ARTID111-Ancient Greek Art

8/4/2019 ARTID111-Ancient Greek Art

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Gods, Heroes &Athlete: Ancient

Greek ArtART ID 111 | Study of AncientArts

Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD

NYIT Center for Teaching and Learning with Technology

With modifications by Arch. Edeliza V. Macalandag, UAP



GREEK HUMANISM

The civilization of Ancient Greece emerged ninth century BCE and passed through fiveperiods of intense artistic activity spanning than 800 years. Through Greek colonization

spread from the Greek mainland to Asia Min(Western Turkey) and Magna Graecia (SoutItaly and Sicily).

During the Hellenistic period, Greek art and

culture were dominant throughout the



Gods and humans:

Even the gods of the Greeks, in marked contras

divinities of the Near East, assumed human formwhose grandeur and nobility were not free fromfrailty.

Greek origins:

The Greeks, or Hellenes, as they called themseappear to have been the product of an interminAegean peoples and Indo-European invaders. Tnever formed a single nation but instead establ

independent city-states or poleis.



Olympia and Hellas:

In 776 BCE, the separate Greek-speaking statestheir first ceremonial games in common at Olym

Athens and Greek culture:

The distinctiveness and originality of Greekcontributions to art, science, and politics shouldhowever, obscure the enormous debt Greek civ

owed to the earlier great cultures of Egypt and Near East.

Reassessing Greek civilization:

Nor should a high estimation of Greek art and c

blind historians to the realities of Hellenic life ansociety. Many modern artists have rejected Gre



Periods

1.The Geometric & Orientalizing Periods2.The Archaic Period

3.The Early And High Classical Periods

4.The Late Classical Period

5.The Hellenistic Period

6. Hellenistic Art Under Roman Patronage



5 main forms:

1.Architecture2.Sculpture

3.Painting

4.Pottery

5.Jewelry making



Geometric &Orientalizing Art



Out of the Dark Age:

Following the collapse of the Mycenaean (La

Helladic) civilization around 1200 BCE and tensuing period of cultural decline and minoartistic activity known as the Dark Age, the sign of a newly emerging Greek (Hellenic)culture was ceramic pottery decorated with

geometric patterns in the ninth century.

The destruction of the Mycenaean palaces waccompanied by the disintegration of theBronze Age social order.



Geometric Art:

In the eighth century, representations of an

begin to appear together with purely geomepatterns on painted ceramic pots.

A little later, schematic human figures are sdepicted on very large ceramic vessels desito serve as grave markers and to function infunerary rites.

Small-scale sculptures of human figures,animals, and mythological creatures show tsame geometric reduction of form.



Figure painting revived:

Also during the eighth century, the humanfigure returned to Greek art-not, of coursemonumental statuary, which wasexceedingly rare even in Bronze Age Gree

but painted on the surfaces of ceramic potwhich continued to be manufactured afterthe fall of Mycenae and even throughout tDark Age.





Geometric Krater

from the Dipylon cemetery, Athens

ca. 740 B.C.E.ceramic

40 1/2 in. high



Hero and centaur

ca. 750-730 B.C.E.bronze

approximately 4 1/2 in. high

Similar schematicfigures also

appeared in theround at this date,but only on a very

small scale.



Votive Statuette of a Horse

late 8th Century B.C.E.bronze

approximately 3 in. high





Mantiklos Apollo


approximately 8 in. high

One of the masterworks of the earlyseventh century BCE is the Mantiklos

Apollo, a small, bronze statuettededicated to Apollo at Thebes by an

otherwise unknown man named

Mantiklos.





Corinthian black-figure amphora

ca. 625-600 B.C.E.ceramic

approximately 1 ft. 2 in. high

The appeal of such vases was not duesolely to their Orientalizing animalfriezes, but also to a new ceramic

technique the Corinthians invented,which art historians call black-figure

painting.



