11
1 Opioids Edwin A. Salsitz, MD, FASAM Attending Physician Mount Sinai Beth Israel New York, New York ASAM Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships Content of Activity: ASAM Medical –Scientific Conference 2014 Name Commercial Interests Relevant Financial Relationships: What Was Received Relevant Financial Relationships: For What Role No Relevant Financial Relationships with Any Commercial Interests Edwin Salsitz Reckitt Benckiser Honoraria Treatment Advocate OpioidsOutline Botany Epidemiology Neurobiology Metabolism &UDS Overdose Withdrawal Opioids of Note Treatment Heroin vs. Prescription Opioids Complicated Overlap More similarities than differences Some topics covered in Pain and Addiction— Fri. Focus on Heroin today Opium Alkaloids Morphine, 914%, opiate analgesic , named after Morpheus, the Greek God of dreams Codeine, 0.5%, opiate analgesic Thebaine, 1.50.3%. Important intermediate for the synthesis of semisynthetic opioids e.g. Buprenorphine Papaverine 1%, smooth muscle relaxant (Poppy Seeds) UDS‐‐Opiate, Morphine, Codeine

ASAM Disclosure of ASAM Medical Conference 2014 Opioids · • ~ 300K patients on Bupe. Maint. vs Detox Buprenorphine Binding mu Receptor • Buprenorphine blocks opioid full mu agonist

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    4

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: ASAM Disclosure of ASAM Medical Conference 2014 Opioids · • ~ 300K patients on Bupe. Maint. vs Detox Buprenorphine Binding mu Receptor • Buprenorphine blocks opioid full mu agonist

1

Opioids

Edwin A. Salsitz, MD, FASAMAttending Physician

Mount Sinai Beth Israel

New York, New York

ASAM Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships 

Content of Activity: ASAM  Medical –Scientific Conference 2014

Name Commercial Interests

Relevant Financial

Relationships: What Was Received

Relevant Financial

Relationships: For What Role

No Relevant Financial

Relationships with Any

Commercial Interests

Edwin Salsitz Reckitt Benckiser

Honoraria Treatment Advocate

Opioids‐Outline

• Botany

• Epidemiology

• Neurobiology

• Metabolism &UDS

• Overdose

• Withdrawal

• Opioids of Note

• Treatment

Heroin vs. Prescription Opioids

• Complicated Overlap

• More similarities than differences

• Some topics covered in Pain and Addiction—Fri.

• Focus on Heroin today

Opium Alkaloids

• Morphine, 9‐14%, opiate analgesic , named after Morpheus, the Greek God of dreams

• Codeine, 0.5%, opiate analgesic

• Thebaine, 1.5‐0.3%.  Important intermediate for the synthesis of semisynthetic opioids   e.g. Buprenorphine 

• Papaverine 1%, smooth muscle relaxant 

• (Poppy Seeds) UDS‐‐Opiate, Morphine, Codeine

Page 2: ASAM Disclosure of ASAM Medical Conference 2014 Opioids · • ~ 300K patients on Bupe. Maint. vs Detox Buprenorphine Binding mu Receptor • Buprenorphine blocks opioid full mu agonist

2

Past Month and Past Year Heroin Use Among Persons Age >12, 2002‐2012

Source: National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings, 2012 

Prescription Drug Abuse

Drug Overdose Deaths by Major Drug Type,United States, 1999–2010

CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, CDC Wonder. Updated with 2010 mortality data.

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Nu

mb

er o

f D

eath

s

Year

Opioids Heroin Cocaine Benzodiazepines

The Changing Face of Heroin Use in the United States: A Retrospective Analysis of the Past 50 years  JAMA Psych 5/28/14

Conclusion and Relevance Our data show that the demographic composition of heroin users entering treatment has shifted over the last 50 years such that heroin use has changed from an inner‐city, minority‐centered problem to one that has a more widespread geographical distribution, involving primarily white men and women in their late 20s living outside of large urban areas.                                                                    JAMA Psych 5/14

Endogenous Opioids and their Receptors

LaForge, Yuferov and Kreek, 2000

Extracellularfluid

cell interior

cell membrane

AA identical in 3 receptors

AA identical in 2 receptors

AA different in 3 receptors

HOOC

H2

N

S

S

Endogenous Ligand

βEndorphins

Enkephalins

Dynorphins

Nociceptin/OrphaninF/Q

OpioidReceptorTypes

Mu

Delta

Kappa

ORL-1

G-Protein Coupled Receptor

Page 3: ASAM Disclosure of ASAM Medical Conference 2014 Opioids · • ~ 300K patients on Bupe. Maint. vs Detox Buprenorphine Binding mu Receptor • Buprenorphine blocks opioid full mu agonist

