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Arousal, Stress and Anxiety
Arousal, Stress & Anxiety
• Many people use arousal, stress and anxiety interchangeably but they are different
• Arousal- physiological and psychological activation varying on a continuum from deep sleep—intense excitement; experience increased HR, sweating, respiration; associated with pleasant or unpleasant events– Made a last second shot to win the game– You were just in an accident
Anxiety
• Negative emotional state characterized by nervousness, worry and apprehension
• 4 types– Cognitive anxiety- thought component– Somatic anxiety- degree of physical activation
perceived– State anxiety- temporary ever changing mood
component– Trait anxiety- an acquired behavioral tendency or
disposition that influences behavior
Measuring Arousal and Anxiety
• Researchers look at changes in physiological sings– HR, respiration, perspiration, and biochemistry
• Use rating scales (self-reported)• “Before the game were you worried about the
game”• A. Not at all• B. Somewhat• C. Extremely
The Stress Process
• Stress- imbalance between physical and psychological demands placed on an individual and his or her response capability
• 4 stages:• 1-Environmental demand-physical and
psychological– Pressure from parents to win
• 2-Perception of the demand- each person is different; a person’s perception of a demand can be different for each individual
Stress Process
• 3-Sress Response– Physical and psychological response– Arousal, muscle tension, attention changes, HR
• Behavioral consequences– Performance or outcome, if overly threatened,
they will perform badly
• This is a continuing cycle
Stressors
• General• Major life events• Job change• Death in family• Daily hassles• Athletes• Worry of performance• Financial costs• Time for training
• Self doubt• Relationships• Traumatic experiences
outside of sport• Injured Athletes• Psychological fears• Physical/Medical• Rehab• Career stress
Personal Sources of Stress
• Trait Anxiety– Personality factors that contribute to someone
perceiving more stress• Self-Esteem– Perceptions of threat; less confident people experience
more state anxiety• Social Physique Anxiety– Personality disposition defined as “the degree to which
people become anxious when others observe their physique”; usually avoid fitness settings and hate being evaluated
Theories on Anxiety
• Drive Theory– As arousal or state anxiety increases, so does
performance– The more psyched up you are, the better you will
do• Inverted U Hypothesis– As arousal increases so will performance up to a
certain point and then performance will decrease
Theories on Anxiety
• Individualized Zones of Optimal Functioning