Chapter 4Chapter 4

Arousal, Stress, & AnxietyArousal, Stress, & Anxiety

ArousalArousal

• Arousal – blend of physiological & psychological activity in a person AND the intensity at the moment.

• Arousal intensity is on a continuum – low (coma) to high (increased heart rate & respiration, sweat)

• Can be pleasant or unpleasant

• Arousal – blend of physiological & psychological activity in a person AND the intensity at the moment.

• Arousal intensity is on a continuum – low (coma) to high (increased heart rate & respiration, sweat)

• Can be pleasant or unpleasant

AnxietyAnxiety

• A negative emotional state that has worry, nervousness, apprehension and associated with activation or arousal of the body

• Two parts: – cognitive anxiety – thought – worry,

apprehension– Somatic anxiety – the degree of physical

activity perceived.

• A negative emotional state that has worry, nervousness, apprehension and associated with activation or arousal of the body

• Two parts: – cognitive anxiety – thought – worry,

apprehension– Somatic anxiety – the degree of physical

activity perceived.

Two types of anxietyTwo types of anxiety

1) State anxiety – the ever-changing mood component

• Cognitive state anxiety – the degree one worries or has negative thoughts

• Somatic state anxiety – the moment-to moment changes in perceived physiological activation.

1) State anxiety – the ever-changing mood component

• Cognitive state anxiety – the degree one worries or has negative thoughts

• Somatic state anxiety – the moment-to moment changes in perceived physiological activation.

Two types of anxiety – cont.Two types of anxiety – cont.

2) Trait Anxiety - a part of the personality – an acquired behavioral tendency of disposition that influences behavior

• This predisposes an individual to perceive as threatening things that really aren’t threatening.

• They may respond with state anxiety reactions that do not really fit the situation.

2) Trait Anxiety - a part of the personality – an acquired behavioral tendency of disposition that influences behavior

• This predisposes an individual to perceive as threatening things that really aren’t threatening.

• They may respond with state anxiety reactions that do not really fit the situation.

• High trait-anxious people usually have more state anxiety in highly competitive, evaluative situations than do people with lower trait anxiety.

• High trait-anxious people usually have more state anxiety in highly competitive, evaluative situations than do people with lower trait anxiety.

Measuring anxiety and arousalMeasuring anxiety and arousal

• May look at physical changes: heart rate, respiration, skin conductivity, biochemistry

• May have the person report “my hands are sweating.” Called – self-report measures

• May rate low to high

• May look at physical changes: heart rate, respiration, skin conductivity, biochemistry

• May have the person report “my hands are sweating.” Called – self-report measures

• May rate low to high

Generally, if you have high trait anxiety, you will have high state anxiety.

– May be situation specific.– May learn coping skills to over come this.

Generally, if you have high trait anxiety, you will have high state anxiety.

– May be situation specific.– May learn coping skills to over come this.

Stress and stress processStress and stress process

• Stress – occurs when there is a substantial imbalance between the physical & psychological demands placed on an individual and his/her response capability – and under conditions where failure to meet the demand has important consequences.

• Stress – occurs when there is a substantial imbalance between the physical & psychological demands placed on an individual and his/her response capability – and under conditions where failure to meet the demand has important consequences.

Four stage stress processFour stage stress process

You can intervene at any time

Sources of stress and anxietySources of stress and anxiety

1-Situational sources of stress– event importance– uncertainty

2-Personal sources of stress– trait anxiety– self-esteem– social physique anxiety

1-Situational sources of stress– event importance– uncertainty

2-Personal sources of stress– trait anxiety– self-esteem– social physique anxiety

How arousal & anxiety affect performanceHow arousal & anxiety affect performance1) Drive Theory – as an individual’s arousal

or state anxiety increase, so does his or her performance.

- Related to social-

facilitation theory

1) Drive Theory – as an individual’s arousal or state anxiety increase, so does his or her performance.

- Related to social-

facilitation theory

Social facilitation theory – predicts that the presence of others helps performance on well-learned or simple tasks and inhibits or lessens performance on unlearned or complex tasks.