Black-figure paintingis one of the mostmodern styles foradorning antique

Greek vases. It wasespecially common

between the 7th and5th BC, although

there are specimens

dating as late as the





Greece's first stone temples:

The foundation of the Greek tradingcolony of Naukratis in Egypt before 630BCE brought the Greeks into direct

contact with the monumental stonearchitecture of the Egyptians.



Plan of Temple APrinias, Greece | ca. 625 B.C.E.



Lintel of Temple A

Prinias, Greece

ca. 625 B.C.E. | limestone | approximately 2 ft. 9 in. high



Lady of Auxerre,

statue of a goddess or kore, ca. 650-625 B.C.

Limestone, approx. 2' 11/2" high.



Archaic Art



Kourous

ca. 600 B.C.E.marble

72 1/2 in. high



Calf Bearer (Moschophoros)

from the Acropolis, Athens, Greece

ca. 560 B.C.E. | Marble | 65 in. high



from An

ca. 530 B.C.E. | ma



Peplos Kore

from the Acropolis, Athens,Greece

ca. 530 B.C.E.

marble





Temple of Hera I

Paestum, Italy

ca. 550 B.C.E.



Temple of Hera I

Paestum, Italy

ca. 550 B.C.E.



Doric order CorinthIonic order



Exekias

Achilles and Ajaxplaying dice

from Vulci, Italy

ca. 540-530 B.C.E.ceramic

approximately 2 ft.high



Andokides Painter

Achilles & Ajaxplaying a dice game

from Orvietto, Italyca. 525-520 B.C.E.

ceramic21 in. high



Euphronios

Herakles wrestling Antaios

from Cerveteri, Italy | ca. 510 B.C.E. | ceramic 19 in. hig



Euthymides

Three revelers

from Vulci, Italy

ca. 510 B.C.E.ceramic

approximately 2 ft. high



Temple of Aphaia

Aegina, Greece

ca. 500-490 B.C.E.



Temple of Aphaia

Aegina, Greece

ca. 500-490 B.C.E.



West pediment of the Temple of Aphaia

Aegina, Greece

ca. 500-490 B.C.E.marblea roximatel 5 ft. 8 in. hi h at center



Dying warrior

from the Temple of Aphaia, Aegina, Greece

ca. 500-490 B.C.E.marblea roximatel 5 ft. 2 1/2 in. lon



Dying warrior

from the Temple of Aphaia, Aegina, Greece

ca. 490-480 B.C.E.marblea roximatel 6 ft. 1 in. lon



Early Classical Art



Kritios Boy

from the Acropolis, Athens, Greece


34 in. hi h





Warrior

from the sea off Riace, Italy


78 in. hi h



Zeus (or Poseidon?)

from the sea off CapeArtemision, Greece

ca. 460-450 B.C.E.

bronze



Myron

Diskobolus (Discus Thrower)

ca. 450 B.C.E.Roman marble copy after a bronze

ori inal



Polykleitos

Doryphoros (Spear Bearer)

ca. 450-440 B.C.E.Roman marble copy after a bronze

ori inal



Polykleitos

Doryphoros (Spear Bearer)

ca. 450-440 B.C.E.

83 in high



High Classical Art





Acropolis

Athens, Greece



Iktinos and Kallikrates

Parthenon, Temple of Athena Parthenos

Acropolis, Athens, Greece

-



Iktinos and Kallikrates

Parthenon, Temple of Athena Parthenos


-



Phidas

Athena Parthenos (model)


ca. 438 B.C.E.



Lapith versus Centaur

Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens

ca. 447-438marble

4 ft 8 in hi h



Erechtheion


ca 421-405 B C E



Caryatids from the South Porch of the Erechtheion


ca. 421-405 B.C.E.marble

fi ures a roximatel 91 in hi h



Late Classical Art



Praxiteles

Aphrodite of Knidos

ca. 350-340 B.C.E.Roman marble copy after a bronze original

80 in hi h



Lysippos

Apoxyomenos (Scraper)

ca. 330 B.C.E.Roman marble copy after a bronze original

81 in hi h





Philoxenes of Eretria

Battle of Issus

From the House of the Faun, Pompei, Italy

ca. 310 B.C.E.tessera Mosaic



Philoxenes of Eretria (detail)

