drumul En 0os ocoloanV, aparent En cVutarea unui mistre^ sculptatV En relief de mai 0os" \nrunda, sculpturi de lei Wi vieri au fost descoperite, En pre&ent adVpostite En6u&eul Sanliurfa, ca este o statuie En mVrime de un om, care, deWi de laJrfa, aparent datea&V din epoca Gbekli Tepe" 'e asemenea, de la GbekliTepe sunt forate perfect margele de piatra" Xi, En funcîe de prof Schmidt,En timp ce unele dintre pilonii de piatrV au fost stabilite En roca de ba&VlocalV, alîi sau stabilit Entro podea beton sau mo&aic asemVnVtor" 7rivinddoar la stil si calitate de manopera, sar putea sugera cu uWurin^V cV

Gbekli Tepe datea&V Entre C))) Wi +))) E"%r"" /Yt de greWit ar #" 7e ba&aradiocarbon anali&e, siteul se Entoarce la perioada de ?))) la +)"))) E"%r",Wi a fost Engropat intenîonat circa ))) /!"BThat este, siteul datea&a deacum o uluitoare +)"))) la +D"))) de aniS Aceasta a fost presupunevremea neghiobi, noma&i, vYnVtori Wi culegVtori care, En conformitate cumulî academicieni, nu au tehnologie, instituîile care reglementea&V, sauvoinâ de a construi structuri, cum ar # cele gVsite la Gbekli Tepe" /larexistV o discrepan^V Entre ceea ce istoricii convenîonale Wi arheologii aufost de predare En toî aceWti ani Wi dove&ile clare pe teren" /a arheolog laJniversitatea Stanford .an %odder comEn aplicare, Gbekli Tepe este9incredibil de mare Wi uimitor, la o datV ridicol devreme """ pietre mariuriaWe Wi fantastic de artV, extrem de ra#nat """ 6ulî oameni cred cV seschimbV everything "" "

/a se rastoarna tot coW de mere" Toate noastre Theoiesau inselat" 9

ike my redating of the Great Sphinx, Gbekli Tepe forces us to reconsiderour anti*uity" And like my work on the Sphinx, the specialists areperplexed by Gbekli Tepe" 7atrick Symmes wrote in $ews

week, Nut the real reason the ruins at Gbekli remain almost unknown,not yet incorporated in textbooks, is that the evidence is too strong, not

too weak" jThe problem with this discovery;, as PGlennU Schwart& of Hohns%opkins puts it, jis that it is uni*ue;" $o other monumental sites from theera have been found" efore Gbekli, humans drew stick #gures on cavewalls, shaped clay into tiny dolls, and perhaps piled up small stones forshelter or worship" !ven after Gbekli, there is little evidence ofsophisticated building"O?.n a nutshell, we have evidence of high cultureand civilisation circa +),))) to ))) /!, but then an apparent decline or


20/63

hiatus for thousands of years, until the NriseO of civilisation once again in6esopotamia, !gypt, and elsewhere" :hat happened-A ecord of7recession at Gbekli TepeA hallmark of civilisation is precise scienti#cobservation" Astronomy is often considered the earliest yet mostsophisticated of the sciences" A particularly subtle astronomical

phenomenon, the discovery of which is generally credited to %ipparchus ofhodes in the second century /!,+) is the slow movement of the starsrelative to the e*uatorial coordinate system" This is commonly referred to

as the precession of the e*uinoxes" The entire cycle, with stars returningto their Nstarting points,O takes somewhat under D@,))) years" Someresearchers suggest that precession was known to the ancient !gyptiansand other early civilisations, and is re>ected in myths worldwide"++1thers dispute such assertions" . found evidence of precession at GbekliTepe, adding another layer of sophistication to this remarkable site" /aredating mea de 6arele S#nx, Gbekli Tepe ne obligV sVWi reconsidere

antichitate nostru" Xi la fel ca munca mea pe S#nxul, specialistii suntnedumerit de Gbekli Tepe" 7atrick Symmes scris En $ewssVptVmYnV,9'ar motivul real ruinele de la Gbekli rVmYn almai necunoscut, care nusunt EncV incluse En manuale, este faptul cV dove&ile sunt prea puternic,nici prea slab" 97roblema cu aceastV descoperire9, ca PGlennU Schwart& dela Hohns %opkins pune 9este faptul cV este unic9" $ici un alte siteurimonumentale din epoca au fost gVsite" \nainte Gbekli, oamenii atrascifrele stick pe peretii pesterilor, En formV de lut En pVpuWi mici, Wi,probabil, EngrVmVdite pietre mici pentru adVpost sau Enchinare" /hiar WidupV Gbekli, existV puîne dove&i de construcîe so#sticat" 9?in scurt,

avem dove&i de culturV Wi civili&aîe EnaltV circa +)"))) la ))) E"%r", darapoi un declin aparent sau pau&a de mii de ani, pYnV la9 creWtere 9decivili&aîe din nou En 6esopotamia, !gipt, Wi maiunde" /e sa EntYmplat- Jnrecord precesiei la Gbekli TepeA marca de civili&aîe esteT.1$ observaprecis Wtiinî#cV" Astronomie este adesea considerat mai devreme EncV maiso#sticat al Wtiinêlor" Jn fenomenastro nomical special subtilV, caredescoperirea, En general, este creditat pentru %ipparchus odos En secolulal doilea E"%r", +) este miWcarea lentV a stelelor En raport cu sistemul decoordonate ecuatorial" Acest lucru este denumit En mod obiWnuitcaprecesia echinoctiilor" \ntregul ciclu, cu stele se Entorc En lor 9puncte depornire9, ia oarecum sub D@))) ani" Jnii cercetatori sugerea&a ca 7!/!Ssion a fost cunoscut de vechii egipteni Wi alte civili&aîi timpurii, Wi sere>ectV En mituri worldwide"++ alîi contesta astfel de a#rmaîi" Am gVsitdove&i de precesie la Gbekli Tepe, adVugYnd un alt strat de so#sticare laacest site remarcabil"

The central pairs of pillars are oriented generally toward the southeast, asif forming sighting tubes toward the sky" The central pillars of !nclosure '


21/63

include arms and hands, with the hands holding the belly or navel area,and it is clear that the anthropomorphic pillars are facing south" Theorientations vary from enclosure to enclosure, however"


22/63

these traditions go back to Gbekli Tepe times, and even earlier" The1rionTaurus region of the sky has been a focus of

ancient humans for tens of thousands of years in !urope and the 6iddle!ast" %ere are located the asterisms of 1rion;s belt and the %yades, as

well as the 7leiades" esearchers such as 6ichael appenglueck,


23/63

aproximativ ) de metri vest de domeniu ma0or de cercuri, +DXioptspre&ece sau mai multe cercuri de piatrV EncV sub pVmYnt au fostidenti#cate" /arcasV ' este situat cel mai departe la nord" a sudest sea>V /arcasV /, Wi la sud de /arcasV ' se a>V /arcasV Wi En cele din urmVA" /arcasele sunt foarte aproape unul de altul, aproape perva&e"


24/63

de vYnVtoare" \ntradevVr, studiind pilonii antropomorfe ale /arcasV ', elepot repre&enta, Entro formV stili&atV, 1rion" $u numai cV au arme 2care arputea # interpretat ca interarme de 1rion a adus En 0os la corp4, dar Wicurele proeminente 2stelele centura lui 1rion4 Wi loincloths vulpe pielegelatina care pot repre&enta $ebuloasa 1rion Wi associtrol aferente

