Supplementary data. Safety parameters and lipids (mean ± SD) measured in plasma samples taken from healthy young and aged women and

men before (0 h) and 4 and 24 h after ingestion of a single oral dose of 98 mg curcuminoids in the form of native curcumin (NC), native

curcumin plus phytochemicals (sesamin, ferulic acid, naringenin, xanthohumol; NCP), micellar curcumin (MC) or micellar curcumin plus

phytochemicals (MCP)a

Parameter Time

[h]

Formulation Young women

(n=6)

Aged women

(n=5)

Young men

(n=6)

Aged men

(n=6)

P < All

γ-GT [U/L] 0 h NC 12.2 ± 3.4a 18.6 ± 7.5a,b 19.2 ± 2.9a,b 22.2 ± 5.7b 0.05 17.8 ± 6.0

Reference Range NCP 12.0 ± 3.3 21.0 ± 9.4 18.3 ± 2.5 20.2 ± 4.6 ns 17.6 ± 6.2

Women < 40 U/L MC 12.5± 3.0 20.2 ± 9.9 17.7± 2.0 19.2 ± 3.6 ns 17.2 ± 5.8

Men < 60 U/L MCP 11.3 ± 2.5a 20.0 ± 8.1b 19.2 ± 3.0a,b 22.0 ± 4.2b 0.05 17.9 ± 6.1

