2
experiences d o n o t exist. I n t h e same patients w e c a n s e e that t he general adaptation syndrome (GAS) m a y n o t necessarily have Selye's three phases: a schizophrenic ma y have a deep bed- without showing a ny "alarm r e - action"; h is "adaptation" will consist of n o t reacting t o t h e stressor. "Ex- haustion" will, i n fact, become t h e defence o f t h e physically a n d mentally deteriorated organism. H e will survive i n conditions in which a indivi- dual will d i e of septicemia. T h e non- availability of iron ions or certain amino acids will make bacterial growth impossible, according t o Massawe, Muindi a n d Swai.3 Nonspecificity v . specificity: Selye states "These terms m ay be applied to both t h e eliciting agent a n d t h e r e - sponse." Should this b e valid only " i f t h e demand... i s . intense"? I f t h e d e - mand i s n ot intense will t h e reaction b e localized o r will stress n o t occur a t all? Does t h e local adaptation syndrome exist without G A S under normal condi- tions? I d o n ot think that t h e words "eu- stress" a n d "distress" a r e appropriate. They a r e used incorrectly when Selye states that eustress i s "agreeable or healthy" b u t distress is "disagreeable or pathogenic". Electroshock therapy m a y b e distressing b u t i t often improves health. Everybody will agree with t h e "conditioning o f stress" b u t does this mean that a stressor will n o t produce stress a t a n y time, a s Selye states? A t t h e meeting of t h e Canadian S o - ciety on Gerontology held in Toronto Oct. 2 2 t o 24 , 1975 I gave a paper "Senile psychosis a n d stress", i n which I discussed t h e localized reaction t o t h e pathogen i n patients with organic brain syndrome.4 W m a y s e e very frequently that never- theless t h e patient's reaction to t h e patho- g e n w a s inappropriate - i n terms o f "non psychogeriatric" medicine - t h e healing i s normal a n d those patients ma y show a very high biological resistance. T h e stress m a y involve a localized area o f th e damaged tissue or of the affected organ and humoral changes c a n perhaps more effectively take place precisely b e - cause o f t h e diminished neocortical i n - hibition. A s a clinician I ca n hardly agree with t h e differentiation between "di- rect" a n d "indirect" pathogens. There i s n o doubt that the decisive factor i n getting sick i s t h e presence o f a sensi- tive receptor. T h e worst cholera o r smallpox epidemics have h a d their survivors. Therefore i t i s difficult t o accept Selye's statement that "mech- anical trauma, intense heat a n d strong acids o r alkalis will cause tissue damage irrespective o f t h e body's response Selye states that "diseases o f adapta- tion depend primarily upon a n exces- sive o r inappropriate response t o i n - direct pathogens" b ut what will happen if there is no response at all? M an dies more often from fear a n d panic when h e h a s a myocardial infarction (MI) from myocardial necrosis.5 I f w e could prevent ventricular fibrillation only a f e w would d i e o f M I . Does this mean that a schizophrenic w h o does n o t react to a n acute MI h a s t h e a p - propriate reaction? Certainly not. What does mean b y "W e a r e n o t y e t perfect"? A re ants perfect because they a r e in excellent shape after having existed perhaps 1 0 times longer than man? A re mosquitoes n o w perfect b e - cause of their acquired resistance t o chiorophenothane (DDT)? T he statement b y Selye that "gluco- corticoids... suppress many of t h e usually helpful, defensive, inflammatory o r immunologic reactions" shows clear- l y h o w tricky a n d dangerous t h e classi- fication into syntoxic a n d catatoxic agents c a n b e . Glucocorticoids, i f given i n excessive doses o r for an excessive period, produce side effects i n t h e same w a y a s digitalis o r barbiturates. T h e danger in applying concepts with seemingly general a n d definite validity i s that problems m a y b oversimplified a n d appear t o b e solved y being labelled with a word. Lectures about stress induce "eustress", which i s cer- tainly "agreeable" b ut m a y n o t neces- sarily b e "healthy". S . HONTELA, MD Psychogeriatric service Douglas Hospital Montreal, P Q References 1. DARWIN C H: T he Descent o f M a n a nd Selec- tion in Relation t o Sex, London, John Mur- ray, 1871 2 . CANNON W B : Bodily Changes i n Pain, Fear, Hunger a n d Rage, 2 n d e d , repr o f 1929 e d , Washington, McGrath, 1970 3 . MAsst.wa AU, MuINDI J M, SwAl GBR: Iron a n d resistance to infection. Lancet 2 : 314, 1974 4 . HONTELA 5 : Senile psychosis a n d stress, in Proceedings of the 2nd General Biennial Meeting of the Canadian Society o f Geron- tology, Toronto, Oct. 22.24, 1975, p 5 . ANDRUs EC : Emotional factors a n d cardiac function. Biol Psychiatry 1 0: 581, 1975 To t h e editor: 1 a m glad t o have t h e opportunity of seei g D r . Hontela's letter. However, there i s n o point i n discussing h i s innumerable questions in a letter, a s every detail i s dealt with a t length in t h e 2 n d edition o f m y book "The Stress of Life". Interested readers o f t h e Journal will find readily acces- sible, although brief, discussions o f t h e same subjects i n t h e March a n d June 1975 issues o f t h e Journal o f Human Stress - o n e article b y myself, a n d t h e other b y John W. Mason o f Walter Reed Medical Center, Washington. HANS SELYE, C C, M D , PH D , D SC University o f Montreal Montreal, PQ Premature labour To t h e editor: D r . K.S. K o h reviewed t h e role of uterine relaxant drugs i n t h e control premature labour (Can M e d Assoc J 114: 700, 1976) b u t failed to mention that nylidrin hydrochloride i s t h e most effective ft-sympathomimetic drug according t o a controlled, double- blind comparison o f placebo, ethanol, isoxsuprine a n d nylidrin i n t h e treat- ment of 1 9 4 pregnant women in Hel- sinki's University Hospital.1 T h e rela- tive successes o f t h e four treatments a r e summarized i n Fig. 1 . Nylidrin w a s p1005 -. N S - . . -NI-----, RAIE% R. PLAcEDO EThAWL B.JPRINE NYLIORIN FIG. 1-Success rates o f four agents used t o treat premature labour. t h e only form o f treatment significantly superior t o placebo. Otherwise Koh's article w a s excellent. PIERRE BIRON, MD Department o f pharmacology University o f Montreal Montreal, PQ Reference 1 . CASTR.N 0 , GUMMERUS M, SAAiuKosKI 5 : Treatment o f imminent premature labour. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 54: 9 5, 1975 To t h e editor: I thank D r . Biron f o r pointing o u t t h e omission of nylidrin a s a uterine relaxant drug in m y review article o n premature labour a n d f or drawing m y .attention t o this valuable drug. However, n e w knowledge is a c - cumulating with such speed that a n y review o f a subject must be read with a retrospective glance to t h e time i t w a s written, rather than when i t w a s pub- lished. T h e time interval between t h e submission a n d publication o f m y paper w a s slightly more than 1 year. K.S. KOH, MD Health Sciences Centre 7 0 0 William Ave. Winnipeg, MB Designing doctor shows restraint To t h e editor: F o r m y o wn safety I have designed a n d constructed a prac- tical automotive passive restraint. Like many people I forget t o fasten my seat belt and t h e seat belt buzzer conked o u t long ago. While t h e seat belt r e - quires active fastening, m y passive restraint i s always there. I wanted something that would b e simple, effective a n d inexpensive. I t h a s 7 18 CMA JOURNAL/OCTOBER 2 3, 1976/VOL. 115