Battle of Issus





Philoxenes of Eretria

Battle of Issus (detail)





Polykleitos the Younger

Theater

Epidauros, Greece

350 B C E



Choragic Monument of Lysikrates

Athens, Greece

334 B.C.E.

marble



Hellenistic Art



Nike of Samothrace

from Samothrace, Greece


97 in hi h





Alexandros of Antioch-on-the-Meander

Aphrodite from Milos (Venus de Milo)

ca. 150-125 B.C.E.marble

79 i hi h



Aphrodite, Eros and Pan

from Delos, Greece


52 i hi h



Boethos of Kalchedon

Herm of Dionysos

ca. 100-50 B.C.E.

b i



Sleeping Satyr (Barberini Faun)

ca. 230-200 B.C.E.marble85 in. high





Old Market Woman

ca. 150-100 B.C.E.marble54 in. high



Athanadoros, Hagesandros, andPolydoros of Rhodes

Laocoön and his sons

1st century C.E.marble



Glossary

abacus The uppermost portion o



abacus The uppermost portion ocapital of a column.

acropolis Greek, “high city.” ancient Greece, usually the site ocity’s most important temple(s).

agora An open square or space ufor public meetings or business inancient Greek cities.

Glossary

aisle The portion of a basilica



aisle The portion of a basilicaflanking the nave and separated f

by a row of columns or piers.Alexandros Of Antioch-On-TheMeander Sculptor of Aphrodite oVenus de Milo, ca. 150-125 BCE. T

base, which was inscripted with thartist's name, is now lost.Amazonomachy In Greek mythothe legendary battle between the



Glossary

apsidal Rounded; apse shaped.



apsidal Rounded; apse shaped.

arch A curved structural mem

that spans an opening and is genecomposed of wedge-shaped block(voussoirs) that transmit the dowpressure laterally

architrave The lintel or lowest diof the entablature; also called theepistyle.

Glossary

attic The uppermost story of



attic The uppermost story of building.

balustrade A railing held up by sposts, as on a staircase.

basilica In Roman architecture, abuilding for legal and other civicproceedings, rectangular in plan wentrance usually on a long side. InChristian architecture, a churchsomewhat resembling the Roman

Glossary

bilingual vases Experimental Gree



b gua ases pe e a G eeproduced for a short time in the late century BCE; one side featured blackdecoration, the other red-figure.black-figure painting In early Greepottery, the silhouetting of dark figuagainst a light background of naturareddish clay, with linear details incisthrough the silhouettes.caduceus In ancient Greek mytholomagical rod entwined with serpents

Glossary

canon A rule, for example, of



canon A rule, for example, of proportion. The ancient Greeks

considered beauty to be a matter“correct” proportion and sought acanon of proportion, for the humafigure and for buildings.

capital The uppermost member ocolumn, serving as a transition froshaft to the lintel.

caryatid A female figure that

Glossary

cavea Latin, “hollow place or cav



, p The seating area in ancient Greek

Roman theaters and amphitheatecella The chamber at the cenan ancient temple; in a classical tthe room (Greek, naos) in which t

statue usu. stood.centaur In ancient Greek mytholfantastical creature, with the frontop half of a human and the back

Glossary

chiton A Greek tunic, the essenti



,often only) garment of both men

women, the other being the himaor mantle.

Chryselephantine Fashioned of and ivory.

column A vertical, weight-carryinarchitectural member, circular in section and consisting of a base(sometimes omitted), a shaft, and

Glossary

contrapposto The disposition



pp phuman figure in which one part is

turned in opposition to another pa(usually hips and legs one way,shoulders and chest another), crea counterpositioning of the body aits central axis. Sometimes called“weight shift” because the weightbody tends to be thrown to one focreating tension on one side andrelaxation on the other.

Glossary

contrapposto The disposition



pp phuman figure in which one part is

turned in opposition to another pa(usually hips and legs one way,shoulders and chest another), crea counterpositioning of the body aits central axis. Sometimes called“weight shift” because the weightbody tends to be thrown to one focreating tension on one side andrelaxation on the other.

