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8/9/2019 ARTH Final Paper
1/17
South Korea’s propaganda against North Korea
ARTH 61/AMES 43
North Korea’s propaganda has been we !nown "or its # ear$ dire#t and %essage& aden posters' ("
)ou *oog e +North Korea propaganda, o-er 1 %i ion ea" et i%ages su#h as "igure 1 wi instant ) pop up
on the website' .o%pared to these pro-o#ati-e posters "ro% North Korea$ South Korea’s propaganda against
North Korea has not gained %u#h attention "ro% the pub i#' Howe-er$ it see%s un i!e ) that in the %idst o"
-arious !inds o" propaganda i%p e%ented b) North Korea$ South Korean go-ern%ent has not initiated its
own propaganda against North Korea' (n "a#t$ South Korea’s propaganda against North Korea has de-e oped
o-er ti%e to %at#h di""erent regi%e’s %oti-ations$ and a though it a#!ed egiti%a#) during the authoritarian
regi%es$ the essened %edia #ensorship and situationa needs ha-e pro-ided the egiti%a#) "or go-ern%ents
to uti i e propaganda against North Korea a ong with the Nationa Se#urit) A#t to ser-e a #ru#ia purpose "or
South Korea'
The propaganda o" an) side o" Korean 0eninsu a #annot be dis#ussed without introdu#ing the Korean
ar$ whi#h was the origin o" a propaganda a#ti-ities' The Korean ar was a resu t o" a po iti#a di-ision
between the two do%inant powers during the period$ the 2nited States and the So-iet 2nion' A"ter the
or d ar (($ the surrender o" the E%pire o" apan e"t the Korean peninsu a with no distin#t po iti#a power
and the 2nited States and the So-iet 2nion both u%ped into the Korean peninsu a to e5ert their po iti#a
in" uen#e' oth sides put %u#h e%phasis on the Korean peninsu a be#ause it was #onsidered as the bu""er
region between both the #o%%unist and de%o#rati# #ountries$ .hina and apan' 2nder the na%e o"
disar%a%ent o" apanese troops$ both sides di-ided the peninsu a a ong the 37 th para e $ and the 2'S
o##upied the South whereas the So-iet 2nion o##upied the North'
The tension between both sides intensi"ied when the North and the South estab ished their own
go-ern%ent8 Ki% ( Sung estab ished a #o%%unist go-ern%ent in the North$ whi e Rhee S)ng%an
estab ished a de%o#rati# go-ern%ent in the South' The North Korea’s Supre%e 0eop e’s Asse%b )
de%anded the o##upation troops’ withdrawa "or the reuni"i#ation o" the Korean peninsu a' (n 1947$ the
So-iet 2nion ar%) withdrew "ro% the North$ whi e the 2nited States ar%) against strong disagree%ent o"
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South Korean go-ern%ent withdrew "ro% the South' Ki% ( Sung$ howe-er$ was not see!ing "or the pea#e"u
reuni"i#ation o" Korean peninsu a' Right a"ter the withdrawa o" the o##upation troops$ the North Korean
go-ern%ent he d a #o-ert %eeting with the So-iet 2nion to obtain the So-iet 2nion’s weapons and the
agree%ent o" the So-iet 2nion and .hina’s troops’ parti#ipation in the war'
0ro#uring the support o" the So-iet 2nion and .hina$ Ki% ( Sung waited "or the appropriate ti%ing$
and on une :; th 4a% #rossed the 37 th para e to in-ade the unprepared South$ where the ha " o" the ar%)
was out on the wee!end$ probab ) sound as eep at ho%e' (t was a trau%ati# e5perien#e "or Korean peop e'
Three )ears and a %onth o" war"are e"t the Korea 0eninsu a ruined and deserted$ %ore than 1< %i ion
peop e were separated "ro% their "a%i ies$ and o-er :'; %i ion #asua ties resu ted "ro% both sides' A%ong
those #asua ties$ Koreans were about 1 %i ion peop e and 7;= o" the% were #i-i ians' oth sides #a ed a