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e x p e r i e n c e sd o n o t e x i s t .I n t h e s a m ep a t i e n t swe c a n s e e t h a t t h e g e n e r a la d a p t a t i o n s y n d r o m e( G A S ) may n o tn e c e s s a r i l yh a v e S e l y e ' st h r e ep h a s e s :a s c h i z o p h r e n i cmay h a v e a d e e p b e d -s o r e w i t h o u t s h o w i n ga n y " a l a r m r e -a c t i o n " ;h i s " a d a p t a t i o n " w i l l c o n s i s to f n o t r e a c t i n gt o t h e s t r e s s o r ." E x -h a u s t i o n " w i l l , i n f a c t , b e c o m e t h ed e f e n c eo f t h e p h y s i c a l l ya n d m e n t a l l y

d e t e r i o r a t e d o r g a n i s m .He w i l l s u r v i v ei n c o n d i t i o n si n w h i c ha n o r m a l i n d i v i -d u a l w i l l d i e o f s e p t i c e m i a .T h e n o n -a v a i l a b i l i t yo f i r o n i o n s o r c e r t a i na m i n oa c i d sw i l lmake b a c t e r i a lg r o w t hi m p o s s i b l e , a c c o r d i n g t o M a s s a w e ,M u i n d ia n d S w a i . 3