3

PreProOpiomelanocortin

The Reward Pathway

Opioids

• Acutely:  Adenyl Cyclase cAMP PKA          • Leads to hyperpolarization of neurons• opening Ca channels, inward K channels 

• Chronically:  Adenyl Cyclase cAMPPKA• Tolerance and Physical Dependence• Internalization of Receptor

Full, Partial Agonist, Antagonist Activity Levels

no drug high dose

DRUG DOSE

low dose

% Mu ReceptorIntrinsicActivity

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Full Agonist (e.g. heroin)

Partial Agonist (e.g. buprenorphine)

Like full agonists, partial agonist drugs produce increasing mu opioid receptor specific activity at lower doses

At higher doses, even when partial agonist drug completely binds all mu receptors

Maximum opioid agonist effect is never achieved

ANTAGONIST

Bupe + Benzo ≠ 

Do Not Administer Partial or Mixed Opioid Agonists/Antagonists to Patients Currently 

Physically Dependent on Full Opioid Agonists

e.g.  A methadone maintained patient given Nalorphine(Nubain) mu ‐ k+ during labor

Page 4: ASAM Disclosure of ASAM Medical Conference 2014 Opioids · • ~ 300K patients on Bupe. Maint. vs Detox Buprenorphine Binding mu Receptor • Buprenorphine blocks opioid full mu agonist

4

Natural (opiates)&

Semisynthetic

Synthetic

Opioids

OpiatesMorphineCodeine

Morphine Heroin

D i a c e t y l m o r p h i n e 

Codeine

• Natural Opium Alkaloid

• Low affinity for opioid receptors

• Pro‐Drug

• Antitussive  ? Non mu mechanism

• ~10% metabolized to morphine via CYP2D6—accounts for analgesia

• Wide variability in 2D6 activity across populations

Heroin=Pro‐DrugLipophilic

6‐MAM, NAMPotent AnalgesicT1/2 in mins.+ Heroin Use

M6GPotent AnalgesicLong T1/2Renal Excretion

M3GWeak AnalgesicNeuroexcitation

HEROIN, CODEINE, MORPHINE METABOLISM & UDS

Poppy Seeds & UDS= Morphine > Codeine, Morphine Metabolites

Poppy Seeds UDS Opioid Effects

• CNS Sedation, Analgesia, Euphoria

• GI    Constipation, Nausea, CBDpr

• EndoTestosterone, Prolactin FSH, LH

• UrinaryRetention

• CardiovascularVasodilatation, QTc

• Tolerance Varies:                           MiosisConstipationSedation/Euphoria

Page 5: ASAM Disclosure of ASAM Medical Conference 2014 Opioids · • ~ 300K patients on Bupe. Maint. vs Detox Buprenorphine Binding mu Receptor • Buprenorphine blocks opioid full mu agonist

5

Opiate Overdose

• Classic Triad Seen In Overdose

• MIOSIS Dilated With Prolonged  Po2

• Coma

• Respiratory Depression

• Pulmonary Edema (Non‐cardiogenic)

• Seizures

• Meperidine(demerol), Propoxyphene(darvon) Pentazocine(talwin), Tramadol(ultram)

Management of Opioid Overdose• Ventilatory support if needed

• Parenteral Naloxone

– If IV access, bolus 0.1mg/min titrated to • RR>10/min

• Improved level of consciousness

• No withdrawal

• If needed ongoing IV infusion 2/3 of initial bolus dose/hr.

– If no IV access, 0.4‐0.8mg sub q or IM and observe

– Naloxone Kits discussed in Harm Reduction Talk

– (case report—s.l. buprenorphine)

Pitfalls Opioid Analgesic ODs

• Need for repeated naloxone Rx with longer acting opioids

• Check for Fentanyl Patch under clothing

• Short period of observation in ED for Heroin OD

• Alert to possible acetominophen OD

• Consider altered pharmacokinetics in the elderly and the young

• Bezoarsdelayed absorption IRER

Boyer EW. N Engl J Med 2012;367:146‐155

Anxiety, Drug Craving

Vomiting / dehydration, Diarrhea, Abdominal cramps, Curled‐up body position

Nausea, extreme restlessness, elevated blood pressure, Heart rate > 100, Fever

Dilated pupils, Gooseflesh, Muscle twitching & shaking, Muscle & Joint aches, Loss of appetite