tru#e in 19;3$ whi#h %o%entari ) stopped the bruta war between the sa%e ra#es'
The uni>ue nature o" po iti#a #on" i#t during the Korean ar with the North’s #o%%unis%
sti%u ated the 2nited Nation "or#es to de-e op po iti#a propaganda against #o%%unis% and the So-iet
2nion to dissuade the North Korean and .hinese so diers "ro% parti#ipating in the war' There are %an)
e5a%p es o" the %anipu ati-e and #a #u ated pa%ph ets$ etters and entreaties that 2N "or#es distributed'
?igure :$ "or instan#e$ de%onstrates the 2N "or#es’ e""orts and thoughts put into propaganda' The ea" et
"eatures three di""erent so diers$ the one on the -er) e"t is Sta in$ the pre%ier o" the So-iet 2nion$ who is
pushing the .hinese so dier ne5t to hi%$ and the .hinese so dier in return is pushing the North Korean
so dier ne5t to hi% towards the batt e"ie d' (t represents the idea that the So-iet 2nion is behind the Korean
ar and %ost o" the .hinese so diers and North Korean so diers do not ha-e persona interests in the war$
and "or these so diers su#h war is #ost ) and not worthwhi e to sa#ri"i#e their i-es' ?igure 3 disp a)s another
e5a%p e o" the 2N’s propaganda against ene%ies' This e5a%p e sends %ore dire#t and # ear %essage to
Koreans that #o%%unists ed b) the So-iet 2nion and Ki% ( Sung atte%pt to di-ide Koreans$ whereas 2N
"or#es ed b) the 2nited States stri-e to unite Koreans'
.hinese and North Koreans did not re%ain passi-e toward the 2N "or#es’ propaganda and
i%p e%ented their own !inds o" propaganda against the 2N so diers' The) %ain ) portra)ed the 2N so diers
as pawns in a ga%e p a)ed b) ri#h business%en and >uestioned the 2N so diers o" true %oti-ations "or their
"ight' ?igure 4 suggests the idea that the 2N so diers’ sa#ri"i#e is nothing %ore than the a##u%u ation o"
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wea th "or business%en who en o) their eisure ti%e in ? orida' ?igure ;$ on the other hand$ e i#its great
one iness and so i#itude "ro% so diers b) >uoting @Those who o-e )ou want )ou ba#! ho%e sa"e and
sound' ?(N A AB C2TD (t’s no disgra#e to >uit "ighting in this un ust warD,
oth the 2N "or#es and the North Korea dropped %i ions o" pa%ph ets$ ea" ets and entreaties to
in" uen#e ea#h other$ %ain ) to persuade ene%) to surrender$ but e-en with e5tensi-e use o" propaganda$ it
is not # ear whether su#h aggressi-e propaganda had an) rea e""e#t on both sides'
A though during the Korean ar$ the 2N "or#es initiated the propaganda against North Korea$ a"ter
the war South Korea’s authoritarian go-ern%ent i%p e%ented its own propaganda against North Korea
under the na%e o" nationa se#urit)' Most o" its propaganda was uti i ed to arouse pub i# awareness o" North
Korean spies who #rossed the 37th para e to instigate the #rowd to rebe against the go-ern%ent or to stea
# assi"ied in"or%ation "ro% the inte igen#e o""i#ia s' (n "igure 6$ ( presented 4 di""erent posters that were
#o%%on "ro% 19;
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#ensored %edia to #ut out an) anti&state$ antiapita is% ideas a ong with its propaganda against North
Korea'
Media #ensorship has a wa)s been a part o" po iti#a ta#ti#s "or authoritarian regi%es in South Korea'
The "irst president o" South Korea$ Rhee S)ng%an out awed e"tist newspapers' He a so arrested nu%erous
reporters and pub ishers "or anti&state reports' 0ar! .hung Hee went "urther than that and estab ished his
own radio station and newspaper agen#) to pro%ote his o""i#ia ines' Cn the other hand$ under the