P < ns ns ns ns ns

4h NC 12.0 ± 2.3 18.8 ± 6.9 19.3 ± 3.7 22.0 ± 4.3 0.01 17.8 ± 5.6

NCP 11.8 ± 3.5 19.2 ± 8.3 18.5 ± 2.7 20.4 ± 4.4 ns 17.3 ± 5.8

MC 13.7 ± 3.7 19.8 ± 8.8 16.8 ± 2.8 19.4 ± 3.1 ns 17.2 ± 5.3

MCP 11.2 ± 2.9a 20.0 ± 8.3b,c 18.7 ± 3.4a,b 21.4 ± 3.4b,c 0.05 17.6 ± 6.1

P < ns ns ns ns ns

24h NC 12.0 ± 2.6a 18.6 ± 7.1a,b 19.3± 3.1a,b 22.2 ± 4.8b 0.05 17.8 ± 5.7

NCP 12.8 ± 4.1 20.4 ± 7.8 18.5 ± 3.1 20.4 ± 3.9 ns 17.8 ± 5.6

MC 12.8 ± 2.0 20.0 ± 8.8 17.8 ± 2.9 26.8 ± 13.8 ns 17.9 ± 6.2

MCP 11.5 ± 2.0a 19.8 ± 8.4a,b 19.0 ± 3.4a,b 22.0 ± 4.8b 0.05 17.8 ± 6.2

P < ns ns ns ns ns

AST [U/L] 0h NC 19.2 ± 5.5 19.4 ± 3.4 23.3 ± 3.0 25.7 ± 3.6 ns 21.8 ± 4.7

Reference Range NCP 17.7 ± 3.9 18.0 ± 1.6 23.3 ± 3.9 23.8 ± 1.4 ns 21.5 ± 5.2

Women < 35 U/L MC 17.6 ± 2.5 21.8 ± 3.8 25.5 ± 6.7 26.0 ± 4.2 ns 22.5 ± 5.1

Men < 50 U/L MCP 18.7 ± 4.1a 20.2 ± 3.8a 22.0 ± 1.4a 28.8 ± 4.1b 0.05 22.6 ± 5.4

P < ns ns ns ns ns

4h NC 19.5 ± 4.8 19.0 ± 3.7A 24.3 ± 2.9 25.3 ± 5.0 ns 21.9 ± 5.0

NCP 17.8 ± 4.1 19.4 ± 4.0A 23.3 ± 4.3 23.6 ± 1.8 ns 21.3 ± 5.2

MC 19.6 ± 3.4 22.8 ± 4.7B 25.2 ± 6.9 24.8 ± 1.6 ns 23.4 ± 5.4

MCP 18.3 ± 3.7a 19.4 ± 4.9a,A 22.4 ± 2.1a,b 28.2 ± 4.0b 0.01 22.3 ± 5.5

P < ns 0.05 ns ns ns

24h NC 17.8 ± 4.4 19.0 ± 2.3 22.3 ± 2.9 23.8 ± 4.1 ns 20.7 ± 4.3

NCP 18.5 ± 2.4 a 19.6 ± 2.7a,b 23.3 ± 3.9a,b 24.3 ± 3.6b 0.05 21.1 ± 3.6

MC 17.4 ± 3.4 20.8 ± 3.8 26.7 ± 9.7 26.2 ± 4.5 ns 25.0 ±

14.2

MCP 18.5 ± 4.6a 20.4 ± 4.2a,b 22.2 ± 3.6a,b 26.5 ± 3.8b 0.05 22.1 ± 5.0

P < ns ns ns ns ns

ALT [U/L] 0h NC 16.2 ± 5.8 15.8 ± 1.1 19.7 ± 7.5 19.5 ± 4.8 ns 16.9 ± 4.3

Reference Range NCP 13.0 ± 2.7 17.8 ± 3.8 22.5 ± 8.0 18.8 ± 6.4 ns 17.7 ± 5.9

Women < 35 U/L MC 14.4 ± 2.6 19.8 ± 3.7 19.7 ± 7.2 18.0 ± 7.3 ns 17.3 ± 5.0

Men < 50 U/L MCP 13.3 ± 2.9 18.2 ± 2.2 17.6 ± 3.2 19.3 ± 5.5 ns 17.0 ± 4.2

P < ns ns ns ns ns

4h NC 15.7 ± 6.1 15.6 ± 0.5 19.7 ± 7.8 19.7 ± 6.3 ns 17.5 ± 6.1

NCP 13.0 ± 2.5 16.8 ± 3.4 21.5 ± 8.2 18.2 ± 6.9 ns 17.7 ± 6.4

MC 14.6 ± 4.0 19.8 ± 3.0 19.7 ± 8.7 18.5 ± 7.5 ns 18.2 ± 6.5

MCP 12.2 ± 3.5 17.2 ± 2.3 18.0 ± 3.4 17.8 ± 5.9 ns 17.2 ± 4.2

P < ns ns ns ns ns

24h NC 15.2 ± 5.6 16.4 ± 1.1 18.7 ± 6.9 19.5 ± 5.7 ns 17.3 ± 5.4

NCP 13.5 ± 2.2 17.2 ± 2.7 21.2 ± 7.2 18.0 ± 5.9 ns 17.7 ± 5.5

MC 13.8 ± 2.8 19.0 ± 2.5 18.0 ± 4.6 18.4 ± 8.3 ns 20.9 ±

14.0

MCP 12.5 ± 2.7 19.4 ± 3.3 18.4 ± 5.0 18.8 ± 5.4 ns 17.4 ± 4.8

P < ns ns ns ns ns

Alkaline

Phosphatase [U/L]

Reference Range:

Women < 35-105

U/L

Men < 40-130 U/L

0h NC 57.3 ± 13.6 73.4 ± 15.9 60.2 ± 13.4 69.8 ± 22.6A ns 64.1 ±

17.6

NCP 52.2 ± 9.1 75.2 ± 14.7 60.0 ± 12.9 71.7 ± 23.5A ns 63.6 ±

18.1

MC 57.2 ± 13.2 73.6 ± 18.8 53.0 ± 3.7 71.0 ± 25.5A ns 64.7 ±

18.7

MCP 55.3 ± 11.4 71.8 ± 15.5 58.0 ± 9.3 77.8 ± 27.7B ns 65.1 ±

19.7

P < ns ns ns 0.05 ns

4h NC 58.0 ± 13.4A,B 73.2 ± 15.3 60.5 ± 15.0 70.2 ± 23.4A ns 65.1 ±

17.3

NCP 54.7± 10.4A 75.4 ± 16.0 60.3 ± 13.0 75.2 ± 24.6A,B ns 66.0 ±

18.3

MC 60.2 ± 10.4B 75.2 ± 17.5 58.2 ± 15.7 73.0 ± 25.3A,B ns 66.3 ±

18.5

MCP 54.8 ± 11.1A 71.6 ± 13.5 57.2 ± 10.1 77.8 ± 25.1B ns 65.1 ±

18.1

P < 0.05 ns ns 0.01 ns

24h NC 56.8 ± 14.6 71.0 ± 15.9 59.7 ± 14.2 70.5 ± 23.6 ns 64.2 ±

17.6

NCP 53.3 ± 10.2 75.0 ± 15.9 63.2 ± 12.4 74.8 ± 25.3 ns 66.2 ±

18.3

MC 56.7 ± 13.6 73.0 ± 19.6 57.5 ± 11.7 76.8 ± 24.7 ns 65.7 ±

19.2

MCP 52.3 ± 10.1 73.0 ± 16.0 58.3 ± 11.8 76.2 ± 25.9 ns 64.6 ±

18.9

P < ns ns ns ns ns

Creatinine [mg/dL] 0h NC 0.7 ± 0.1a 0.7 ± 0.1a 0.9 ± 0.1b 0.8 ± 0.0a,b 0.01 0.8 ± 0.1

Reference Range: NCP 0.7 ± 0.1a 0.7 ± 0.1a 0.9 ± 0.1b 0.8 ± 0.1a,b 0.001 0.8 ± 0.1

Women < 0.5-1.00

mg/dL

MC 0.7 ± 0.0 a 0.7 ± 0.1a 1.0 ± 0.1b 0.8 ± 0.1a,b 0.01 0.8 ± 0.1

Men < 0.7-1.20

mg/dL

MCP 0.8 ± 0.1a 0.7 ± 0.1a 0.9 ± 0.1b 0.9 ± 0.1a,b 0.05 0.8 ± 0.1

P < ns Ns ns ns ns

4h NC 0.7 ± 0.1a 0.7 ± 0.1a 0.8 ± 0.0b 0.8 ± 0.0b 0.05 0.8 ± 0.1

NCP 0.7 ± 0.1a 0.7 ± 0.1a 0.9 ± 0.1b 0.8 ± 0.1a,b 0.01 0.8 ± 0.1

MC 0.7 ± 0.0 0.7 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0.1 ns 0.7 ± 0.1

MCP 0.7 ± 0.0a,b 0.7 ± 0.1a 0.8 ± 0.0b 0.8 ± 0.1a,b 0.05 0.8 ± 0.1

P < ns Ns ns ns ns

24h NC 0.8 ± 0.1a 0.7 ± 0.1a 1.0 ± 0.1b 0.9 ± 0.1a,b 0.01 0.9 ± 0.1

NCP 0.8 ± 0.0a,b 0.7 ± 0.1a 0.9 ± 0.1b 0.9 ± 0.1b 0.05 0.8 ± 0.1

MC 0.8 ± 0.0a 0.8 ± 0.1a 1.0 ± 0.1b 0.9 ± 0.0b 0.05 0.9 ± 0.1

MCP 0.8 ± 0.0a 0.8 ± 0.1a 0.9 ± 0.1b 0.9 ± 0.1a,b 0.05 0.8 ± 0.1

P < ns ns ns ns ns

Bilirubin [mg/dL] 0h NC 0.6 ± 0.3 0.7 ± 0.3 1.4 ± 1.0 0.7 ± 0.1A ns 0.8 ±

0.5A,B

Reference Range: NCP 0.6 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.2 1.1 ± 0.6 0.8 ± 0.1A,B ns 0.8 ±