GlossaryCorinthian capital A more ornate forD i I i it i t f d bl



Doric or Ionic; it consists of a double roacanthus leaves from which tendrils an

flowers grow, wrapped around a bell-sechinus. Although this capital form is ocited as the distinguishing feature of tCorinthian order, there is, strictly speano Corinthian order, but only this stylecapital used in the Ionic order.cornice The projecting, crowning memthe entablature framing the pediment;any crowning projection.

Glossarydemos The Greek word meaning “tpeople“ from which the word democra



people , from which the word democraderived.

Doric One of the two systems (or evolved for articulating the three unitselevation of an ancient Greek temple tplatform, the colonnade, and thesuperstructure (entablature). The Dori

is characterized by, among other featucapitals with funnel-shaped echinusescolumns without bases, and a frieze oftriglyphs & metopes.drum One of the stacked cylindric

Glossaryechinus In architecture, the convex eof a capital directly below the abacus



of a capital directly below the abacus.elevation In architecture, a head

view of an external or internal wall, shits features and often other elements twould be visible beyond or before the encaustic A painting technique inpigment is mixed with wax & applied t

surface while hot.entablature The part of a building abcolumns and below the roof. The entabof a classical temple has three parts:architrave or epistyle, frieze, and pedi

Glossaryentasis The convex profile (an appareswelling) in the shaft of a column



swelling) in the shaft of a column.fasciae In the Ionic order, the three ho

bands that make up the architrave.fillets In Ionic columns, the flat ridgesfluting.flute or fluting Vertical channeling, rsemicircular in cross-section and usedprincipally on columns and pilasters.frieze The part of the entablature betthe architrave and the cornice; also, asculptured or painted band in a buildin

Glossaryglaze A vitreous coating applied to poseal and decorate the surface it may



seal and decorate the surface; it may colored, transparent, or opaque, and g

matte. In oil painting, a thin, transparesemitransparent layer put over a colorit slightly.

gorgon In ancient Greek mythology, a

hideous female demon with snake hairMedusa, the most famous gorgon, wascapable of turning anyone who gazed into stone.

Hellenes (adj. Hellenic) The name t

GlossaryHellenistic The term given to the cultdeveloped after the death of Alexande



developed after the death of AlexandeGreat in 323 BCE and lasted almost th

centuries, until the Roman conquest ofin 31 BCE.

herm A bust on a quadrangular pillar.

himation An ancient Greek mantle wor

men and women over the chiton and din various ways.

Hippodamian plan A city plan deviseHippodamos of Miletos ca. 466 BCE, in

Glossaryhydria An ancient Greek threehandledpitcher



pitcher.

hypaethral A building having no pediroof, open to the sky.Ionic One of the two systems (or ordeevolved for articulating the three unitselevation of a Greek temple: the platfo

colonnade, and the superstructure(entablature). The Ionic order is characby, among other features, volutes, capcolumns with bases, and an uninterrupfrieze.

GlossaryKallikrates One of the two architethe Parthenon active mid 5th century



the Parthenon, active mid-5th century responsible for the Temple of Athena N

also on the Acropolis.kore (pl.korai) Greek, “young womanArchaic Greek statuary type depicting woman.

kouros (pl. kouroi) Greek, “young mArchaic Greek statuary type depicting man.

krater An ancient Greek wide-mouthe

Glossarylekythos (pl. lekythoi) A flask contaperfumed oil; lekythoi were often place



perfumed oil; lekythoi were often placeGreek graves as offerings to the decea

lost-wax process (cire perdue) A bcasting method in which a figure is mowax and covered with clay; the whole melting away the wax and hardening t

which then becomes a mold for moltenmausoleum A monumental tomb; derfrom the 4th cent BCE tomb of MausoloHalikarnassos, one of the 7 Wonders oancient world.

Glossarymetope The panel between the triglypDoric frieze often sculpted in relief



Doric frieze, often sculpted in relief.