Yawning, Sweating, Runny nose, Tearing eyes, Restlessness Insomnia

Symptoms / SignsGrade

Opioid Withdrawal Assessment

Hoursafter use

4‐6

6‐8

8‐12

12‐72

Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS): pulse, sweating, restlessness & anxiety, pupil size, aches, runny nose & tearing, GI sx, tremor, yawning, gooseflesh (score 5‐12 mild, 13‐24 mod, 25‐36 mod sev, 36‐48 severe)

Noradrenergic Hyperactivity, NE Output In Locus Coeruleus (α2 agonist—clonidine inhibits)  Seizures NOT Common

Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS)

• Resting Pulse

• Sweating

• Restlessness

• Pupil Size

• Bone or Joint Aches

• Runny Nose or Tearing

Items are scored 1 to 5

Total Score:  5‐12 mild13‐24 moderate

• GI Upset

• Tremor

• Yawning

• Anxiety or Irritability

• Gooseflesh

25‐36 moderately severe      over 36 severe Kosten, T. R. et al. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1786-1795

Severity of Opioid-Withdrawal Symptoms after Abrupt Discontinuation of Equivalent Doses of Heroin, Buprenorphine, and Methadone

Page 6: ASAM Disclosure of ASAM Medical Conference 2014 Opioids · • ~ 300K patients on Bupe. Maint. vs Detox Buprenorphine Binding mu Receptor • Buprenorphine blocks opioid full mu agonist

6

This image cannot currently be displayed.

Kosten, T. R. et al. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1786-1795

Medication Treatment for Opioid Withdrawal

Methadone—Hospitalized, OTP, other Licensed OP

Bupe---Hospitalized, Waivered MD/DO, OTP,Other Licensed OPD

72 Hour Rule

Symptomatic Meds, e.g.NSAIDS, Imodium

Clonidineα-2 agonistL.C.N.E.Autonomic0Myalgia/Arth BP, HR

Opioid Detoxification Outcomes

• Low rates of retention in treatment

• High rates of relapse post‐treatment

< 50% abstinent at 6 months

< 15% abstinent at 12 months

Increased rates of overdose due to decreased tolerance

Walter Ling “Quote”

O’Connor PG JAMA 2005  Mattick RP, Hall WD. Lancet 1996 Stimmel B et al. JAMA 1977

Opioids of Note

• Meperidine(Demerol)NormeperidineNeuroexcitation,  MAO interactions Serotonin Syndrome

• Fentanyl TempSkin Absorption

• Tramadol  Pro‐Drug M1 metabolite Weak 

mu, 5HT, NE, Seizures, (Sched.)

• Pro‐Drugs Heroin, Codeine, Tramadol

• Opioids/Seizures Tramadol, Meperidine, (Propoxyphene)

Treatment of Opioid Addiction SUD• Medication Assisted: Therapy, Treatment, Recovery

• Opioid Agonist Therapy:  Methadone, Buprenorphine, (LAAM)

• Opioid Antagonist Therapy:  Naltrexone Tablets and Depot Injection

• “Drug‐Free” Recovery, Treatment

Medication Assisted Addiction Treatment

“All Treatments Work For Some People/Patients”

“No One Treatment Works for All People/Patients”  

Alan I. Leshner, Ph.DFormer Director NIDA

Opioid Agonist Therapy

Pharmacology

Addiction Regulatory

Stigma

Destitution PoliticalM>>>>B

Page 7: ASAM Disclosure of ASAM Medical Conference 2014 Opioids · • ~ 300K patients on Bupe. Maint. vs Detox Buprenorphine Binding mu Receptor • Buprenorphine blocks opioid full mu agonist

7

JAMA. 1965;193(8):646-650JAMA  Classics: Celebrating 125 YearsMethadone Maintenance 4 Decades LaterThousands of Lives Saved But Still Controversial Commentary by Herbert D. Kleber, MD JAMA. 2008;300(19):2303‐2305

Acc VTA

FCXAMYG

VP

ABN

Raphé

LC

GLU

GABA

ENK OPIOID

GABAGABA

GABA

DYN

5HT

5HT

5HT

NE

HIPP

PAG

RETIC

To dorsalhorn

END

DA

GLU

Opiates

ICSS

AmphetamineCocaineOpiatesCannabinoidsPhencyclidineKetamine

OpiatesEthanolBarbituratesBenzodiazepinesNicotineCannabinoids

OPIOID

HYPOTHALLAT-TEG

BNST

NE

CRF

OFT

MesoLimbic Dopaminergic Circuit Pleasure/Reward CenterH2O, Food, Sex, Parenting, Social