N o n s p e c i f i c i t yv . s p e c i f i c i t y :S e l y es t a t e s" T h e s e t e r m s may b e a p p l i e d t ob o t h t h e e l i c i t i n ga g e n t a n d t h e r e -s p o n s e . " S h o u l d t h i s b e v a l i do n l y " i ft h e d e m a n d . . . i s . i n t e n s e " ? I f t h e d e -mand i s n o t i n t e n s ew i l lt h e r e a c t i o nb el o c a l i z e do r w i l l s t r e s sn o t o c c u r a t

a l l ?D o e st h el o c a la d a p t a t i o n s y n d r o m ee x i s tw i t h o u tGAS u n d e r n o r m a lc o n d i -t i o n s ?I d o n o t t h i n k t h a t t h e w o r d s " e u -

s t r e s s "a n d " d i s t r e s s "a r e a p p r o p r i a t e .T h e y a r e u s e d i n c o r r e c t l ywhen S e l y es t a t e st h a t e u s t r e s si s " a g r e e a b l e o rh e a l t h y " b u t d i s t r e s si s " d i s a g r e e a b l eo rp a t h o g e n i c " .E l e c t r o s h o c kt h e r a p ymayb e d i s t r e s s i n gb u t i t o f t e n i m p r o v e sh e a l t h .E v e r y b o d yw i l l a g r e e w i t h t h e" c o n d i t i o n i n go f s t r e s s "b u t d o e s t h i smean t h a t a s t r e s s o rw i l ln o t p r o d u c es t r e s sa t a n y t i m e ,a s S e l y e s t a t e s ?

A t t h e m e e t i n go f t h e C a n a d i a nSo -c i e t yo n G e r o n t o l o g yh e l d i n To r o n t o

O c t . 2 2 t o 2 4 , 1 9 7 5 I g a v e a p a p e r" Se n i l e p s yc h os i sa n d s t r e s s " ,i n w h i c hI d i s c u s s e dt h e l o c a l i z e d r e a c t i o nt o t h ep a t h o g e ni n p a t i e n t sw i t h o rg an i cb r a i ns y n d r o m e . 4

We may s e ev e r yf r e q u e n t l yt h a tn e v e r -t h e l e s st h e p a t i e n t ' sr e a c t i o nt o t h ep a t h o -g e n w a s i n a p p r o p r i a t e- i n t e r m s o f " n o np s y c h o g e r i a t r i c "m e d i c i n e - t h e h e a l i n gp r o c e s si s n o r m a l a n d t h o s ep a t i e n t sm a ys h o w a v e r yh i g hb i o l o g i c a lr e s i s t a n c e .T h e s t r e s sm a y i n v o l v ea l o c a l i z e da r e a

o f t h e d a m a g e dt i s s u eo r o f t h ea f f e c t e do r g a n a n d h um o r a lc h a n g e sc a n p e r h a p sm o r e e f f e c t i v e l yt a k ep l a c ep r e c i s e l yb e -c a u s eo f t h e d i m i n i s h e dn e o c o r t i c a li n -h i b i t i o n .

A s a c l i n i c i a nI c a n h a r d l y a g r e ew i t h t h e d i f f e r e n t i a t i o nb e t w e e n " d i -r e c t "a n d " i n d i r e c t "p a t h o g e n s .T h e r ei s n o d o u b t t h a t t h e d e c i s i v ef a c t o ri ng e t t i n gs i c ki s t h e p r e s e n c eo f a s e n s i -t i v e r e c e p t o r .T h e w o r s t c h o l e r a o rs m a l l p o x e p i d e m i c s h a v e h a d t h e i rs u r v i v o r s .T h e r e f o r e i t i s d i f f i c u l tt oa c c e p t S e l y e ' ss t a t e m e n t t h a t " m e c h -

a n i c a lt r a u m a , i n t e n s eh e a t a n d s t r o n ga c i d so r a l k a l i s w i l lc a u s e t i s s u ed a m a g ei r r e s p e c t i v eo f t h e b o d y ' s r e s p o n s e