• So increased arousal will bring out the dominant response

• Implication – eliminate audiences and evaluation in learning situations

Social facilitation theory – predicts that the presence of others helps performance on well-learned or simple tasks and inhibits or lessens performance on unlearned or complex tasks.

• So increased arousal will bring out the dominant response

• Implication – eliminate audiences and evaluation in learning situations

• 2) Inverted-U Hypothesis –as arousal increases, so does performance up to an optimal point where best performance results, Further increases in arousal, however, cause performance to decline.

• 2) Inverted-U Hypothesis –as arousal increases, so does performance up to an optimal point where best performance results, Further increases in arousal, however, cause performance to decline.

Inverted C theory – cont.Inverted C theory – cont.

• Maximum arousal level is lower when: need fine muscle control (archery)

or have to make

complex decisions (quarterback).

• Maximum arousal level is lower when: need fine muscle control (archery)

or have to make

complex decisions (quarterback).

• Maximum arousal level is higher when: skills are mostly large muscle actions (weight lifter) or simple decisions are needed (cross country skiing).

• Maximum arousal level is higher when: skills are mostly large muscle actions (weight lifter) or simple decisions are needed (cross country skiing).

3) Individualizing zones of optimal functioning3) Individualizing zones of optimal functioning• Athletes have a zone of optimal state

anxiety in which their best performance occurs.

• Does NOT have to be at the midpoint of the continuum, but varies with each person

• Optimal level is NOT one point, but a bandwidth.

• Athletes have a zone of optimal state anxiety in which their best performance occurs.

• Does NOT have to be at the midpoint of the continuum, but varies with each person

• Optimal level is NOT one point, but a bandwidth.

Individualizing Zones of Optimal Functioning – cont.Individualizing Zones of Optimal Functioning – cont.

4) Other Theories - un-tested or little support4) Other Theories - un-tested or little support

a) Multidimensional Anxiety Theory

• Looks at how somatic anxiety and cognitive anxiety affect performance.

b) Catastrophe Model – performance deteriorates with worry + high physical arousal

c) Reversal – how the athlete interprets arousal will impact performance. (Can shift positive to negative and vice versa.)

a) Multidimensional Anxiety Theory

• Looks at how somatic anxiety and cognitive anxiety affect performance.

b) Catastrophe Model – performance deteriorates with worry + high physical arousal

c) Reversal – how the athlete interprets arousal will impact performance. (Can shift positive to negative and vice versa.)

Anxiety – Direction and intensityAnxiety – Direction and intensity

• How an athlete interprets the direction of anxiety (facilitating or debilitating) has a significant effect on the anxiety-performance relationship.

• How an athlete interprets the direction of anxiety (facilitating or debilitating) has a significant effect on the anxiety-performance relationship.

Anxiety – Direction and intensity – cont.Anxiety – Direction and intensity – cont.• To understand the anxiety-

performance relationship, both the intensity (how much anxiety one feels) and direction (a person’s interpretation of anxiety as being facilitating or debilitating to performance) must be considered.

• Coaches should help athletes realize that arousal & anxiety are conditions of excitement - not fear

• To understand the anxiety-performance relationship, both the intensity (how much anxiety one feels) and direction (a person’s interpretation of anxiety as being facilitating or debilitating to performance) must be considered.

• Coaches should help athletes realize that arousal & anxiety are conditions of excitement - not fear

Significance of Arousal-Performance ViewsSignificance of Arousal-Performance Views• Arousal and state anxiety do not always have a

negative effect on performance—they can be facilitative or debilitative depending on the interpretation.

• Self-confidence and enhanced perceptions of control are critical to perceiving anxiety as facilitative.

• Arousal and state anxiety do not always have a negative effect on performance—they can be facilitative or debilitative depending on the interpretation.

• Self-confidence and enhanced perceptions of control are critical to perceiving anxiety as facilitative.

Significance of Arousal-Performance Views – cont.Significance of Arousal-Performance Views – cont.• Some optimal level of arousal leads to peak

performance, but the optimal levels of physiological activation and arousal-related thoughts (worry) are not the same.