E. Gardner

Fig. 3. Metabolite levels in control subjects (n=16) and in short‐ (n=7) and long‐term (n=8) methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) subgroups. Shown are means±S.D. of percent metabolite measures. Post hoc Scheffé test results: *P<0.05 vs. control subjects; **P<0.01 vs. control subjects; ***P<0.0001 vs. control subjects ;†P<0.05 vs. long‐term 

MMT group

Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging Volume 90, Issue 3 , 30 June 1999, Pages 143‐152 Kaufman,M

Cerebral phosphorus metabolite abnormalities in opiate‐dependent polydrug abusers in methadonemaintenance 

39 wk39wk137wk

Phosphorous MR Spectroscopy From these data, we conclude that polydrug abusers in MMT have 31P‐MRS results consistent with 

abnormal brain metabolism and phospholipid balance. The nearly normal metabolite profile in long‐term 

MMT subjects suggests that prolonged MMT may be associated with improved  neurochemistry. 

Psychiatry Research: NeuroimagingVolume 90, Issue 3 , 30 June 1999, Pages 143-152

Impact of Methadone  Maintenance Treatment

• Reduction death rates (Grondblah, ‘90)

• Reduction IVDU (Ball & Ross, ‘91)

• Reduction crime days (Ball & Ross)

• Reduction rate of HIV seroconversion (Bourne, ‘88;  

Novick ‘90,;  Metzger ‘93)

• Reduction relapse to IVDU (Ball & Ross)

• Improved employment, health, & social function

Opioid Agonist Therapy

Withdrawal

Norm

alEu

phoria

Chronic useAcute use

Tolerance & Physical Dependence

Medication AssistedTherapy

Page 8: ASAM Disclosure of ASAM Medical Conference 2014 Opioids · • ~ 300K patients on Bupe. Maint. vs Detox Buprenorphine Binding mu Receptor • Buprenorphine blocks opioid full mu agonist

8

Steady‐State Simulation ‐Maintenance PharmacotherapyAttained after 4‐5 half‐times, 1 dose / half‐life

Time (multiples of elimination half‐lives)Daily dose remains constant to steady‐state

Adapted from Goodman & Gilman

Rapid Metabolizer – Serum Levels at Peak and Trough   P/T <2 (not for dosing)

High

Normal

Sick

ng

/ m

l

Hours

Indication for Trough and Peak Serum Levels

Induction, Early/Late Stabilization, Maintenance

Start Low, Go Slow The Rate Of Overdose Deaths Involving Methadone In The United States In 2009 Was 5.5 Times The Rate In 1999.

*METHADONE FOR PAIN, not OTP MMWR, 7/6/12

“Methadone Does Not Have a Sense of Humor”

Doug Gourlay/Howard Heit

Federal Opioid Treatment StandardsOTP 

Administrative and organizational structure

Quality assurance/improvement 

Diversion Control Plan

Staff credentials

Patient admission criteria

Required services (includes medical examinations)

Record keeping and patient confidentiality

Medication administration, dispensing 

Unsupervised use 

Interim maintenance

Detoxification

Page 9: ASAM Disclosure of ASAM Medical Conference 2014 Opioids · • ~ 300K patients on Bupe. Maint. vs Detox Buprenorphine Binding mu Receptor • Buprenorphine blocks opioid full mu agonist

9

Admission EKG   QTc~ 600 msec.  50yoM   150mg Torsades de Pointes

Methadone QTc Interval

• Mechanism—Blockade of the human cardiac ether a go‐go‐related gene(hERG), which encodes Ikr—Delayed Rectifier K ion currentdelayed repolarization QTc

• Counterintuitively,    S‐methadone  QTc R‐Methadone

• Opioid Class Effect‐‐Depends on clinically significant serum concentrations.

• Multifactorial, K, Mg, 3A4 2D6 2B6 inhibitors, other QT med

• Dose Related

• Buprenorphine Does Not  QTc clinically significant

Buprenorphine

• Thebaine derivative

• μ‐partial agonist  κ‐antagonist

• High affinity μ receptor >most agonists

• Slow dissociation   long T1/2 at receptor

• CYP P450—3A4  minimal d/d interactions 

• Norbuprenorphine—Active Metabolite

• Biliary (70%) and Urinary (30%) Excret.

• Hemodialysis safe 

• ~ 300K patients on Bupe. Maint. vs Detox                             

Buprenorphine Binding mu Receptor

• Buprenorphine blocks opioid full mu agonist binding

• Zubieta et al [U Mich] Neuropsychopharmacology 23:326–334, 2000

Precipitated Withdrawal Buprenorphine will precipitate withdrawal only when it 

displaces a full agonist off the mu receptors.