/aracteristici" Sugestia mea cV oamenii Gbekli Tepe a fost observireregiunea 1rionTaur7leiade a cerului En diminea^a &ilei de Fernal !*uinoxeste pur Wi simplu o ipote&V" 'acVau fost observarea stele 2fa^V de Soare,de exemplu4, atunci au nevoie pentru a rea0usta observa^iile lor a lungulsecolelor, datoritV modi#cVrilor precesionale" Xi poate cV erau observ ingceva mai mult decYt doar Soarele, una, planetele Wi stelele"

Gbekli Tepe, !aster .sland, and the 7lasma /onnection%avingreturned from !aster .sland 2Hanuary D)+)4 not long before visitingGbekli Tepe 26ay D)+)4, . was surprised to see numerous iconographicsimilarities between the two" . believe these similarities are real, but .

might have missed them if . had not been to both sites in succession"


25/63

observed in the skies would take on characteristic shapes resemblinghumanoid #gures, humans with bird heads, sets of rings or donut shapes,and writhing snakes

or serpents shapes re>ected in the ancient petroglyphs" 7lasma events

may be a dominant theme found among the ancient remains of !aster.sland" ikewise, plasma may be important to understanding Gbekli Tepe"1ne of the strange and perplexing aspects of Gbekli Tepe is that it wasnot simply abandoned and left to oblivion, but intentionally buried around))) /!" ect earlier traditions and styles,perhaps brought by settlers from elsewhere, that date back to a time ofintense plasma outbursts" The rongorongo tablets may carefully preserveancient texts that were copied over and over" Hust as . have argued that

the !aster .sland rongorongo script records plasma events in the ancientskies, so too might certain carved motifs found at Gbekli Tepe" 7eratt hasmade the connection between birdman petroglyphs and plasmaphenomena around the world" 1n !aster .sland we #nd birdmanpetroglyphs as well as birdmen and bird symbols among the rongorongohieroglyphs" At Gbekli Tepe a very similar bird form was carved into oneof the pillars" 7eratt records many plasma phenomena that can be interpreted as having the appearance of snakes" An abundance of snakes are


26/63

found on the pillars of Gbekli Tepe, slithering vertically up and down theends of some of the columns" /ould these represent huge bolts of plasma-Comparison of an Easter Island petroglyph and an Easter Islandrongorongo glyph to carvings at Gbekli Tepe (Photograph of Gbekli Tepepillar courtesy of Berthold teinhilber! "##$%& Comparison of pillars at

Gbekli Tepe 'ith Easter Island moai& Gbekli Tepe! Insula Patelui! iarConnection)aving Plasma *ntors din Insula Pastelui (ianuarie "#+#%! nu cumult timp *nainte de a vi,ita Gbekli Tepe (-ai "#+#%! am fost sur.pre/uit0pentru a vedea numeroase similitudini iconogra1ce *ntre cele dou0& Credc0 aceste asem0n0ri sunt reale! dar s.ar putea le.am ratat! dac0 nu a 1fost la ambele site.uri *n succesiune& 2n plus! at3t Insula Patelui iGbekli Tepe poate re.t3r,iu la evenimentele plasma puternice *n cer lasf3ritul ultimei ere glaciare& Caracteristica remarcabil0 a Insula Pateluieste -inisterul 4dministra/iei i Internelor! aceste capete de piatra imensei torsos care dot insula& 2n ca,ul Gbekli Tepe! piloni de piatra dominascena& 5imitor! at3t -inisterul 4dministra/iei i Internelor i piloniicentrali antropomorfe ale Carcas0 6 la Gbekli Tepe au bra/ele i m3inilepo,i/ionate *n mod similar fa/0 de corp! cu m3inile i degetele e7tinseasupra regiunii burt0 i buric& -inisterul 4dministra/iei i Internelor suntlook.ing de p3n0 la cer! i cred c0 st3lpii Gbekli Tepe sunt! de asemenea!*n c0utarea spre cer& unt *n c0utarea fenomenelor identice8

4a cum am discutat *n alt0 parte! script +9the indigene Insula Pateluirongorongo poate *nregistra un eveniment ma:or in plasma cer mii de ani*n urm0! la sf3ritul ultimei ere glaciare& Plasma este format din particule*nc0rcate electric&

;enomene plasmatice familiare de pe Pamant asta,i includ lumina ning iaurorele! luminile nord i de sud& 2n trecut! evenimentele plasmatice multmai puternice ar 1 avut loc! probabil din cau,a e:ections coronale de masadin oare sau emisiile de la alte obiecte cereti& ;enomene plasmaputernic ar putea provoca desc0rc0ri electrice puternice pentru a loviPamantul! sen,a/ie de arsur0 i incinerare materiale de pe planeta lui

suprafa/0&


27/63

asemenea! plasma pot 1 importante pentru intelegerea Gbekli Tepe& 5nuldintre aspectele ciudate i uimitoare de Gbekli Tepe este c0 nu a fost puri simplu abandonat si a plecat la uitare! dar *ngropat inten/ionat *n :urul$### *&)r&& 2n plus! s0 1e.*nainte de *nmorm3ntare sa 1nal0! ,iduri depiatr0 au fost construite *ntre piloni 1n for:at& 4ceste ,iduri sunt! *n opinia

mea! *n mod clar

secundar ca i *n multe ca,uri! acestea acoper0 peste sculpturile de reliefprecise pe piloni& Ele sunt! de asemenea! mult impur dec3t st3lpii& 2n plus!unele st3lpi par s0 1 c0,ut peste si rupte! iar ulterior au fost reparate saure.construit! atunci c3nd au fost construite ,iduri& 2n mai multe ca,uri!ba,ele st3lpilor rupte lipsesc sau culcat ori,ontal sub v3rfurile st3lpilorrupte care au fost stabilite la *n0l/imea corect0 pe un morman de pietre&2n aceast0 etap0 t3r,ie pere/ii i st3lpii pot 1 acoperit peste&

Printre ciud0/eniile de Insula Pastelui sunt :oase! cladiri din piatra solide!

groase! pere/i cu intrari inguste! care arata ca bunc0re sau ad0posturi;allout& 4ceste pietre ?manta.es? de Insula Patelui sunt similare custructurile formate de pere/ii i st3lpii Gbekli Tepe& Puteau! *n ambeleca,uri! au fost de protec/ie de la un anumit tip de fenomene care provinde la cer! cum ar 1 greve plasm08 5nii ar putea critica compara/ii *ntreInsula Patelui i Gbekli Tepe nu numai pe ba,a faptului c0 sunt pe p0r/iopuse ale globului! dar sunt! de asemenea! aparent separate de mii de ani(Gbekli Tepe datea,0 din $### *&)r& i *nainte! *ntruc3t! potrivit cronologiistandard de Pati Insula nu a fost locuit0 p3n0 la o simpl0 mileniu i:um0tate *n urm0%& 2n contraargument! am *ntrebarea dac0 tim cuadev0rat c3nd Insula Patelui a fost coloni,at prima& Chiar dac0 ausupravie/uit antichit0/i i structuri Insula Patelui sunt de la o perioad0relativ t3r,iu! ele pot re>ecta tradi/iile anterioare i stiluri! probabil adusede coloniti din alt0 parte! care datea,0 un timp de i,bucniri plasmaticeintense& Tabletele rongorongo pot p0stra cu gri:0 te7tele antice! care aufost copiate de peste si peste&