0.4A,B

Women < 1.10

mg/dL

MC 0.5 ± 0.2 0.6 ± 0.2 1.4 ± 1.1 0.7 ± 0.2A ns 0.8 ± 0.6A

Men < 1.10 mg/dL MCP 0.7 ± 0.3 0.6 ± 0.2 1.4 ± 1.3 1.2 ± 0.5B ns 0.9 ± 0.5B

P < ns ns ns 0.01 0.01

4h NC 0.5 ± 0.2 0.4 ± 0.1 1.3 ± 1.0 0.6 ± 0.1A ns 0.7 ± 0.5

NCP 0.5 ± 0.2 0.5 ± 0.2 1.0 ± 0.5 0.7 ± 0.2A,B ns 0.7 ± 0.4

MC 0.5 ± 0.2 0.5 ± 0.1 1.2 ± 1.1 0.6 ± 0.1A ns 0.7 ± 0.5

MCP 0.6 ± 0.3 0.5 ± 0.2 1.3 ± 1.3 0.8 ± 0.2B ns 0.7 ± 0.5

P < ns ns ns 0.01 ns

24h NC 0.5 ± 0.2 0.5 ± 0.1 1.2 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.2 ns 0.7 ± 0.5

NCP 0.6 ± 0.2 0.6 ± 0.2 0.9 ± 0.5 0.7 ± 0.2 ns 0.7 ± 0.4

MC 0.5 ± 0.2 0.6 ± 0.1 1.1 ± 0.9 0.6 ± 0.2 ns 0.7 ± 0.4

MCP 0.5 ± 0.2 0.6 ± 0.2 1.0 ± 0.9 0.7 ± 0.2 ns 0.7 ± 0.4

P < ns ns ns ns ns

Uric acid [mg/dL] 0h NC 3.9 ± 0.5a 4.2 ± 1.3a,b 5.7 ± 0.7b 5.3 ± 0.7a,b,A,B 0.05 4.8 ± 1.1

Reference Range: NCP 4.3 ± 1.0 4.3 ± 1.2 5.1 ± 1.1 5.4 ± 0.7A,B ns 4.7 ± 1.0

Women < 6.0

mg/dL

MC 4.4 ± 0.7 4.1 ± 1.0 5.2 ± 1.1 5.0 ± 0.6A ns 4.7 ± 0.9

Men < 7.0 mg/dL MCP 4.4 ± 0.7 4.4 ± 1.3 5.6 ± 1.3 5.8 ± 1.1B ns 5.1 ± 1.3

P < ns ns ns 0.05 0.05

4h NC 3.9 ± 0.7 4.0 ± 1.3 5.2 ± 0.7 5.0 ± 0.7A,B ns 4.5 ± 1.0

NCP 4.0 ± 0.9 4.0 ± 1.2 4.8 ± 1.0 5.1 ± 0.6A,B ns 4.5 ± 1.0

MC 3.9 ± 0.7 3.7 ± 1.0 5.1 ± 0.9 4.8 ± 0.5A ns 4.4 ± 0.9

MCP 4.0 ± 0.7 4.1 ± 1.4 5.1 ± 1.1 5.5 ± 1.0B ns 4.7 ± 1.2

P < ns ns ns 0.05 ns

24h NC 4.1 ± 0.8 4.2 ± 1.2 5.1 ± 0.8 5.3 ± 0.8 ns 4.7 ± 1.0

NCP 4.1 ± 0.8 4.2 ± 0.9 4.9 ± 0.9 4.9 ± 0.7 ns 4.5 ± 0.9

MC 4.4 ± 0.5 4.0 ± 0.9 4.9 ± 1.0 4.9 ± 0.4 ns 4.6 ± 0.8

MCP 4.0 ± 0.7 4.1 ± 1.1 4.9 ± 0.9 5.3 ± 0.9 ns 4.6 ± 1.0

P < ns ns ns ns ns

Total Cholesterol

[mg/dL]

0h NC 187.2 ± 35.9a,b 216.6 ± 9.6a,b 174.5 ± 10.5a 220.0 ± 28.4b 0.05 198.8 ±

30.2

Reference Range: NCP 176.2 ± 36.1a,b 218.6 ± 15.7a 158.5 ± 15.0b 222.2 ± 38.0a 0.05 192.8 ±

38.8

Women < 200

mg/dL

MC 180.8 ± 38.5a,b 218.8 ± 8.6a 165.8 ± 21.2b 219.5 ± 25.5a 0.05 195.3 ±

34.3

Men < 200 mg/dL MCP 188.3 ± 32.3 213.6 ± 15.6 169.3 ± 17.5 212.5 ± 30.2 ns 195.2 ±

