AS / A Level Physical Education

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Aggression in Sport

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AS / A Level Sport and Physical Education

Aggression in Sport

AS / A Level Physical Education

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Aggression in Sport

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INDEXIndex

3 - AGGRESSION IN SPORTASSERTIVE PLAY / HOSTILE / INSTRUMENTAL AGGRESSION

4 - CAUSES OF AGGRESSIONPHYSIOLOGICAL AROUSAL / UNDERDEVELOPED MORAL REASONING / BRACKETED MORALITY / SPECIFIC CAUSES

5 - THEORIES OF AGGRESSIONINSTINCT THEORY / FRUSTRATION AGGRESSION THEORYSOCIAL LEARNING THEORY / AGGRESSIVE CUE HYPOTHESIS

6 - SPECTATOR AGGRESSION7 - RESPONSIBILITY FOR AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR8 - PREVENTION OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR

GOVERNING BODY9 - PREVENTION OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR

COACHES / PLAYERS

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Aggression in Sport

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AGGRESSION IN SPORT

ASSERTIVE PLAY• no intent to harm• legitimate force within the

rules• unusual effort• unusual energy• sometimes called channelled

aggression

HOSTILE AGGRESSION• intent to harm• goal is to harm• arousal and anger involved

INSTRUMENTAL AGGRESSION• intent to harm• goal to win• used as a tactic ‘dirty play’• no anger• illegal in all sports except

boxing

Aggression

AGGR ESSI ON

includes verbalaggression ifintended to

em barrass orhurt

m ain purpose is theintention to harm

another participantplayer / um pire /

spectator

outside therules of the

sport

not includeeyeballing orintentionally

dam agingequipm ent

not includeaccidentally

injuringor harm ing

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CAUSES OF AGGRESSION

PHYSIOLOGICAL AROUSAL• anger towards another person• causing an increase in arousal• highly motivated

UNDERDEVELOPED MORAL REASONING• players with low levels of moral

reasoning• more likely to be aggressive

BRACKETED MORALITY• double standard• condoning aggressive behaviour may

retard players’ moral development• ‘aggression is wrong in life, but OK in

sport’

SPECIFIC CAUSES• high environmental

temperature• home or away• embarrassment• losing• pain• unfair officiating• playing below capability• large score difference• low league standing• later stage of play (near the

end of a game)• reputation of opposition (get

your retaliation in first)

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THEORIES OF AGGRESSION

INSTINCT THEORY• aggression is innate and instinctive• caused by survival of the species• sport releases built up aggression,

catharsis• Lorentz

FRUSTRATION AGGRESSION THEORY

• aggression caused by frustration• the person being blocked in the

achievement of a goal• this causes a drive towards the

source of frustration• Dollard

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY• aggression is learned• by observation of other’s

behaviour• then imitation of this aggressive

behaviour• this is then reinforced by social

acceptance of the behaviour• Bandura

AGGRESSIVE CUE HYPOTHESIS• frustration causes anger and arousal• this creates a readiness for

aggression• which can be initiated by an incident

during the performance (the cue)• this is a learned response• example : a player sees a colleague

fouled then decides to join in• Berkowitz

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SPECTATOR AGGRESSION

Aggression

SPECTATOR AGGRESSION caused by

• player aggression• poor or biased officials• alcohol• racial or national abuse• adult male crowd

SUPPORTERS can help prevent aggression by

• avoid showing aggression• avoid advocating aggression

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RESPONSIBILITY FOR AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR

Aggression

R ESPON SI BI LI TYFOR

AGGR ESSI ON

infl uentialothers

theperform er

coaches

teachers

offi cials

parents

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PREVENTION OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR

GOVERNING BODY• code of conduct

– coaches– players– officials

• use of strong officials

• use of rules of games– punishment (remove league

points)– sin bins– reward non-aggressive acts (FIFA

fair play award)

• use of language– reduce media sensationalism

• coach education programme

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PREVENTION OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOURAggression

COACHES / PLAYERS• promote ethical behaviour• promote sporting behaviour

• control aggressive behaviour• stress management strategies / relaxation

techniques• self control strategies• reduce levels of arousal

• maintain a healthy will to win without winning being everything

• set performance goals rather than outcome goals

• remove players from field if at risk of aggression

• enable channelling of aggression towards a performance goal

• use peer pressure ‘avoid letting the side down’