28/63

Tepe pilon de curtoa,ie Berthold teinhilber! "##$%& Compararea piloni laGbekli Tepe cu Insula Pastelui moai&

uried for 7osterity

ased on the evidence slowly being pieced together, it appears there may

have been a ma0or plasma event, or events, in anti*uity" .n a previousarticle 2see $ew 'awn +D+4+?. posited that a ma0or plasma event, circa?B)) /!, helped bring about the end of the last ice age" .f the radiocarbon dating of Gbekli Tepe, to circa +),))) to ))) /! is correct,perhaps the #rstbuilt stone circle was initiated in response to this plasmaevent of circa ?B)) /!" The plasma phenomena were observedoriginating from the south, the direction toward which the Gbekli Tepecomplex is oriented" 7lasma events may have continued for centuries, andthey may correlate with the additions and elaborations stonewalls andmore stone circles seen at Gbekli Tepe" 7erhaps ultimately the plasma

was too much for the Gbekli Tepe people to bear, and they abandoned thesite, but not before carefully covering it over" :hether their intention wasto return once the skies calmed down, or to preserve their work forposterity, we do not know" :hat happened at Gbekli Tepe- :hat werethe people of that time doing- :hat were they experiencing- :hy did theybury their creation and leave- :here did they go-

These may be more than simple academic *uestions" . suspect that theGbekli Tepe people experienced something dramatic, something soimportant they felt compelled to memorialise it in a record of stone thatcould last for over ten thousand years" They expended enormous

resources to leave a message, possibly a warning, for us" $ow it is time tofully uncover it and decipher what they had to say" \ngropat pentruposteritate

7e ba&a dove&ilor Encet #ind pus cap la cap, se pare cV ar # fost uneveniment cu plasmV mare, sau evenimente, En antichitate" \ntrun articolanterior 2a se vedea $ew 'awn +D+4 +?. postulat cV un evenimentimportant plasma, circa ?B)) i"%r", a a0utat aduce sfYrWitul ultimei ereglaciare" 'acV datarea radio carbon de Gbekli Tepe, la circa +)"))) la))) E"%r" este corectV, probabil, primul construit cerc de piatra a fostini^iat ca rVspuns la acest eveniment plasma de circa ?B)) /!"


29/63

pVstre&e munca lor pentru posteritate, nu Wtim" /e sa EntYmplat la GbekliTepe- /e au oamenii de atunci face- /e au ei se confrunta- 'e ce auEngroape crearea lor si se lasa- Jnde au plecat-

Acestea pot # mai mult decYt EntrebVri academice simple" Vnuiesc cV

oamenii Gbekli Tepe experimentat ceva dramatic, ceva atYt de importantau sim^it obliga^i sVl memorialise Entro Enregistrare de piatrV, care arputea dura peste &ece mii de ani" !i cheltuit resurse enorme pentru a lVsaun mesa0, eventual un avertisment pentru noi" Acum este timpul sVldescoperi pe deplin Wi descifra ce au de spus"


30/63

Anthony :est, N


31/63

September1ctober D)+)

www"newdawnmaga&ine"com

1!T 6" S/h1/h, 7h"'", is renowned for his work on redating the GreatSphinx" ased on his geological studies, he determined that the Sphinx;s

origins date prior to dynastic times" %e has also focused his attention onthe Great 7yramid and various other temples and tombs in !gypt, as wellas studying similar structures around the world" 'r" Schoch is an authorand coauthor of both technical and popular books, including the trilogywith " A" 6c$ally Foices of the ocks A Scientist ooks at /atastrophesand Ancient /ivili&ations 2+???4, Foyages of the 7yramid uilders TheTrue 1rigins of the 7yramids from ost !gypt to Ancient America 2D))C4,and 7yramid uest Secrets of the Great 7yramid and the 'awn of/ivili&ation 2D))(4" 'r" Schoch;s most recent book is The 7arapsychologyevolution A /oncise Anthology of 7aranormal and 7sychicalesearch2D)), compilation and commentary by obert5. "choch #$d ?og#$

Ko$#v8#%3. WebsiteH .robertschoch.com 1!T 6" Schoch, 7h"'", esterenumit pentru munca sa la redatYnd 6arele S#nx" 7e ba&a studiilorgeologice, el a stabilit cV 1.Hin S#nxul de data inainte de ori dinastice" !la concentrat, de asemenea, aten^ia asupra 6arii 7iramide Wi diverse altetemple si morminte En !gipt, precum Wi studierea structuri simi lar dinEntreaga lume" 'r" Schoch este un autor Wi coautor a ambelor cVr^i tehniceWi populare, inclusiv trilogia cu A 6c$ally Foices ale ocks Jn om de


32/63

stiinta pare la catastrofe Wi civili&aîi antice 2+???4, Foyvarste cuprinse/onstructori 7yramid True 1rigins piramidelor din !gipt ost AmericaAntic 2D))C4, Wi 7yramid uest Secretele 6arii 7iramide Wi la Enceputurilecivili&aîei 2D))(4" /ea mai recenta carte 'r" Schoch este evoluîa7arapsychology 1 concisV Antologie de 7aranormal si psihica cercetare

2D)), compilarea Wi comentarii de obert 6" Schoch Wi ogan onav0ak4":ebsite www"robertschoch"com

no" , ([(, @) 2$ovember D))4 7atrick Symmes, N%istory in theemaking A temple complex in Turkey that predates even the pyramids isrewriting the story of human evolutionO, $ewsweek, +

6arch D)+), article published online +? inttools and waste, animal and plant remains4 circa ))) /!" The older!nclosures 2A, , /, and '4 belong to Schmidt;s Nayer ..."O 1verlyingayer ... is the younger ayer .., which contains smaller pillars andstructures, and may date to the same period as the $eolithic site of $evali]ori, an area northwest of Gbekli Tepe and similar in many respects to

the ayer .. period at Gbekli Tepe" $evali ]ori was excavated in the+??)s, but has since been >ooded as a result of the Atat3rk 'am built onthe !uphrates iver" $evali ]ori and ayer .. of Gbekli Tepe may date tothe second half of the ninth millennium /!" .n the catalog to accompanya D))B exhibit at the adischesandesmuseum Karlsruhe 2'ie ltesten6onumente der 6enschheit" For +D"))) Hahren in Anatolien, StuttgartKonrad Theiss, D))B4, the earlier material at Gbekli Tepe, that of ayer


33/63

..., is referred to ?()))) /! whereas the material from ayer .. isreferred to ))))) /! and material from $evali ]ori is dated to circa())B?)) /!" 7rof" Schmidt suggested that some of the carved

depressions and gouges, for instance on the tops of pillars, may date to a

time when the site was buried but still remembered as an important orholy site, and people came to partake of the energy of the site" As Feysildi&, son of the local landowner, explained, even before thearchaeological remains were discovered at Gbekli Tepe, the area washeld in reverence 2stonecovered graves are found on the top of themound to this day4" " uoted by 7atrick Symmes in $ewsweek Psee note("U" ?" 7atrick Symmes Psee note ("U+)" Giulio 6agli, N1n the possiblediscovery of precessional e5ects in ancient astronomy,O article from D))[posted at httparxiv"orgftpphysicspapers)[)B)[)B+)"pdf 2Accessed+B Hune D)+)4 Giulio 6agli, 6ysteries and 'iscoveries ofArchaeoastronomy