30.2

P < ns ns ns ns ns

4h NC 184.8 ± 45.1 210,4 ± 16.7 173.8 ± 10.8A 216.5 ± 24.6 ns 195.3 ±

32.aA

NCP 156.4 ± 15.4a,b 201.0 ± 11.0a,c 153.2 ± 18.9b,B 220.3 ± 35.3c 0.05 184.8 ±

38.4B

MC 185.2 ± 42.2a,b,c 216.2 ± 6.0a,c 163.7 ± 17.7b,A,B 219.0 ± 26.6c 0.05 194.2 ±

35.1A

MCP 180.0 ± 35.3 205.4 ± 13.6 164.5 ± 14.5A,B 202.8 ± 25.6 ns 186.2 ±

28.5A,B

P < ns ns 0.05 ns 0.05

24h NC 190.0 ± 36.2a,b 217.2 ± 15.6a,b 176.8 ± 13.0 a 220.2 ± 23.3A,B 0.05 199.1 ±

29.2A

NCP 181.7 ± 37.0a,b,c 219.2 ± 12.0a,c 162.3 ± 13.7b 224.5 ± 31.5c,A 0.05 194.2 ±

36.1A,B

MC 180.7 ± 39.0a,b,c 219.8 ± 11.3a,c 168.0 ± 22.2 b 223.3 ± 31.1c,A,B 0.05 195.4 ±

36.2A,B

MCP 183.8 ± 40.8 201.5 ± 11.9 168.2 ± 15.0 209.0 ± 30.5B ns 189.6 ±

31.1B

P < ns ns ns 0.05 0.05

Triacylglycerols

[mg/dL]

0h NC 78.7 ± 34.4 116.4 ± 43.3 76.7 ± 20.5 97.5 ± 40.5 ns 91.3 ±

36.5

Reference Range: NCP 73.3 ± 40.8 106.6 ± 38.7 80.0 ± 18.4 89.7 ± 40.0 ns 86.6 ±

35.3

Women < 200

mg/dL

MC 58.4 ± 12.3a 106.6 ± 40.0b 76.0 ± 15.9a,b 87.2 ± 21.7a,b 0.05 84.7 ±

30.5

Men < 200 mg/dL MCP 73.5 ± 29.5 113.0 ± 28.4 82.5 ± 28.4 90.0 ± 31.7 ns 88.7 ±

31.1

P < ns ns ns ns ns

4h NC 91.2 ± 46.5 182.8 ± 81.4 110.2 ± 59.9 156.3 ± 74.3 ns 125.2 ±

62.2

NCP 84.5 ± 38.5 174.6 ± 100.2 100.5 ± 24.8 136.0 ± 47.2 ns 111.7 ±

42.1

MC 69.6 ± 17.1 166.0 ± 77.6 100.0 ± 23.4 167.0 ± 90.7 ns 123.3 ±

67.1

MCP 82.2 ± 34.5 166.2 ± 74.2 88.8 ± 18.5 145.8 ± 75.5 ns 120.3 ±

64.3

P < ns ns ns ns ns

24h NC 82.3 ± 41.2 123.0 ± 39.3 75.8 ± 16.7 109.5 ± 33.4 ns 96.6 ±

36.9

NCP 80.8 ± 56.0 109.4 ± 30.0 71.0 ± 27.3 88.7 ± 20.4 ns 86.5 ±

36.5

MC 88.7 ± 57.6 115.6 ± 38.8 69.7 ± 22.0 105.3 ± 40.2 ns 93.9 ±

42.6

MCP 71.5 ± 37.5 102.4 ± 33.5 74.0 ± 15.7 102.5 ± 50.6 ns 87.0 ±

37.3

P < ns ns ns ns ns

HDL cholesterol

[mg/dL]