#o%prehensi-e Nationa Se#urit) A#t$ he was ab e to ban an) thing #o%%unisti# or anti&state' ?or instan#e$
boo!s written b) North Korean authors were banned and "i %s were "or#ed to in# ude go-ern%ent ideo og)
ea-ing no roo% "or "i %%a!er’s independent ideas' (t was no #oin#iden#e that this period was the owest
point o" Korean "i % industries' Media #ensorship was at its pea!$ howe-er$ during the .hun oo Hwan
regi%e' (n ate 197
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Korean ar or North Korea$ and un i!e during the 0ar! .hung Hee regi%e$ "i %%a!ers had "reedo% to
e5press their own opinions about the sub e#t' ?or instan#e$ Kang oo Seo! produ#er #reated the "i %
@Si %ido, whi#h dea s with the Si %ido in#ident that happened in 19G1' (n 1967$ the go-ern%ent #reated the
674 2nit in whi#h so diers were trained to be sent to North Korea to !i Ki% ( Sung' Re#ei-ing the
@Mission (%possib e, t)pe goa $ trainers "or 674 2nit pushed so diers to the i%it$ and when so diers were
about to in-ade North Korea$ the South Korea’s go-ern%ent a tered their po i#) against North Korea to
%ore pea#e"u one and dire#ted the trainers to assassinate the so diers to #o-er up the e5isten#e o" the 674
2nit' The in"or%ation$ howe-er$ was ea!ed and 674 2nit so diers !i ed the trainers the%se -es$ hi a#!ed a
bus in (n#heon and entered Seou $ and on the wa) to the ue House$ the) #o%%itted sui#ide b) e5p oding
hand grenades' (t was a s#anda ous in#ident$ in whi#h go-ern%ent ordered the o""i#ia s to !i its own
#iti ens$ and tried to #o-er up the in#ident b) "a se reporting to the pub i# sa)ing the bus had a %e#hani#a
prob e% and e5p oded' More than 1< %i ion peop e wat#hed the %o-ie and there were %u#h #ontro-ers)
about the in#ident a"terwards' Su#h anti&state %o-ie #ou d not ha-e been s#reened to the pub i# be"ore'
Foosened %edia #ensorship did not %ean the end o" propaganda against North Korea' *o-ern%ent
agen#ies and %i itar) organi ations sti produ#ed @the pre-ention o" espionage, posters' ?igure G disp a)s
the propaganda #reated b) the Nationa (nte igen#e Ser-i#e$ one o" whose purpose is to #at#h North Korean
spies' The %ain %essage o" the poster is i" )ou "ind so%eone suspi#ious i!e the person targeted with the red
s>uare in the poster$ )ou shou d i%%ediate ) report the person without hesitation' Another e5a%p e o"
propaganda poster "igure 7I "ro% the Nationa (nte igen#e Ser-i#e "eatures an e)esight test #hart with the
%essage @Here and there in our so#iet)$ there %a) be spies and e"tist o""ender$ internationa #ri%ina s' Bour
reporting %enta it) prote#ts the nationa se#urit)', ) %a!ing the %essage s%a er as it #ontinues to the
ower row$ the poster a so i%p ies that South Korean #iti ens shou d ta!e a # oser oo! at the peop e around
the% to dete#t North Korean spies'
(n spite o" the "a#t that %edia #ensorship has been redu#ed than!s to the de-e op%ent o" de%o#ra#)$
so%e #riti>ues argue that the Nationa (nte igen#e Ser-i#e or po i#e stations’ e""ort to pro%ote su#h
propaganda against North Korea indire#t ) endangers the "reedo% o" e5pressing other ideas' Their %ain
argu%ent is that when these organi ations raise pub i# awareness o" North Korean spies$ the) indire#t )
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#ontro peop e "ro% e5pressing other ideas about the go-ern%ent or ideo og) be#ause the) worr) about
other peop e’s suspi#ious e)es toward the%'
This #on#ern$ no %atter how %u#h truth it entai s$ #annot be usti"ied "or two reasons' ?irst$ as %u#h as
#iti ens ha-e the right to e5press their ideas$ go-ern%ent agen#ies a so ha-e the right to pro%ote whate-er