• Interaction of physiological activation and arousal interpretation is more important than actual levels of each.

• Some optimal level of arousal leads to peak performance, but the optimal levels of physiological activation and arousal-related thoughts (worry) are not the same.

• Interaction of physiological activation and arousal interpretation is more important than actual levels of each.

Significance of Arousal-Performance Views – cont.Significance of Arousal-Performance Views – cont.• Psyching-up” strategies should be employed

with caution because it is difficult to recover from a catastrophe.

• Athletes should have well-practiced self-talk, imagery, and goal-setting skills for coping with anxiety.

• Psyching-up” strategies should be employed with caution because it is difficult to recover from a catastrophe.

• Athletes should have well-practiced self-talk, imagery, and goal-setting skills for coping with anxiety.

Why does arousal influence performance?Why does arousal influence performance?• Increases in arousal cause muscle to

become more tense and this may interfere with coordination

• Increases in arousal cause muscle to become more tense and this may interfere with coordination

Attention and concentration changesAttention and concentration changes

Normally:

Increased arousalIncreased arousal

• Increased arousal causes a narrowing of a performer’s attentional field, misses important cues AND they scan the field of play less often.

• Increased arousal causes a narrowing of a performer’s attentional field, misses important cues AND they scan the field of play less often.

Under-arousedUnder-aroused

• Attention & concentration change– Under-aroused, the focus is too broad – sees

relevant AND irrelevant cues

• Attention & concentration change– Under-aroused, the focus is too broad – sees

relevant AND irrelevant cues

Implications for practiceImplications for practice

1) Identify the optimal combination of arousal related emotions needed for best performance

a) Help athletes find this combination

b) Help athletes use strategies to maintain this combination.

1) Identify the optimal combination of arousal related emotions needed for best performance

a) Help athletes find this combination

b) Help athletes use strategies to maintain this combination.

Implications for practiceImplications for practice

• Recognize how personal and situational factors interact to influence arousal, anxiety, and performance

• Recognize how personal and situational factors interact to influence arousal, anxiety, and performance

Implications for practiceImplications for practice

3) Recognize the signs of increased arousal and anxiety in participants

– cold, clammy hands– need to urinate frequently,– profuse sweating,– negative self-talk– dazed look in the eyes– increased muscle tension– butterflies in stomach– feel ill, headache, dry mouth, constantly sick,

trouble sleeping, can't concentrate, performs better in noncompetitive situations.

3) Recognize the signs of increased arousal and anxiety in participants

– cold, clammy hands– need to urinate frequently,– profuse sweating,– negative self-talk– dazed look in the eyes– increased muscle tension– butterflies in stomach– feel ill, headache, dry mouth, constantly sick,

trouble sleeping, can't concentrate, performs better in noncompetitive situations.

Implications for practice – cont.Implications for practice – cont.

Tailor coaching & instructional practices to individuals.

Ex- High trait anxiety + low self-esteem in a very evaluative situation = de-emphasize situation and stress athlete’s preparation.

Tailor coaching & instructional practices to individuals.

Ex- High trait anxiety + low self-esteem in a very evaluative situation = de-emphasize situation and stress athlete’s preparation.

• Moderate levels of trait anxiety + moderate self esteem in high stress = ok

• Low trait anxiety + high self-esteem in a non-threatening environment = must have pep talk

• Moderate levels of trait anxiety + moderate self esteem in high stress = ok

• Low trait anxiety + high self-esteem in a non-threatening environment = must have pep talk

Implications for practice – cont.Implications for practice – cont.

Develop confidence in performers to help them cope with increased stress and anxiety.

• To increase confidence:– foster a positive environment, i.e., give

frequent and sincere encouragement– instill a positive orientation to mistakes and

losing. If losing becomes too important, they won’t get better.

– provide many simulation situations – practice for the unexpected.

Develop confidence in performers to help them cope with increased stress and anxiety.

• To increase confidence:– foster a positive environment, i.e., give

frequent and sincere encouragement– instill a positive orientation to mistakes and

losing. If losing becomes too important, they won’t get better.

– provide many simulation situations – practice for the unexpected.