34/63

.nstitute of !lectrical and !lectronics !ngineers Transactions on 7lasmaScience, vol" C+, no" @, ++?D+D+[ 2'ecember D))C4 Anthony " 7eratt,Hohn 6cGovern, Alfred %" yawayma, 6arinus Anthony Fan der Slui0s,and 6athias G" 7eratt, N/haracteristics for the 1ccurrence of a %igh/urrent, 7inch Aurora as ecorded in Anti*uity 7art .. 'irectionality and

SourceO, .nstitute of !lectrical and !lectronics !ngineers Transactions on7lasma Science, vol" C(, no" [, BB)B 2August D))B4 A" " 7eratt and :"


35/63

dangerous or anyhow wild animals felines, foxes, boars, vultures, spiders,snakes, andscorpions" The site is dated to the so called prepottery$eolithic 277$4, and was in use between the+)th and the ?th millennium/ successively, it was left abandoned and intentionallyobliterated"Gobekli Tepe is not uni*ue as other $eolithic sites with T

pillars have been documented 2see e"g"/elik D))+4"

The anti*uity of this sacred place is so astonishing that it is extremelydicult to put forwardhypotheses on the religion and on the cults whichwere practised there" .n recent years, however,Archaeoastronomy usedwith due caution has proved to be a *uite powerful tool in gaining

better understanding of the symbolic world of many ancient cultures 2seee"g" uggles D))(, 6agliD))?4" .n this paper, a preliminary analysis ofpossible astronomical references at Gobekli Tepe istherefore attempted" +".ntroducere

Gbekli Tepe, un deal En provincia Jrfa En sudestul Turciei, este primul9templu9 aboutwhich suntem constienti de 2Schmidt+??,D))+,D))@,D)+)4" Acesta este compus dintro serie decircularenclosures 2dintre care doar cYteva sunt excavate EncV4 al cVruiproiect se ba&ea&V pe o 9unitate9 megalitice ahuge pilon formV de T, deobicei #n gravate" 'ouV astfel de piloni stau En centru, paralel cu #ecareparte, En timp ce o serie de alte piloni este plasat En 0urul conturul cercului"/ele mai multe animale periculoase sau oricum sVlbaticecarvingsrepresent felinelor, vulpi, mistreti, vulturi, paian0eni, serpi,andscorpions" Siteul este datatV En aWa numita preneolitic ceramicV

277$4, Wi a fost En u& Entre +)lea Wi al ?lea E"%r" mileniu succesiv, a fostlVsat En mod intenîonat Wi abandonat obliterated"Gobekli Tepe nu esteunic Wi alte siteuri neolitice cu Tpiloni au fost documentate 2ve&i eg/elikD))+4"

Fechimea acestui loc sacru este atYt de uimitor faptul cV este extrem dedi#cil de a pune pe forwardhypotheses religia Wi cultele care au fostpracticate acolo" /u toate acestea, En ultimii ani, archaeoastronomy utili&at cu precauîe din cau&a sa dovedit a # un instrument destul deputernic En obînerea

o mai bunV Enêlegere a lumii simbolic de multe culturi antice 2ve&i, deexemplu uggles D))( 6agliD))?4" \n aceastV lucrare, o anali&VpreliminarV a eventualelor referinte astronomice la Gbekli Tepeistherefore Encercat"

D" 'iscussion


36/63

Astronomy is a familiar presence in megalithic sites 2although its role hasbeen sometimes stretched

too far in the past4" .nterestingly, and although it may seem strange, thereis no doubt that the

ancient places which bear the most striking similarities with Gobekli Tepeare the astronomically

oriented sanctuaries of 6enorca, built some ))) years later These areovalshaped enclosures

centred on a huge, Tshaped ob0ect 2commonly referred to as a Taula4composed by a huge pillar

and a transverse capital" Such sanctuaries were very probably oriented tothe brilliant stars of the

southern sky, those of the /rux/entaurus group, which were slowlydisappearing from the

6editerranean sky due to precession 2%oskin D))+4" .s it possible that astellar reference was

present at Gobekli as well-

As far as the present author is aware, there is no scholarly work publishedon the archaeoastronomy

of the GT enclosures, while a rectangular building there has beenidenti#ed as being orientated to

the cardinal points 2elmonte and Garca D)+)4" 1n the enclosures thereare, however, two non

scholarly publication which are worth considering 2Schoch D)+D, /ollinsD)+C4, .n the #rst, a

possible role of the rising of the stars of 1rion8s belt to the southeast isproposed, while in the

second the opposite orientation, identi#ed as targeting the setting of'eneb and of the /ygnus

constellation is put forward" ot these analyses are, in my view, notconvincing" 1rion indeed

would lead to too a high dating for the structures" egarding a northernorientation, it is in a sense


37/63

unnatural, as the enclosures are rather open to the southeast allorientations of NshrinesO we are

aware of are from inside to outside 2a few examples the temples of 6alta,the Taulas of 6enorca,

the Greek temples, the /hristian /hurches"""4"


38/63

Structure ' +BD

Structure / +@(

Structure +(?

As Sirius is a negative magnitude star, it is in principle visible 0ust abovethe hori&on . will

however allow in what follows an altitude of 2actually the hori&on atthe site estimated via

satellite images looks >at towards the southeast4" Then, it can be seenthat the above a&imuths

match the rising a&imuths of Sirius in the following approximate dates

+

Structure ' +BD ?+)) /

Structure / +@( B() /

Structure +(? C)) /D" 'iscu^ie

Astronomia este o pre&en^V familiarV En siturile megalitice 2deWi rolul sVu afost uneori Entins

prea departe En trecut4" .nteresant, Wi, deWi poate pVrea ciudat, nu existVnici o EndoialV cV

locuri stravechi care poartV asemanarile cele mai i&bitoare cu Gbekli Tepesunt astronomic

sanctuare orientate de 6enorca, construit unele ))) ani mai tYr&iuAcestea sunt incinte ovale En formV

centrat pe un obiect imens, En formV de T 2denumit En mod obiWnuit caTaula4 compus dintrun stYlp imens

Wi un capital transversal" Astfel sanctuare au fost foarte probabil orientate

spre stele strVlucitoarecer sud, cele din grupul /rux/entaurus, care dispVreau treptat de la

/er mediteranean din cau&a precesiei 2%oskin D))+4" !ste posibil ca oreferin^V stelare a fost

pre&enta la Gbekli precum-


39/63


40/63

Sirius a Enceput sV se apropie de ori&ont Wi a devenit vi&ibil din nou, foartescV&utV Wi aproape de cau&a

sud, spre ?C)) /"

7entru a veri#ca daca incintele ar # fost aliniate cu Sirius, voi lua En

considerare aici C adiacent

Structuri etichetate ', /, Wi , care sunt practic intacte cYt Wi extrem desimilare En concepîe" !u

stres cV anali&a pre&entatV mai 0os se ba&ea&V pe hVrîle existente Wiimagini din satelit" Trebuie,

7rin urmare, se considerV drept preliminar un studiu teodolit completV asiteului Wi a ori&ontului

este cu siguran^V necesar pentru a trage conclu&ii mai #abile" Acestea#ind spuse, extrapolatV medie

a&imuturilor ale structurilor 2luate de la mi0locul liniile dintre cele douVmonoliî centrale4 sunt estimate

dupV cum urmea&V

StructurV ' +BD

Structura / +@(

Structura +(? /a Sirius este o stea magnitudine negativ, este, En principiu, vi&ibil chiardeasupra ori&ontului !u voi

EnsV permite En cele ce urmea&V o altitudine de 2de fapt, la ori&ont pesiteul estimat prin

imagini din satelit aratV plat spre sudest4" Apoi, se poate observa cVa&imuturilor sus

se potrivesc a&imuturilor creWtere ale Sirius En urmVtoarele date

aproximative

+

StructurV ' +BD ?+)) E"%r"