the) desire' (n this #ase$ the Nationa (nte igen#e Ser-i#e and the 0o i#e are doing their ob b) arousing
pub i# awareness about North Korean spies' (t is a hard "a#t that hundreds o" North Korean spies sti re%ain
a#ti-e in South Korea$ but nowada)s %ore peop e neg e#t su#h truth be#ause the Korean ar see%s too
an#ient and unre ated to their i-es$ espe#ia ) to )ounger generations' There"ore$ "ro% the Nationa
(nte igen#e Ser-i#e’s point o" -iew$ this %a) be the ti%e "or e-en %ore a#ti-e propaganda against North
Korea$ not the ti%e to redu#e the usage be#ause it %a) dis#ourage #iti ens "ro% -o#a i ing other ideas'
Se#ond )$ i" the "reedo% o" e5pression were se#ured "or #iti ens$ peop e wou d not be swa)ed b) one %ain
idea pro%oted b) the go-ern%ent$ be#ause other peop e wi be ab e to present their own ideas on the
sub e#t$ un i!e the period during 0ar! .hung Hee regi%e or .hun oo Hwan regi%e' Ta!e the "i %
@ e #o%e to ong%a!go $, "or e5a%p e' e #o%e to ong%a!go is the %o-ie depi#ting the Korean ar
in a tota ) new perspe#ti-e' The North and South Korean so diers and an A%eri#an so dier end up in a
se# uded -i age #a ed ong%a!go where peop e are ignorant o" the ongoing war between the South and
the North' (n the end$ North and South Korean so diers #ooperate a%ong the%se -es to prote#t the s%a
-i age "ro% the air "or#e atta#!s' The sheer "a#t that North and South Korean so diers #ooperated during the
Korean ar is #ontro-ersia $ but it was s#reened in Korea and o-er 7 %i ion peop e wat#hed the "i %' hen
su#h "i %s #an be s#reened a o-er the #ountr)$ peop e #annot rea ) insist that the Nationa (nte igen#e
Ser-i#e’s propaganda has great e""e#ts in pre-enting the e5pression o" other ideas'
There is$ howe-er$ one sensiti-e issue regarding the -io ation o" "reedo% o" e5pression' A though
%edia #ensorship has been oosened and peop e #an e5press their own ideas through -arious %edia$ the
Nationa Se#urit) A#t$ ena#ted in 1947$ is sti inta#t' The Nationa Se#urit) A#t a ows the go-ern%ent @to
restri#t anti&state a#ts that endanger nationa se#urit) and to prote#t nation’s sa"et) and its peop e’s i"e and
"reedo%', This aw #an a#tua ) threaten South Korean #iti ens’ "reedo% o" e5pression b) b o#!ing an)
#o%%ents the go-ern%ent @dee%s inappropriate', ?or instan#e$ in :
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uri%in o! tweets about North Korea’s po iti#a ideas$ %ain ) pro-o#ati-e %essages towards A%eri#a or
South Korea' South Korean go-ern%ent did not to erate su#h propaganda "ro% North Korea and atte%pted
to b o#! a a##ess to uri%in o! "ro% South Korean #iti ens' Boung Howard$ the president o" Cpen Radio
"or North Korea$ >uoted @0ersona )$ ( a% -er) s!epti#a o" South Korean po i#) to b o#! a eb sites o"
North Korea' e are de%o#ra#)' e don’t ha-e to do this',
An)one #an %a!e a #ase out o" this in#ident that South Korea’s Nationa Se#urit) A#t shou d be
abo ished be#ause it pre-ents the pub i# "ro% a##essing #ertain in"or%ation and as a resu t pre-ents the
"reedo% o" e5pression "or #ertain groups' A though it is so%e sort o" a -io ation o" "reedo% o" e5pression$
the Nationa Se#urit) A#t #an be usti"ied on two grounds' ?irst$ it is a situationa ne#essit)' North Korea is
sti in the atta#! %ode$ and god on ) !nows what North Korea’s go-ern%ent wou d do ne5t to pro-o!e a
war' So%e o" the re#ent in#idents in# ude the North Korean sp) on eong Hwa in#ident$ and .heonanah%
in#ident' on eong Hwa was a North Korean sp) who #a%e to South Korea in :