0h NC 68.8 ± 13.4 58.8 ± 10.6 54.5 ± 6.0 54.3 ± 9.7 ns 59.1 ±

11.3

Reference Range: NCP 64.5 ± 8.8 57.6 ± 11.6 51.2 ± 11.1 53.2 ± 12.4 ns 56.6 ±

11.5

Women 35 - 100

mg/dL

MC 64.7 ± 15.7 58.4 ± 8.6 50.2 ± 4.9 54.7 ± 11.8 ns 56.9 ±

11.7

Men 35 - 100

mg/dL

MCP 66.8 ± 10.6 56.4 ± 9.1 58.3 ± 8.9 53.8 ± 11.2 ns 59.0 ±

10.6

P < ns ns ns ns ns

4 h NC 66.8 ± 13.7 55.0 ± 9.7 54.0 ± 4.9 53.0 ± 10.5 ns 55.8 ± 8.8

NCP 62.5 ± 9.9 52.4 ± 10.6 49.0 ± 11.1 52.7 ± 11.6 ns 53.2 ±

10.5

MC 61.5 ± 14.2 55.8 ± 8.2 48.2 ± 5.8 53.0 ± 11.9 ns 55.9 ±

12.5

MCP 65.2 ± 13.2 57.5 ± 2.6 56.2 ± 9,6 51.5 ± 10.7 ns 55.2 ± 9.4

P < ns ns ns ns ns

24h NC 67.5 ± 10.9 a 56.2 ± 8.8a,b 52.7 ± 5.9b 54.3 ± 7.9a,b 0.05 57.7 ±

10.0

NCP 67.0 ± 11.0 57.4 ± 10.6 53.3 ± 12.2 55.7 ± 11.2 ns 58.4 ±

11.9

MC 63.8 ± 16.3 58.2 ± 8.0 51.5 ± 6.4 55.5 ± 12.3 ns 57.2 ±

11.7

MCP 66.7 ± 11.4 54.0 ± 9.2 57.2 ± 9.7 52.8 ± 9.6 ns 57.8 ±

10.9

P < ns ns ns ns ns

LDL cholesterol

[mg/dL]

0 h NC 111.5 ± 26.1 a 146.6 ± 12.8b 112.7 ± 7.5a 155.0 ± 22.1b 0.05 130.8 ±

26.8

Reference Range: NCP 87.0 ± 11.3a 153.0 ± 2.7b 101.5 ± 11.0a 154.3 ± 26.3b 0.001 124.9 ±

33.7

Women < 155

mg/dL

MC 109.8 ± 27.4a 146.4 ± 7.3b 109.0 ± 17.6a 145.6 ± 6.5b 0.05 128.6 ±

27.2

Men < 155 mg/dL MCP 104.0 ± 8.3a 144.6 ± 15.3b 104.8 ± 12.7a 150.3 ± 22.1b 0.01 127.3 ±

26.6

P < ns ns ns ns ns

4h NC 109.3 ± 32.5a ,A,B 141.0 ± 17.8a,b,A,B 111.8 ± 8.4a,A 152.3 ± 17.3b 0.05 128.1 ±

27.3A

NCP 83.6 ± 9.3a ,A 133.8 ± 11.6b,A 98.7 ± 14.1a,B 151.8 ± 25.7b 0.05 119.7 ±

32.6B

MC 116.7 ± 30.4a,b,B 143.6 ± 9.9a,B 104.0 ± 13.5b,A,B 149.5 ± 19.1a 0.05 127.8 ±

26.9A

MCP 106.7 ± 20.6a,b,A,B 135.2 ± 15.2a,c,A,B 101.5 ± 9.7b,A,B 141.8 ± 21.1c 0.05 120.7 ±

24.2B

P < 0.05 0.05 0.05 ns 0.05

24h NC 114.5 ± 26.7a,b,A,C 147.2 ± 18.7a,c 112.3 ± 9.3b 153.3 ± 16.6c 0.05 131.2 ±

25.9A

NCP 90.0 ± 10.5a,B 148.2 ± 14.3b 103.7 ± 11.0a 156.5 ± 21.5b 0.001 126.8 ±

32.4A,B

MC 98.2 ± 12.0 a,C,B 147.0 ± 11.7b 111.5 ± 16.3a 153.3 ± 19.5b 0.01 129.6 ±

28.2A,B

MCP 109.2 ± 25.4a,C,B 139.0 ± 15.8a,b 105.0 ± 8.7a 148.5 ± 23.5b 0.05 124.8 ±

26.6B

P < 0.05 ns ns ns 0.05

LDL/ HDL

cholesterol ratio

Reference Range:

Women 0.5 - 3.5

Men 0.5 - 3.5

0h NC 1.7 ± 0.4a,A,B 2.6 ± 0.7b 2.1 ± 0.3a,b 2.9 ± 0.5b 0.05 2.3 ± 0.7

NCP 1.6 ± 0.6a,A 2.7 ± 0.7b 2.1 ± 0.6a,b 3.0 ± 0.6b 0.05 2.3 ± 0.8

MC 2.0 ± 0.6B 2.3 ± 0.8 2.3 ± 0.4 2.8 ± 0.8 ns 2.3 ± 0.7

MCP 1.7 ± 0.4a,A,B 2.3 ± 0.2a,b 1.8 ± 0.3a 2.9 ± 0.6b 0.01 2.2 ± 0.7

P < 0.05 ns ns ns ns

4h NC 1.6 ± 0.5a,A,B 2.6 ± 0.8b 2.1 ± 0.3a,b 3.0 ± 0.5b 0.05 2.3 ± 0.7

NCP 1.4 ± 0.2a,A 2.7 ± 0.7b 2.1 ± 0.6a,b 2.9 ± 0.7b 0.05 2.3 ± 0.8

MC 2.1 ± 0.6B 2.3 ± 0.1 2.3 ± 0.4 2.7 ± 0.1.1 ns 2.4 ± 0.7

MCP 1.7 ± 0.4a,A,B 2.3 ± 0.2a,b 1.8 ± 0.3a 2.9 ± 0.6b 0.01 2.2 ± 0.8

P < 0.05 ns ns ns ns

24h NC 1.5 ± 0.2a,A,B 2.7 ± 0.7b 2.2 ± 0.3a,b 2.9 ± 0.4b,A,B 0.01 2.3 ± 0.6

NCP 1.3 ± 0.2a,A 2.7 ± 0.7b 2.0 ± 0.6a,b 2.9 ± 0.5b,A,B 0.01 2.3 ± 0.8

MC 2.1 ± 0.7B 2.3 ± 0.8 2.5 ± 0.5 2.6 ± 0.7A ns 2.3 ± 0.6

MCP 1.7 ± 0.4a,A,B 2.7 ± 0.8b,c 1.9 ± 0.3a,b 2.7 ± 0.5c,B 0.05 2.2 ± 0.7

P < 0.05 ns 0.05 ns ns

Cystatin C [mg/L] 0h NC 1.0 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.1 ns 1.0 ± 0.1

Reference Range: NCP 1.0 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.1 ns 1.0 ± 0.1

Women 0.47 - 1.09

mg/L

MC 1.0 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.1 ns 1.0 ± 0.1

Men 0.47 - 1.09

mg/L

MCP 1.0 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.2 1.1 ± 0.1 ns 1.0 ± 0.1

P < ns ns ns ns ns

4h NC 0.9 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.1 ns 1.0 ± 0.1

NCP 1.0 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.2 1.0 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.1 ns 1.0 ± 0.1

MC 0.9 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.1 ns 1.0 ± 0.1

MCP 0.9 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.1 ns 1.0 ± 0.1

P < ns ns ns ns ns

24h NC 1.0 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.2 1.0 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.1 ns 1.0 ± 0.1

NCP 1.0 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.1 ns 1.0 ± 0.1

MC 1.0 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.1 ns 1.0 ± 0.1

MCP 1.0 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.2 1.0 ± 0.2 1.2 ± 0.2 ns 1.0 ± 0.2

P < ns ns ns ns nsa Repeated-measure, one-way ANOVA was performed to analyse differences between formulations; one-way ANOVA was used to analyse

differences between treatment groups. Values within a line not sharing a common lower case letter and values within a column not sharing a

common capital letter are significantly different at the given P-value.