Structura / +@( B() E"%r"

Structura +(? C)) E"%r"


41/63

Google Translate for usinessTranslator Toolkit:ebsite TranslatorGlobal6arket


42/63

2labelled


43/63

7rogramul folosit pentru simulVri 2Starry $ight 7ro4 ia En consideraremiWcarea corespun&Vtoare a Sirius"

/a o observa^ie #nalV, trebuie remarcat faptul cV o structurV suplimentarVdescoperit la Gbekli Tepe

26arcat


44/63

%oskin, 6" D))+" Tombs, temples and their orientations, 1carina books,ognor egis"

6agli, G" D))?" 6ysteries and 'iscoveries of Archaeoastronomy, SpringerFerlag, $

uggles, /" " $" 2D))(4 Ancient Astronomy An !ncyclopedia of/osmologies and 6yth A/

/.1, ondon"

Schmidt K" +??" eyond 'aily read !vidence of !arly $eolithic itualfrom Gobekli Tepe"

$eoithics D2?4 +("

Schmidt K""D))+" Gbekli Tepe, Southeastern Turkey" A preliminary report

on the +??(+???excavations" 7alorient D@2+4 [((["

Schmidt K" D))@" Sie bauten die ersten Tempel" 'as rtselhafte %eiligtumder Stein&eit0ger" 'ie

archologische !ntdeckung am Gbekli Tepe" 63nchen /"%" eck

Schmidt K" D)+)" Gbekli Tepe the Stone Age Sanctuaries" $ew result ofongoing excavations

with a special focus on sculptures and high reliefs" .n 6" ud0a 2ed"4, +Bth$eolithic Studies"

'ocumenta 7raehistorica +B DC?D(@"

Schoch, " D)+D


45/63

efore them are do&ens of massive stone pillars arranged into a set ofrings, one mashed up against the next" Known as Gbekli Tepe4, the site isvaguely reminiscent of Stonehenge, except that Gbekli Tepe was builtmuch earlier and is made not from roughly hewn blocks but from cleanlycarved limestone pillars splashed with basreliefs of animalsIa cavalcade

of ga&elles, snakes, foxes, scorpions, and ferocious wild boars" Theassemblage was built some ++,@)) years ago, seven millennia before theGreat 7yramid of Gi&a" .t contains the oldest known temple" .ndeed,Gbekli Tepe is the oldest known example of monumental architectureIthe #rst structure human beings put together that was bigger and morecomplicated than a hut" :hen these pillars were erected, so far as weknow, nothing of comparable scale existed in the world"

At the time of Gbekli Tepe8s construction much of the human race lived insmall nomadic bands that survived by foraging for plants and hunting wildanimals" /onstruction of the site would have re*uired more people coming

together in one place than had likely occurred before" Ama&ingly, thetemple8s builders were able to cut, shape, and transport +@ton stoneshundreds of feet despite having no wheels or beasts of burden" Thepilgrims who came to Gbekli Tepe lived in a world without writing, metal,or pottery to those approaching the temple from below, its pillars musthave loomed overhead like rigid giants, the animals on the stonesshivering in the #relightIemissaries from a spiritual world that the humanmind may have only begun to envision"

Archaeologists are still excavating Gbekli Tepe and debating its meaning":hat they do know is that the site is the most signi#cant in a volley ofunexpected #ndings that have overturned earlier ideas about our species8deep past" Hust D) years ago most researchers believed they knew thetime, place, and rough se*uence of the $eolithic evolutionIthe criticaltransition that resulted in the birth of agriculture, taking %omo sapiensfrom scattered groups of huntergatherers to farming villages and fromthere to technologically sophisticated societies with great temples andtowers and kings and priests who directed the labor of their sub0ects andrecorded their feats in written form" ut in recent years multiple newdiscoveries, Gbekli Tepe preeminent among them, have begun forcingarchaeologists to reconsider"

At #rst the $eolithic evolution was viewed as a single eventIa sudden>ash of geniusIthat occurred in a single location, 6esopotamia, betweenthe Tigris and !uphrates ivers in what is now southern .ra*, then spreadto .ndia, !urope, and beyond" 6ost archaeologists believed this suddenblossoming of civili&ation was driven largely by environmental changes agradual warming as the .ce Age ended that allowed some people to begincultivating plants and herding animals in abundance" The new research


46/63

suggests that the 9revolution9 was actually carried out by many handsacross a huge area and over thousands of years" And it may have beendriven not by the environment but by something else entirely"


47/63

a Enceput evoluîa neoliticV a fost privit ca un singur eveniment de un>ash bruscV degeniu care a avut loc Entro singurV locaîe, 6esopotamia,Entre Tigru Wi !ufrat, En ceea ce este acum sudul .rakului, apoi rVspYndit En.ndia, !uropa, Wi nu numai" /ele mai multe arheologi credeau acestEn>orire bruscV a civili&aîei a fost determinatV En mare parte de

schimbVrile de mediu o EncVl&ire treptatV ca .ce Age sa incheiat, care apermis unii oameni pentru a Encepe cultivarea plantelor Wi animalelorturma En abunden^V" $oi cercetari sugerea&a ca 9revoluîa9 a fost de faptreali&atV de multe mYini pe o suprafa^V foarte mare Wi peste mii de ani" Sipoate nu au fost determinate de mediul, ci de cu totul altceva

After a moment of stunned *uiet, tourists at the site busily snap pictureswith cameras and cell phones" !leven millennia ago nobody had digitalimaging e*uipment, of course" et things have changed less than one

might think" 6ost of the world8s great religious centers, past and present,have been destinations for pilgrimagesIthink of the Fatican, 6ecca,Herusalem, odh Gaya 2where uddha was enlightened4, or /ahokia 2theenormous $ative American complex near St" ouis4" They are monumentsfor spiritual travelers, who often came great distances, to gawk at and bestirred by" Gbekli Tepe may be the #rst of all of them, the beginning of apattern" :hat it suggests, at least to the archaeologists working there, isthat the human sense of the sacredIand the human love of a goodspectacleImay have given rise to civili&ation itself"

Klaus Schmidt knew almost instantly that he was going to be spending a

lot of time at Gbekli Tepe" $ow a researcher at the GermanArchaeological .nstitute 2'A.4, Schmidt had spent the autumn of +??[trundling across southeastern Turkey" %e had been working at a site therefor a few years and was looking for another place to excavate" The biggestcity in the area is LanlMurfa 2pronounced shan11fa4" y the standardsof a brash newcomer like ondon, LanlMurfa is incredibly oldIthe placewhere the 7rophet Abraham supposedly was born" Schmidt was in the cityto #nd a place that would help him understand the $eolithic, a place thatwould make LanlMurfa look young" $orth of LanlMurfa the ground ripplesinto the #rst foothills of the mountains that run across southern Turkey,

source of the famous Tigris and !uphrates ivers" $ine miles outside oftown is a long ridge with a rounded crest that locals call 7otbelly %illIGbekli Tepe"

.n the +?@)s archaeologists from the Jniversity of /hicago had surveyedthe region and concluded that Gbekli Tepe was of little interest"'isturbance was evident at the top of the hill, but they attributed it to theactivities of a y&antineera military outpost" %ere and there were broken