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pub i#’s attention "ro% go-ern%ent’s "a a#ies$ and ater b) the Nationa (nte igen#e Ser-i#es to %ain )
re%ind #iti ens about the e5isten#e o" North Korea’s pro-o#ations and its se-erit)' A ong with the use o"
propaganda$ %edia #ensorship has been an issue during the authoritarian regi%es$ and a though it is now
di%inished in great a%ount$ the Nationa Se#urit) A#t and the propaganda against North Korea are sti
sub e#t to so%e #riti#is%s that the) -io ate the "reedo% o" e5pression and dis#ourage anti&state thoughts or
ust an) ideas apart "ro% the %ainstrea%' Howe-er$ su#h # ai%s are too "ar&"et#hed and under the
sur-ei an#e o" peop e’s e)es$ the propaganda against North Korea and the Nationa Se#urit) A#t #an ser-e
their purpose o" prote#ting the nation’s sa"et) and its peop e’s i"e and "reedo%'
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Bibliography
Anon)%ous' @ eginners’ *uide to Korean .ine%a', Den of Geek. 6 ?eb' :
8/9/2019 ARTH Final Paper
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&When pro!oking a war of aggression' we will hit ba$k' beginning with the ()*+ :
8/9/2019 ARTH Final Paper
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@Why die for ,ussia-+2N’s propaganda ea" et during the Korean ar
http8//www'aw%'go-'au/e5hibitions/!orea/weapons/propaganda/
3I ?igure 3
ommunists are trying hard to di!ide the Korea. (N is trying to unite Korea+2N’s propaganda ea" et during the Korean ar
http8//www'aw%'go-'au/e5hibitions/!orea/weapons/propaganda/4I ?igure 4
8/9/2019 ARTH Final Paper
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&Mr. Moneybags is in lorida this #hristmas+&Where are you- /n Korea* 0ou risk your life' 1ig 1usiness rakes in the dough+
.hina and North Korea’s propaganda ea" et during the Korean ar http8//www'aw%'go-'au/e5hibitions/!orea/weapons/propaganda/
;I ?igure ;
8/9/2019 ARTH Final Paper
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@?ro en Rations eaten on the run' An) %o%ent he %a) ha-e to run again$ to "ight or die & and so %a) )ou'Those who o-e )ou want )ou ba#! ho%e sa"e and sound'
?(N A AB C2TD(tQs no disgra#e to >uit "ighting in this un ust warD,
.hina and North Korea’s propaganda ea" et during the Korean ar http8//www'aw%'go-'au/e5hibitions/!orea/weapons/propaganda/
6I ?igure 6
8/9/2019 ARTH Final Paper
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1I @(" )ou see a rebe ious #o%%unistI ea" et$ report right awa)D, Top e"tI:I 0o i#e o""i#ers and #iti ens #at#h North Korean spies with one %ind Top rightI3I The pre-ention o" espionage otto% e"tI4I The dete#tion o" ene%) espionage b) )ou and ( prote#ts our i-e ihood otto% rightI
0o i#e Station/Ar%) Head>uarters/ The Ministr) o" Ho%e A""airs/http8//%'!%db'or'!r/re-iew/a-'asp id5O;4
GI ?igure G
8/9/2019 ARTH Final Paper
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&Perhaps- /mmediately*+1999$ The Nationa (nte igent Ser-i#e
http8//www'oh%)news'#o%/N SL eb/-iew/atLpg'asp5 .NTNL. OA
8/9/2019 ARTH Final Paper
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& "ere and there in our so$iety' there may be spies and leftist offender' international $riminals. 0our reporting mentality prote$ts the national se$urity.+
The Nationa (nte igent Ser-i#e
http8//b og'oh%)news'#o%/post9/tag/=E =7?=A.=E.=7A=A4=E =74= <
9I ?igure 9
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&Tweet messages+ May 23 th 4524' urimin6ok7North Korea go!ernment8s tweet a$$ount9http8//twitter'#o%/PD/uri%in o!