Buprenorphine only partially activates the receptors, therefore a net decrease in activation occurs and withdrawal develops.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

% Mu Receptor

IntrinsicActivity

Full Agonist (e.g. heroin)

Partial Agonist (e.g. buprenorphine)

no drug high doseDRUG DOSE

low dose

A Net Decrease in Receptor Activity if a Partial Agonist displaces Full Agonist

Page 10: ASAM Disclosure of ASAM Medical Conference 2014 Opioids · • ~ 300K patients on Bupe. Maint. vs Detox Buprenorphine Binding mu Receptor • Buprenorphine blocks opioid full mu agonist

10

Treatment duration (days)

Remaining in treatment  (nr)

0

5

10

15

20

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Control

Buprenorphine

Buprenorphine Maintenance vs Detox

Kakko J et al. Lancet 2003

75% retention

75% UTS negative

20% mortality in placebo group

Mean Neonatal Morphine Dose, Length of Neonatal Hospital Stay, and Duration of Treatment for Neonatal 

Abstinence Syndrome

Jones HE et al. N Engl J Med 2010;363:2320‐2331

Pregnancy and MAT Opioids

• Methadone, Buprenorphine, NTX: All Cat. C

• Methadone > 40 years, “Gold Standard”Dose and Divide Dose During Pregnancy

• Buprenorphine: MOTHER STUDY

• M & B in breast milk, small amts. Recommended

• No develop. Sequelae in children. ??congenital

• NTX: No studies. +breast milk

Methadone/Buprenorphine

Methadone Buprenorphine

Safety—OD

Drug/Drug

QTc/TdP

Pain

Hepatic = START DAD =

Pregnancy

Testosterone

Active Met.

Structure

Track Record ?? Benzo/Sleep

Heroin Maintenance

• Harm Reduction

• Positive outcome studies from Switzerland and Canada(Montreal and Vancouver)

Methadone/Bupe Adverse EffectsM only    M & B

Minimal sedation once tolerance achieved

Constipation, Excessive Sweating

2º Hypoganadism: HPG axisTestosterone: M>B

Initial Peripheral Edema—not common

QTc prolongation

Exhaustively studied in all other organ systems with no evidence of chronic harm

Hemodialysis safe

“Rot teeth and bones”– Opioid Class Effect: Saliva  ??osteoclast activity  ? Clinical relevance

Page 11: ASAM Disclosure of ASAM Medical Conference 2014 Opioids · • ~ 300K patients on Bupe. Maint. vs Detox Buprenorphine Binding mu Receptor • Buprenorphine blocks opioid full mu agonist

11

Methadone Buprenorphine PainIssues and Strategies

• Maintain Maintenance Dose: Not Analgesic

• Divide Dose: Analgesic Effect 4‐6 hours

• Utilize IR Full Agonist Opioids:  Doses Required

• If NPO: ½ dose IM Methadone, parenteral Bupe

• Bupe: Emerging Strategies for Anticipated Pain: Taper, D/C Bupe: or Continue and/or dose

• *Latest Evidence Favors Continuation of both peri‐operatively

Alford,Ann Intern Med. 2006 Jan 17;144(2):127‐34.Mcintyre, Anesth and Intensive CareMarch 2013

Naltrexone

• Effective in specialized populations; e.g. impaired professionals

• Low attraction in general in traditional OTPs 

• Early drop out is common: Hx. with po tabs

• I.M. Naltrexone Depot—30 day duration, less overall exposure to NTX, no black box LFTs,

• Off opioids for  7—10 days, Naloxone challenge,

• Strategies to shorten “off opioid interval”*

• Loss of Tolerance: OD Concerns

*The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2012; 38(3): 187–199

Lancet. Vol.377 April 30, 2011, 1506‐13

Naltrexone Adverse Effects• Nausea/Diarrhea

• Headache

• Insomnia

• Dizziness

• ?Dysphoria

• Possible Hepatic toxicity at higher doses

• Opioid analgesics will not be effective

What Is Addiction?

DoesNot

NecessarilyEqual

e.g.  (1) caffeine   (2) nicotine   (3) alcohol   (4) opiates   (5) cocaine  (6) methadone

Physical Dependence

Addiction

Actor Philip Seymour Hoffman, who was found dead February 2, 2014 on the bathroom floor of his New York apartment with a syringe in his left arm, died of acute mixed drug 

intoxication, including heroin, cocaine, benzodiazepines and amphetamine, the New York medical examiner's office said Friday