48/63

pieces of limestone they thought were gravestones" Schmidt had comeacross the /hicago researchers8 brief description of the hilltop anddecided to check it out" 1n the ground he saw >int chipsIhuge numbersof them" 9:ithin minutes of getting there,9 Schmidt says, he reali&ed thathe was looking at a place where scores or even hundreds of people had

worked in millennia past" The limestone slabs were not y&antine gravesbut something much older" .n collaboration with the 'A. and the LanlMurfa6useum, he set to work the next year"

.nches below the surface the team struck an elaborately fashioned stone"Then another, and anotherIa ring of standing pillars" As the months andyears went by, Schmidt8s team, a shifting crew of German and Turkishgraduate students and () or more local villagers, found a second circle ofstones, then a third, and then more" Geomagnetic surveys in D))Crevealed at least D) rings piled together, higgledypiggledy, under theearth" 'upV un moment de liniWte uimit, turiWtii de la siteul #xaî de &or

imagini cu camere Wi telefoane mobile" Jnspre&ece milenii En urmV nimeninu a avut echipament de imagisticV digitalV, desigur" /u toate acestea,lucrurile sau schimbat mai putin sar putea crede" /ele mai multe dintremarile centre religioase ale lumii, trecute Wi pre&ente, au fost destinatiipentru pelerina0gYndesc la Fatican, 6ecca, .erusalim, odh Gaia 2En ca&ulEn care uddha a fost iluminat4, sau /ahokia 2enorm nativ americancomplexul lYngV St" ouis4" Acestea sunt monumente de cVlVtoriispirituale, care au venit de multe ori la distanê mari, sV bVlVlVu la Wi sV #eagitat de" Gbekli Tepe poate # primul de toate, Enceputul unui model" /esugerea&V, cel puîn pentru arheologii care lucrea&V acolo, este cV sensul

uman al sacrului Wi iubirea umanV a unui bun spectacolar # dat naWtere lacivili&aîa EnsVWi"

Klaus Schmidt Wtia aproape instantaneu cV el a fost de gYnd sV # petrecuto gramada de timp la Gbekli Tepe" Acum, un cercetator la .nstitutulArheologic German 2'A.4, Schmidt a petrecut toamna anului +??[trundling peste sudestul Turciei" !l a lucrat la un loc acolo de cYîva ani Wia fost En cVutarea pentru un alt loc pentru a de&gropa" /el mai mare orasdin &ona este XanlMurfa 2pronunât shan11fa4" 'e standardele uneinou venit obra&nic ca ondra, XanlMurfa este incredibil vechi la locul undesa nascut presupune 7rofetul Avraam" Schmidt fost En oraW pentru a gVsi

un loc care sVl a0ute sV EnêleagV neolitic, un loc care ar face XanlMurfaarata tYnVr" a nord de XanlMurfa undele terestre En primele poalelemunîlor care se executV En sudul Turciei, sursa de faimosul Tigru Wi !ufrat"$ouV mile En afara orasului este o creasta lunga cu o creastV rotun0ite carelocalnicii El numesc burtV %illGbekli Tepe"

\n anii +?@) arheologii de la Jniversitatea din /hicago au reali&at studiiregiune Wi a conclu&ionat cV Gbekli Tepe a fost de puîn interes" TulburVri


49/63

a fost evident En partea de sus a dealului, dar lau atribuit activitVîle unuiavanpost militar bi&antin din epoca" 7iese aici Wi au fost sparte de calcarau cre&ut ca au fost pietre funerare" Schmidt a venit peste cercetatori din/hicago 9scurtV descriere a deal Wi a decis sVl veri#ce" 7e motiv cV a vV&utnumerele piatrV chipsuriaWe ale acestora" 9\n termen de minute de a

obîne acolo9, Schmidt a declarat,a dat seama cV el a fost uita la un locunde note sau chiar sute de oameni au lucrat En trecut de milenii" 'ale decalcar nu erau morminte bi&antine, ci ceva mult mai vechi" \n colaborarecu 'A. Wi 6u&eul XanlMurfa, a pus sV lucre&e En anul urmVtor"

.nci sub suprafaâ echipa a lovit o piatrV de modV elaborat" Apoi altul, Wialtul, un inel de stYlpi permanente" /a lunile Wi anii au trecut, echipa luiSchmidt, un echipa0 schimbarea de studenî germani Wi turci absolvent Wi() sau mai multe localnici, a gVsit un al doilea cerc de pietre, apoi un altreilea, Wi apoi mai mult" Anchete geomagnetice in D))C a relevat cel puînD) de inele stivuite EmpreunV, talmeWbalmeW, sub pVmYnt"

The pillars were bigIthe tallest are + feet in height and weigh +@ tons"Swarming over their surfaces was a menagerie of animal basreliefs, eachin a di5erent style, some roughly rendered, a few as re#ned and symbolicas y&antine art" 1ther parts of the hill were littered with the greateststore of ancient >int tools Schmidt had ever seenIa $eolithic warehouseof knives, choppers, and pro0ectile points" !ven though the stone had tobe lugged from neighboring valleys, Schmidt says, 9there were more >intsin one little area here, a s*uare meter or two, than many archaeologists#nd in entire sites"9

The circles follow a common design" All are made from limestone pillarsshaped like giant spikes or capital T8s" ladelike, the pillars are easily #vetimes as wide as they are deep" They stand an arm span or more apart,interconnected by low stone walls" .n the middle of each ring are twotaller pillars, their thin ends mounted in shallow grooves cut into the >oor". asked German architect and civil engineer !duard Knoll, who works withSchmidt to preserve the site, how well designed the mounting system wasfor the central pillars" 9$ot,9 he said, shaking his head" 9They hadn8t yetmastered engineering"9 Knoll speculated that the pillars may have beenpropped up, perhaps by wooden posts"

To Schmidt, the Tshaped pillars are styli&ed human beings, an ideabolstered by the carved arms that angle from the 9shoulders9 of somepillars, hands reaching toward their loinclothdraped bellies" The stonesface the center of the circleIas at 9a meeting or dance,9 Schmidt saysIarepresentation, perhaps, of a religious ritual" As for the prancing, leapinganimals on the #gures, he noted that they are mostly deadly creaturesstinging scorpions, charging boars, ferocious lions" The #gures


50/63

represented by the pillars may be guarded by them, or appeasing them, orincorporating them as totems"

7u&&le piled upon pu&&le as the excavation continued"


51/63

scorpioni En^epVturV, mistreti EncVrcare, lei feroce" /ifrele repre&entate destYlpii pot # pV&it de ele, sau appeasing ele, sau includerea lor catotemuri"

Cu77le U$grmdite pe pu77le c# e:c#v#re # co$ti$u#t" 'in motive EncV

necunoscute, inelele de la Gbekli Tepe par sV # pierdut En mod regulatputerea, sau cel pu^in farmecul lor"


52/63


53/63

tools and created pottery" The $eolithic evolution, in his view, was anexplosively important eventI9the greatest in human history after themastery of #re"9