Mnesikles Greek architect, 5th ceHe designed the Propylaea, and theErechtheum is also sometimes ascribehim. Both are on the Acropolis at Athe

modeling The shaping or fashion

3D forms in a soft material, such as clathe gradations of light and shade reflefrom the surfaces of matter in space, oillusion of such gradations produced byalterations of value in a drawing, paint

Glossarymosaic Patterns or pictures made byembedding small pieces (tesserae) of



embedding small pieces (tesserae) of glass in cement on surfaces such as w

floors.orchestra Greek, “dancing place.” In Greek theaters, the circular piece of eawith a hard and level surface on which

performance took place.order In classical architecture, a stylerepresented by a characteristic design

Orientalizing The early phase of Arch

Glossaryorthogonal A line imagined to be behperpendicular to the picture plane; the



perpendicular to the picture plane; theorthogonals in a painting appear to rec

toward a vanishing point on the horizoorthogonal plan The imposition ofgrid plan on a site, regardless of the teso that all streets meet at right angles

also Hippodamian plan.palaestra An ancient Greek and Romexercise area, usually framed by a colo

pebble mosaic Mosaic made of irregu

Glossarypediment In classical architecture, thtriangular space (gable) at the end of a



triangular space (gable) at the end of abuilding, formed by the ends of the slo

roof above the colonnade; also, an ornfeature having this shape.

peplos A simple long woolen belted gworn by ancient Greek women.

peristyle In ancient Greek architecturcolonnade all around the cella and itsporch(es). A peripteral colonnade conssingle row of columns on all sides; a dcolonnade has a double row all around

Glossaryplan The horizontal arrangement of thof a building or of the buildings and st



of a building or of the buildings and sta city or town, or a drawing or diagram

showing such an arrangement. In an aplan, the parts of a building are organilongitudinally, or along a given axis; incentral plan, the parts of the structureequal or almost equal dimensions arou

center.polis (pl. poleis) An independent cityin ancient Greece.

pronaos The space, or porch, in front

Glossaryprostyle A style of ancient Greek temwhich the columns are only in front of



which the columns are only in front of cella and not on the sides or back.

red-figure painting In later Greek pothe silhouetting of red figures against background, with painted linear detailsreverse of black-figure painting.

shaft The tall, cylindrical part of a colubetween the capital and the base.

siren In ancient Greek mythology, a cthat was part bird, part woman.

Glossaryskenographia Greek, “scene paintingGreek term for perspective painting



Greek term for perspective painting.

skiagraphia “shadow painting”; Greefor shading, said to have been inventeApollodoros, an Athenian painter of thecentury BCE.

slip A mixture of fine clay and water

ceramic decoration.stoa In ancient Greek architecture, anbuilding with a roof supported by a rowcolumns parallel to the back wall. A co

Glossarystylobate The uppermost course of thplatform of a Greek temple, which sup



platform of a Greek temple, which supthe columns.

symmetria Greek, “commensurabparts.” Polykleitos’s treatise on his canproportions incorporated the principle symmetria.

tesserae Greek, “cubes.” Tiny stones oof glass cut to the desired shape and sform a mosaic.

theatron Greek, “place for seeing.” In

GlossaryThrust The outward force exerted by or a vault that must be counterbalance



or a vault that must be counterbalancebuttress.

treasury In ancient Greece, a small bset up for the safe storage of votive of

volute A spiral, scroll-like form characof the ancient Greek Ionic & Roman

Composite capital.white-ground painting An ancient Gvase painting technique in which the pfirst covered with a slip of very fine wh

Sources

• http://www.wadsworth.com/art_d/templates/student_resou0155050907_kleiner/studyguide/ch05/ch05_1.html



• http://websites.swlearning.com/cgi-wadsworth/course_products_wp.pl?

fid=M20b&product_isbn_issn=0155050907&discipline_num=436

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_art

• Art Through the Ages, 12th/11th ed., Gardner

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ARTID111-Ancient Greek Art