S e l y e s t a t e st h a t" d i s e a s e so f a d a p t a -

t i o n d e p e n d p r i m a r i l y u p o n a n e x c e s -s i v e o r i n a p p r o p r i a t e r e s p o n s e t o i n -d i r e c tp a t h o g e n s "b u t w h a t w i l lh a p p e ni f t h e r ei s n o r e s p o n s ea t a l l ?Man d i e sm o r e o f t e n f r o m f e a ra n d p a n i c whenh e h a s a my o c a r d i a l i n f a r c t i o n( M I )t h a n f r o m my o c a r d i a ln e c r o s i s . 5I f wec o u l d p r e v e n t v e n t r i c u l a rf i b r i l l a t i o no n l y a f e w w o u l dd i eo f M I . D o e s t h i smean t h a t a s c h i z o p h r e n i cwho d o e s

n o t r e a c tt o a n a c u t e MI h a s t h e ap -p r o p r i a t e r e a c t i o n ?C e r t a i n l y n o t .Whatd o e s S e l y e mean b y "We a r e n o t y e tp e r f e c t " ?A r e a n t sp e r f e c tb e c a u s et h e ya r e i n e x c e l l e n ts h a p e a f t e r h a v i n ge x i s t e dp e r h a p s 1 0 t i m e s l o n g e r t h a nman? A r e m o s q u i t o e snow p e r f e c tb e -c a u s e o f t h e i r a c q u i r e d r e s i s t a n c et oc h i o r o p h e n o t h a n e( D D T ) ?

T h e s t a t e m e n tb y S e l y e t h a t " g l u c o -c o r t i c o i d s . . . s u p p r e s s many o f t h eu s u a l l yh e l p f u l ,d e f e n s i v e ,i n f l a m m a t o r yo r i m m u n o l o g i cr e a c t i o n s "s h o w sc l e a r -l y h ow t r i c k ya n d d a n g e r o u st h e c l a s s i -

f i c a t i o ni n t o s y n t o x i c a n d c a t a t o x i ca g e n t s c a n b e . G l u c o c o r t i c o i d s ,i f g i v e ni n e x c e s s i v ed o s e s o r f o r a n e x c e s s i v ep e r i o d ,p r o d u c es i d e e f f e c t si n t h e s a m eway a s d i g i t a l i so r b a r b i t u r a t e s .

T h e d a n g e r i n a p p l y i n gc o n c e p t sw i t hs e e m i n g l yg e n e r a l a n d d e f i n i t ev a l i d i t yi s t h a tp r o b l e m smay b e o v e r s i m p l i f i e da n d a p p e a r t o b e s o l v e d b y b e i n gl a b e l l e dw i t h a w o r d . L e c t u r e s a b o u ts t r e s si n d u c e " e u s t r e s s " ,w h i c h i s c e r -t a i n l y" a g r e e a b l e "b u t may n o t n e c e s -s a r i l yb e " h e a l t h y " .

S . HONTELA, MD

P s y c h o g e r i a t r i cs e r v i c eD o u g l a s H o s p i t a lM o n t r e a l ,PQ

R e f e r e n c e s

1 . DARWINCH: T h e D e s c e n to f Man a n d S e l e c -t i o n i n R e l a t i o n t o S e x , L on do n , J o h nMur-r a y , 1 8 7 1

2 . CANNONWB: B o d i l y C h a n g e si n P a i n , F e a r ,Hunge r a n d R a g e , 2 n d e d , r e p r o f 1 9 2 9 e d ,Wa s h i n g t o n ,M c G r a t h , 1 9 7 0

3 . M A s s t . w aAU, MuINDI JM, S w A l GBR:I r o n a n d r e s i s t a n c et o i n f e c t i o n .L a n c e t 2 :3 1 4 , 1 9 7 4

4 . HONTELA 5 : S e n i l ep s y c h o s i s a n d s t r e s s ,i nP r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e 2 n d G e n e r a l B i e n n i a lM e e t i n g o f t h e C a n a d i a n S o c i e t y o f G e r o n -t o l o g y ,To r o n t o , O c t . 2 2 . 2 4 ,1 9 7 5 ,p 4

5 . ANDRUs EC : Em o t i o n a l f a c t o r sa n d c a r d i a cf u n c t i o n . B i o l P s y c h i a t r y 1 0 : 5 8 1 , 1 9 7 5

T o t h e e d i t o r :1 am g l a d t o h a v e t h eo p p o r t u n i t y o f s e e i n g Dr . H o n t e l a ' sl e t t e r . H o w e v e r ,t h e r ei s n o p o i n t i nd i s c u s s i n gh i s i n n u m e r a b l eq u e s t i o n s i na l e t t e r ,a s e v e r y d e t a i li s d e a l tw i t h a tl e n g t h i n t h e 2 n d e d i t i o no f my b o o k" T h e S t r e s so f L i f e " .I n t e r e s t e dr e a d e r so f t h e J o u r n a l w i l lf i n d r e a d i l ya c c e s -s i b l e ,a l t h o u g hb r i e f ,d i s c u s s i o n so f t h es a m e s u b j e c t si n t h e M a r c h a n d J u n e1 9 7 5 i s s u e so f t h e J o u r n a l o f HumanS t r e s s- o n e a r t i c l eb y my s e l f , a n dt h e o t h e r b y J o h n W. Mason o f Wa l t e rR e e d M e d i c a lC e n t e r , Wa s h i n g t o n .