1f all the aspects of the revolution, agriculture was the most important"

ourished" a fel de important ca ceea ce adescoperit cercetatorii a fost ceea ce ei nu au gasit orice semn de locuit"Sute de oameni trebuie sV # fost necesar sV sculpte&e Wi ridice pilonii, darsiteul nu a avut nici apV sursV apropiatV >uxul a fost de aproximativ treimile distan^V" ucrVtorii ar # avut nevoie, case, dar sVpVturile audescoperit nici un semn de pereti, cosuri sau casealte constructii careSchmidt a interpretat ca intern" !i ar # trebuit sV #e hrVniî, dar existV, deasemenea nici o urmV a agriculturii" 'e altfel, Schmidt a gasit nicibucVtVrii mi&erie sau incendii de gVtit" A fost pur Wi simplu un centruceremonial" 'acV cineva a trVit vreodatV pe acest site, acestea au fost maipuîne decYt locuitorii sVi personalului sVu" 7entru a 0udeca de cVtre miilede ga&elV Wi &imbru oasele gVsite pe siteul, muncitorii par sV # fostalimentat de transferurile constante de 0oc, aduse din activitVîle de

vYnVtoare EndepVrtate" Toate acest demers complex trebuie sV # avutorgani&atori Wi supraveghetori, dar nu existV EncV nici o dovadV bunV aunei ierarhii, nici o &onV de living socialV re&ervate pentru persoanelebogate, nu morminte pline cu bunuri de elita, nici un semn al unor oamenicare au diete mai bine decYt altele "

9AceWti oameni au fost


54/63

Entotdeauna grupuri doar mici, mobile, cYteva &eci de oameni" !i nu potface structuri permanente mari, neam gYndit, pentru cV ei trebuie sV sedeplase&e En 0urul sV urme&e resursele" $u pot menîne o clasV separatVde preoî Wi ambarcaîuni lucrVtorilor, deoarece acestea nu pot transportaEn 0urul valorii de toate livrVrile suplimentare pentru a le hrVni" Atunci aici

este Gbekli Tepe, Wi au fVcut, evident, asta" 9

'escoperirea cV vanatori au construit Gbekli Tepe a fost ca a constatat cVcineva a construit o B[B Entrun subsol cu un cuît ZActo" 9!u, colegii mei,noi toî gYnd, /e- /um-9 Schmidt a spus" \n mod paradoxal, Gbekli TepepVrea sV #e atYt un vestitor al lumii civili&ate care avea sV vinV Wi ultima,cea mai mare emblema unui trecut nomadV care a fost de0a de dispariîe"eali&area a fost uimitor, dar a fost greu de Enêles cum a fost fVcut sauceea ce a Ensemnat" 9.n +) sau +( ani,9 Schmidt pre&ice 9Gbekli Tepe va #mai faimos decYt Stonehenge" Xi pentru un motiv bun"9

7lana asupra Gbekli Tepe este fantoma F" Gordon /hilde" Jn transplantde australian in 6area ritanie, /hilde a fost un om >amboaiant, unmarxist pasionat care a purtat patru labe, plus Wi papioane Wi lardedadresele sale publice cu cap de tViêi paeans la stalinism" !l a fost, deasemenea, unul dintre arheologii cei mai in>uenî ai secolului trecut" 1mare synthesist, /hilde Empletit EmpreunV faptele deconectate colegilorsVi En scheme intelectuale generale" /el mai faimos dintre acestea aapVrut En +?D), cYnd a inventat conceptul de evoluîei neolitic"

\n termeni de astV&i, opiniile /hilde ar putea # re&umatV En felul urmVtor%omo sapiens i&bucni pe scena acum aproximativ D))"))) de ani" 7entru

ma0oritatea mileniilor care a urmat, speciile schimbat remarcabil putin, cuoamenii care trViesc ben&i ca mici de fora0ere rVtVcire" Apoi a venit neoliticevolution 9o schimbare radicalV9, /hilde a spus, 9plinV cu consecinêrevoluîonare pentru Entreaga specie"9 \ntrun fulger de inspiraîe, o partea omenirii a Entors spatele acesteia asupra cVutarea hranei Wi agriculturVEmbrVîWat" Adoptarea agriculturii, /hilde argumentat, a adus cu ea maimulte transformVri" SV tindV domeniile lor, oamenii au trebuit sV seopreascV rVtVcire Wi pentru a muta En sate permanente, En ca&ul En care eiau de&voltat noi instrumente Wi create ceramicV" evoluîa neoliticV, Enopinia sa, a fost un evenimentexplo&iv importante 9cea mai mare din

istoria omenirii, dupV stVpYnirea de foc"9'intre toate aspectele revolutiei, agricultura a fost cel mai important" 'emii de ani bVrbaî Wi femei, cu unelte de piatrV au rVtVcit peisa0ul, taiespice sVlbatic Wi luYndui acasV" /hiar dacV aceste persoane ar putea #avut tendinâ Wi prote0ate patchuri lor de cereale, plantele au vi&ionatpeste erau EncV sVlbatice" GrYu sVlbatic Wi or&, spre deosebire de versiunilelor domestice, sparge atunci cYnd sunt coaptekernel rup uWor de pe


55/63

planta Wi cad la pVmYnt, ceea ce le face aproape imposibil de a recoltaatunci cYnd sunt complet coapte" Genetic vorbind, adevVrat agriculturacereale a Enceput doar atunci cYnd oamenii plantate &one mari noi cuplante mutante care nu spulberV la scaden^V, a crea un cYmp de grYu Wior& domesticite care, ca sV spunem aWa, a aWteptat pentru fermieri pentru

a le recolta"

6ai degrabV decYt sV pieptene prin peisa0ul de alimente, oamenii ar puteaacum sV creascV la fel de mult cum au nevoie Wi acolo unde au nevoie,pentru a putea trVi EmpreunV En grupuri mai mari" 7opulaîe a crescut" 9Afost doar dupV revoluîa, dar imediat dupV aceea, care specia noastrV EntradevVr a Enceput sV se EnmulêascV rapid la toate9, a scris /hilde" \naceste societVî brusc mai populate, idei ar putea # mai uWor de schimbat,iar ratele de inovare tehnologicV Wi socialV a crescut" eligia Wi artasemnele distinctive ale En>oritcivili&aîe"

4hilde, li%e most rese#rchers tod#!, believed th#t the revolutio$ 9rst occurred i$ theFertile 4resce$t, the #rc o( l#$d th#t curves $orthe#st (rom #7# i$to souther$

Tur%e! #$d the$ seeps southe#st i$to +r#O. ;ou$ded o$ the south b! the h#rsh"!ri#$ Desert #$d o$ the $orth b! the mou$t#i$s o( Tur%e!, the cresce$t is # b#$d o(temper#te clim#te betee$ i$hospit#ble e:tremes. +ts e#ster$ termi$us is theco$ue$ce o( the Tigris #$d uphr#tes Iivers i$ souther$ +r#OQthe site o( # re#lm%$o$ #s "umer, hich d#tes b#c% to #bout 000 ;.4. +$ 4hilde's d#! mostrese#rchers #greed th#t "umer represe$ted the begi$$i$g o( civili7#tio$.Arch#eologist "#muel No#h r#mer summed up th#t vie i$ the 1G=0s i$ his boo%istor! ;egi$s #t "umer. Ket eve$ be(ore r#mer 9$ished riti$g, the picture #sbei$g revised #t the opposite, ester$ e$d o( the Fertile 4resce$t. +$ the ?ev#$tQthe #re# th#t tod#! e$comp#sses +sr#el, the C#lesti$i#$ territories, ?eb#$o$, ord#$,#$d ester$ "!ri#Q#rch#eologists h#d discovered settleme$ts d#ti$g #s (#r b#c% #s1,000 ;.4. $o$ #s N#tu9#$ vill#ges the $#me comes (rom the 9rst o( thesesites to be (ou$d3, the! spr#$g up #cross the ?ev#$t #s the +ce Age #s dr#i$g to #close, usheri$g i$ # time he$ the regio$'s clim#te bec#me rel#tivel! #rm #$det.

