Supplementary data

Table A. 1. Fauna list of large mammals from the late Middle Pleistocene of Thum Wiman Nakin (modified from Tougard, 2001).

Mammalia

Primates

Cercopithecidae

Macaca cf. nemestrina

Trachypithecus sp.

Hominidae

Pongo pygmaeus

Homo sp.

Carnivora

Ursidae

Ursus thibetanus

Ailuropoda melanoleuca baconi

Mustelidae

Martes flavigula

Arctonyx collaris rostratus

Viverridae

Paradoxurus hermaphroditus

Paguma larvata

Hyaenidae

Crocuta crocuta ultima

Proboscidea

Elephantidae

Elephas cf. maximus

Perissodactyla

Tapiridae

Tapirus indicus

Rhinocerotidae

Rhinoceros sondaicus

Rhinoceros cf. unicornis

Artiodactyla

Suidae

Sus cf. barbatus

Sus scrofa

Cervidae

Axis porcinus

Cervus eldii

Cervidae indet.

Rusa unicolor

Muntiacus muntjak

Bovidae

Bos frontalis

Bos javanicus

Bos sauveli

Bubalus bubalis

Capricornis sumatraensis

Table A. 2. Dental measurements of fossil spotted hyaenas used for log-ratio diagrams. Some

measurements are provided by the literatures.

Upper dentition

Specimen Taxon Locality L W References

IVPP V05198.2 C. c. ultima Guanyindong, Qianxi,

Guizhou Province

P2 (right) 18.69 12.82

IVPP V05198.3 C. c. ultima Guanyindong, Qianxi,

Guizhou Province

P4 (right) 43.35 23.87

IVPP V15164. 2 C. c. ultima Xiliexi, Huainan, Anhui

Province

P3 (left) 22.12 17.20 Tseng et al. (2008)

P4 (left) - 21.16

Unnumbered C. c. ultima Upper cave of

Zhoukoudian, Beijing

P4 (left) 42.90 21.00 Pei (1940)

IVPP V05234.19 C. c. ultima Xianrendong, Xichou,

Yunnan Province

P4 (left) 43.17 21.55

UPM M1975 C. c. honanensis Hsinanhsien, Henan

Province

P4 (left) 35.40 20.50 Zdansky (1924)

IVPP V13535 C. c. honanensis Longdan (Nalesi

Town), Dongxiang,

Gansu Province

P1 (right) 5.25 6.41

P2 (right) 16.28 10.80

P3 (right) 18.94 14.48

P4 (right) 35.74 20.20

P1 (left) 5.77 6.25

P2 (left) 16.33 10.80

P3 (left) 19.00 14.59

P4 (left) 35.61 20.21

IVPP V07294 C. c. honanensis Nihewan, Yuxian,

Hebei Province

P1 (left) 5.78 6.72

P2 (left) 15.00 10.20

P3 (left) 20.27 14.39

P4 (left) 35.57 19.11

P2 (right) 15.45 11.12

P3 (right) 20.72 15.19

P4 (right) 35.00 18.79

CJ-0013 C. c. ultima Penghu channel,

Taiwan Strait between

the Penghu Archipelago

and the main island of

Taiwan

P2 (right) 18.16 13.36 Tseng and Chang (2007)

P3 (right) 25.00 18.56

P2 (left) 17.52 13.16

P3 (left) 23.50 19.14

CJ-0038 C. c. ultima Penghu channel, P2 (left) 18.64 13.52 Tseng and Chang (2007)

Taiwan Strait between

the Penghu Archipelago

and the main island of

Taiwan

P3 (left) 25.12 17.78

P4 (left) 41.08 21.12

CJ-0032 C. c. ultima Penghu channel,

Taiwan Strait between

the Penghu Archipelago

and the main island of

Taiwan

P2 (left) 17.71 11.99 Ho et al. (1997)

P3 (left) 25.02 17.69

P4 (left) 37.17 21.84

HL-0001 C. c. ultima Penghu channel,

Taiwan Strait between

the Penghu Archipelago

and the main island of

Taiwan

P1 (left) 6.25 8.09 Ho et al. (1997)

P2 (left) 17.08 11.45

P3 (left) 25.71 19.00

P4 (left) 43.05 21.01

PNL 176 C. c. ultima Phnom Loang, Kampot,

Cambodia

P2 (right) 16.90 11.30 Beden and Guérin (1973)

PNL 178 C. c. ultima Phnom Loang, Kampot,

Cambodia

P3 (right) 24.00 17.10 Beden and Guérin (1973)

PNL 179 C. c. ultima Phnom Loang, Kampot,

Cambodia

P4 (right) 40.20 20.50 Beden and Guérin (1973)

Lower dentition

Specimen Taxon Locality L W References

IVPP V15164. 3-4 C. c. ultima Xiliexi, Huainan, Anhui

Province

p2 (left) 15.52 10.10 Tseng et al. (2008)

m1(left) 24.44 13.11

IVPP V15160 C. c. ultima Dadingshan, Huainan,

Anhui Province

p2 (left) 16.47 11.64 Tseng et al. (2008)

p3 (left) 22.75 16.74

p4 (left) 23.99 14.49

IVPP V15163 C. c. ultima Xiliexi, Huainan, Anhui

Province

p2 (left) 15.70 11.69 Tseng et al. (2008)

p3 (left) 21.99 14.56

p4 (left) 23.96 14.52

Unnumbered C. c. ultima Upper cave of

Zhoukoudian, Beijing

p2 (left) 17.30 13.50 Pei (1940)

p3 (left) 24.01 16.40

p4 (left) 25.20 15.00

m1(left) 35.50 14.60

IVPP V07296 C. c. honanensis Baihaicun, Yushe,

Shanxi Province

p2 (left) 13.65 9.60

p3 (left) 19.70 13.52

p4 (left) 21.35 12.65

m1(left) 23.88 12.22

IVPP V05198.6 C. c. ultima Guanyindong, Qianxi,

Guizhou Province

p3 (right) 23.33 17.67

p4 (right) 26.94 15.42

IVPP V05198.1 C. c. ultima Guanyindong, Qianxi,

Guizhou Province

p2 (right) 17.03 12.14

IVPP V03084 C. c. ultima Laochihe, Lantian,

Shaanxi Province

m1 (right) 33.20 13.23

IVPP V00151a C. c. ultima Xianrendong, Xichou,

Yunnan Province

p2 (right) 17.31 13.31

IVPP V00151b C. c. ultima Xianrendong, Xichou,

Yunnan Province

m1 (left) 32.65 16.04

CJ-0039 C. c. ultima Penghu channel,

Taiwan Strait between

the Penghu Archipelago

and the main island of

Taiwan

p2 (left) 16.50 13.24 Tseng and Chang (2007)

p3 (left) 22.58 17.22

p4 (left) 24.64 15.30

m1 (left) 32.36 14.86

HL-0002 C. c. ultima Penghu channel,

Taiwan Strait between

the Penghu Archipelago

and the main island of

Taiwan

p2 (left) 16.81 10.51 Ho et al. (1997)

p3 (left) 22.91 16.48

p4 (left) 23.01 14.71

m1 (left) 31.42 11.73

PNL 182 C. c. ultima Phnom Loang, Kampot, m1 (left) 33.80 13.10 Beden and Guérin (1973)

Cambodia

Figure A. 1. Bivariate diagrams of lengths (L)/witdths (W) of upper and lower cheek teeth of Asian fossil and African extant spotted hyaenas.