HANS SELYE, CC , MD, PH D , D SCU n i v e r s i t y o f M o n t r e a l

M o n t r e a l ,PQ

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To t h e e d i t o r :Dr . K . S . Koh r e v i e w e dt h e r o l eo f u t e r i n er e l a x a n td r u g s i n t h ec o n t r o l o f p r e m a t u r el a b o u r ( C a n MedA s s o c J 11 4 : 7 0 0 , 1 9 7 6 ) b u t f a i l e dt om e n t i o n t h a t n y l i d r i nh y d r o c h l o r i d ei st h e m o s t e f f e c t i v ef t - s y m p a t h o m i m e t i cd r u g a c c o r d i n gt o ac o n t r o l l e d ,d o u b l e -b l i n d c o m p a r i s o no f p l a c e b o , e t h a n o l ,i s o x s u p r i n e a n d n y l i d r i ni n t h e t r e a t -m e n t o f 1 9 4 p r e g n a n twomen i n H e l -s i n k i ' sU n i v e r s i t y H o s p i t a l . 1T h e r e l a -t i v es u c c e s s e so f t h ef o u r t r e a t m e n t sa r es u m m a r i z e di n F i g . 1 . N y l i d r i n w a s

p1005 -.

N S-.

. -NI-----,

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F I G . 1 - S u c c e s sr a t e so f f o u r a g e n t su s e dt o t r e a tp r e m a t u r el a b o u r .

t h e o n l y f o r m o f t r e a t m e n t s i g n i f i c a n t l ys u p e r i o r t o p l a c e b o . O t h e r w i s eK o h ' sa r t i c l ew a s e x c e l l e n t .

PIERRE BIRON, MDD e p a r t m e n to f p h a r m a c o l o g y

U n i v e r s i t y o f M o n t r e a lM o n t r e a l , PQ

R e f e r e n c e

1 . CASTR.N 0 , GUMMERUSM, S A A i u K o s K I5 :T r e a t m e n t o f i m m i n e n t p r e m a t u r e l a b o u r .A c t a O b s t e t G y n e c o lS c a n d 5 4 : 9 5 , 1 9 7 5

To t h e e d i t o r :I t h a n k D r . B i r o n f o rp o i n t i n g o u t t h e o m i s s i o n o f n y l i d r i na s a u t e r i n er e l a x a n td r u g i n my r e v i e wa r t i c l eo n p r e m a t u r e l a b o u r a n d f o rd r a w i n gmy . a t t e n t i o nt o t h i s v a l u a b l ed r u g . H o w e v e r ,new k n o w l e d g ei s a c -c u m u l a t i n gw i t h s u c h s p e e d t h a t a n yr e v i e w o f a s u b j e c tm u s t b e r e a d w i t ha r e t r o s p e c t i v eg l a n c e t o t h e t i m e i t w a sw r i t t e n ,r a t h e rt h a n when i t w a s p u b -l i s h e d .T h e t i m e i n t e r v a lb e t w e e nt h es u b m i s s i o na n d p u b l i c a t i o no f my p a p e rw a s s l i g h t l ym o r e t h a n 1 y e a r .

K . S .K O H ,MDH e a l t h S c i e n c e s C e n t r e

7 0 0 W i l l i a m Av e .W i n n i p e g , MB

D e s i g n i n gd o c t o r s h o w sr e s t r a i n tTo t h e e d i t o r :F o r my own s a f e t y I

h a v e d e s i g n e da n d c o n s t r u c t e da p r a c -t i c a l a u t o m o t i v ep a s s i v er e s t r a i n t .L i k emany p e o p l e I f o r g e tt o f a s t e nmy s e a tb e l t a n d t h e s e a t b e l t b u z z e r c o n k e do u t l o n g a g o .W h i l e t h e s e a t b e l t r e -q u i r e sa c t i v e f a s t e n i n g ,my p a s s i v er e s t r a i n ti s a l w a y s t h e r e .

I w a n t e d s o m e t h i n gt h a t w o u l d b es i m p l e ,e f f e c t i v ea n d i n e x p e n s i v e .I t h a s

7 1 8 CMA JOURNAL/OCTOBER2 3 , 1 9 7 6 / V O L .1 1 5