The discover! o( the N#tu9#$s #s the 9rst roc% through the i$do o( 4hilde'sNeolithic Ievolutio$. 4hilde h#d thought #griculture the $ecess#r! sp#r% th#t led tovill#ges #$d ig$ited civili7#tio$. Ket #lthough the N#tu9#$s lived i$ perm#$e$tsettleme$ts o( up to sever#l hu$dred people, the! ere (or#gers, $ot (#rmers,hu$ti$g g#7elles #$d g#theri$g ild r!e, b#rle!, #$d he#t.


56/63

N#tu9#$ vill#ges r#$ i$to h#rd times #rou$d 10,00 ;.4., he$ regio$#ltemper#tures #bruptl! (ell some 12F, p#rt o( # mi$i ice #ge th#t l#sted 1,200 !e#rs#$d cre#ted much drier co$ditio$s #cross the Fertile 4resce$t. With #$im#l h#bit#t#$d gr#i$ p#tches shri$%i$g, # $umber o( vill#ges sudde$l! bec#me too populous (orthe loc#l (ood suppl!. 5#$! people o$ce #g#i$ bec#me #$deri$g (or#gers,

se#rchi$g the l#$dsc#pe (or rem#i$i$g (ood sources.

"ome settleme$ts tried to #d8ust to the more #rid co$ditio$s. The vill#ge o( Abuure!r#, i$ h#t is $o $orther$ "!ri#, seemi$gl! tried to cultiv#te loc#l st#$ds o(r!e, perh#ps repl#$ti$g them. A(ter e:#mi$i$g r!e gr#i$s (rom the site, ordo$illm#$ o( B$iversit! 4ollege ?o$do$ #$d A$dre 5oore o( the Iochester +$stitute o(

Tech$olog! #rgued i$ 2000 th#t some ere bigger th#$ their ild eOuiv#le$tsQ#possible sig$ o( domestic#tio$, bec#use cultiv#tio$ i$evit#bl! i$cre#ses Ou#lities,such #s (ruit #$d seed si7e, th#t people 9$d v#lu#ble. ;#r&Kose( #$d some otherrese#rchers c#me to believe th#t $e#rb! sites li%e 5ure!bet #$d Tell #r#mel #lsoh#d h#d #griculture.

+( these #rch#eologists ere correct, these protovill#ges provided # $e e:pl#$#tio$o( ho comple: societ! beg#$. 4hilde thought th#t #griculture c#me 9rst, th#t it#s the i$$ov#tio$ th#t #lloed hum#$s to sei7e the opportu$it! o( # rich $ee$viro$me$t to e:te$d their domi$io$ over the $#tur#l orld. The N#tu9#$ sites i$the ?ev#$t suggested i$ste#d th#t settleme$t c#me 9rst #$d th#t (#rmi$g #rosel#ter, #s # product o( crisis. 4o$(ro$ted ith # dr!i$g, cooli$g e$viro$me$t #$dgroi$g popul#tio$s, hum#$s i$ the rem#i$i$g (ecu$d #re#s thought, #s ;#r&Kose(puts it,


57/63

r#mer # re7um#t #cest pu$ct de vedere U$ 1G=0 U$ +stori# 4#rte# U$cepe l# "umer.4u to#te #ceste#, chi#r U$#i$te de r#mer termi$#t de scris, im#gi$e# # (ost U$ cursde revi7uire l# opusul, c#ptul de vest #l "emilu$ii Fertile. Z$ ?ev#$t&c#reului #st7icupri$de +sr#elul, teritoriile p#lesti$ie$e, ?ib#$, +ord#$i#, "iri# Yi vestulrheologii #udescoperit #Ye7ri d#t[$d U$c di$ 1.000 U.r. 4u$oscut sub $umele de s#te

N#tu9#$ $umele vi$e de l# primul di$tre #ceste site&uri se gsesc3, #u rsrit peste?ev#$t c# +ce Age # (ost #propie de s([rYit, i$#ugure#7# u$ mome$t U$ c#re clim#tuldi$ regiu$e # deve$it rel#tiv c#ld Yi umed.

Descoperire# # N#tu9#$s (ost prim# roc# pri$ (ere#str# de revolu@i# $eolitic 4hildelui. 4hilde # cre7ut #gricultur# sc[$tei# $eces#r c#re # dus l# s#te Yi #pri$scivili7#@ie. 4u to#te #ceste#, deYi N#tu9#$s trit U$ #Ye7ri perm#$e$te de p[$ l#c[tev# sute de perso#$e, #u (ost (or#8ere, $u (ermieri, v#$#to#re g#7ele Yicolect#re# slb#tice sec#r, or7, gr[u Yi.


58/63

resursele $o#stre. 4el m#i bu$ mod pe$tru $oi de # supr#vie@ui este s sest#bile#sc Yi e:plo#t# propri# $o#str 7o$. < Agricultur # urm#t.

+dee# c Ievolu@i# $eolitic # (ost determi$#t de schimbrile clim#tice re7o$#t U$#$ii 1GG0, u$ mome$t U$ c#re o#me$ii #u (ost di$ ce U$ ce U$gri8or#t de e(ectele

U$cl7irii glob#le moder$e. Acest# # (ost promov#t U$ $e$umr#te #rticole Yi cr@i YiU$ cele di$ urm co$s#cr#t U$ Wi%ipedi#. 4u to#te #ceste#, criticii #cu7#t c dove7ile# (ost sl#b, $u U$ ultimul r[$d pe$tru c Abu ure!r#, 5ure!bet, Yi multe #lte site&uridi$ $ordul "iriei #u (ost i$u$d#te de b#r#8e U$#i$te de # pute# 9 e:c#v#t U$ tot#lit#te.


59/63

Fre$ch #rch#eologist #cOues 4#uvi$ believed this ch#$ge i$ co$scious$ess #s #


60/63

Gbekli Tepe, la fel Schmidt lui de a gYndi, sugerea&V o inversare de acestscenariu construirea unui templu masiv de un grup de


61/63

scarcely D) miles away" ike Gbekli Tepe, $evalM ]ori came into existenceright after the mini ice age, a time archaeologists describe with theunlovely term 7repottery $eolithic 277$4" $evalM ]ori is now inundated bya recently created lake that provides electricity and irrigation water forthe region" ut before the waters shut down research, archaeologists

found Tshaped pillars and animal images much like those Schmidt wouldlater uncover at Gbekli Tepe" Similar pillars and images occurred in 77$settlements up to a hundred miles from Gbekli Tepe" 6uch as one cansurmise today that homes with images of the Firgin 6ary belong to/hristians, Schmidt says, the imagery in these 77$ sites indicates ashared religionIa community of faith that surrounded Gbekli Tepe andmay have been the world8s #rst truly large religious grouping"

$aturally, some of Schmidt8s colleagues disagree with his ideas" The lackof evidence of houses, for instance, doesn8t prove that nobody lived atGbekli Tepe" And increasingly, archaeologists studying the origins of

civili&ation in the


62/63

recent, care oferV apV de energie electricV Wi de irigare pentru regiune"'ar, Enainte de apele Enchide cercetare, arheologii au descoperit stYlpi EnformV de T Wi imagini de animale de mult ca cele Schmidt va descoperi maitYr&iu la Gbekli Tepe" 7iloni similare Wi imagini au avut loc En localitV^ile77$ pYnV la o sutV de mile de la Gbekli Tepe" /Yt se poate presupune

astV&i cV case cu imagini ale


63/63

Documents

Arheologie.docx