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1
Opioids
Edwin A. Salsitz, MD, FASAMAttending Physician
Mount Sinai Beth Israel
New York, New York
ASAM Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships
Content of Activity: ASAM Medical –Scientific Conference 2014
Name Commercial Interests
Relevant Financial
Relationships: What Was Received
Relevant Financial
Relationships: For What Role
No Relevant Financial
Relationships with Any
Commercial Interests
Edwin Salsitz Reckitt Benckiser
Honoraria Treatment Advocate
Opioids‐Outline
• Botany
• Epidemiology
• Neurobiology
• Metabolism &UDS
• Overdose
• Withdrawal
• Opioids of Note
• Treatment
Heroin vs. Prescription Opioids
• Complicated Overlap
• More similarities than differences
• Some topics covered in Pain and Addiction—Fri.
• Focus on Heroin today
Opium Alkaloids
• Morphine, 9‐14%, opiate analgesic , named after Morpheus, the Greek God of dreams
• Codeine, 0.5%, opiate analgesic
• Thebaine, 1.5‐0.3%. Important intermediate for the synthesis of semisynthetic opioids e.g. Buprenorphine
• Papaverine 1%, smooth muscle relaxant
• (Poppy Seeds) UDS‐‐Opiate, Morphine, Codeine
2
Past Month and Past Year Heroin Use Among Persons Age >12, 2002‐2012
Source: National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings, 2012
Prescription Drug Abuse
Drug Overdose Deaths by Major Drug Type,United States, 1999–2010
CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, CDC Wonder. Updated with 2010 mortality data.
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Nu
mb
er o
f D
eath
s
Year
Opioids Heroin Cocaine Benzodiazepines
The Changing Face of Heroin Use in the United States: A Retrospective Analysis of the Past 50 years JAMA Psych 5/28/14
Conclusion and Relevance Our data show that the demographic composition of heroin users entering treatment has shifted over the last 50 years such that heroin use has changed from an inner‐city, minority‐centered problem to one that has a more widespread geographical distribution, involving primarily white men and women in their late 20s living outside of large urban areas. JAMA Psych 5/14
Endogenous Opioids and their Receptors
LaForge, Yuferov and Kreek, 2000
Extracellularfluid
cell interior
cell membrane
AA identical in 3 receptors
AA identical in 2 receptors
AA different in 3 receptors
HOOC
H2
N
S
S
Endogenous Ligand
βEndorphins
Enkephalins
Dynorphins
Nociceptin/OrphaninF/Q
OpioidReceptorTypes
Mu
Delta
Kappa
ORL-1
G-Protein Coupled Receptor
3
PreProOpiomelanocortin
The Reward Pathway
Opioids
• Acutely: Adenyl Cyclase cAMP PKA • Leads to hyperpolarization of neurons• opening Ca channels, inward K channels
• Chronically: Adenyl Cyclase cAMPPKA• Tolerance and Physical Dependence• Internalization of Receptor
Full, Partial Agonist, Antagonist Activity Levels
no drug high dose
DRUG DOSE
low dose
% Mu ReceptorIntrinsicActivity
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Full Agonist (e.g. heroin)
Partial Agonist (e.g. buprenorphine)
Like full agonists, partial agonist drugs produce increasing mu opioid receptor specific activity at lower doses
At higher doses, even when partial agonist drug completely binds all mu receptors
Maximum opioid agonist effect is never achieved
ANTAGONIST
Bupe + Benzo ≠
Do Not Administer Partial or Mixed Opioid Agonists/Antagonists to Patients Currently
Physically Dependent on Full Opioid Agonists
e.g. A methadone maintained patient given Nalorphine(Nubain) mu ‐ k+ during labor
4
Natural (opiates)&
Semisynthetic
Synthetic
Opioids
OpiatesMorphineCodeine
Morphine Heroin
D i a c e t y l m o r p h i n e
Codeine
• Natural Opium Alkaloid
• Low affinity for opioid receptors
• Pro‐Drug
• Antitussive ? Non mu mechanism
• ~10% metabolized to morphine via CYP2D6—accounts for analgesia
• Wide variability in 2D6 activity across populations
Heroin=Pro‐DrugLipophilic
6‐MAM, NAMPotent AnalgesicT1/2 in mins.+ Heroin Use
M6GPotent AnalgesicLong T1/2Renal Excretion
M3GWeak AnalgesicNeuroexcitation
HEROIN, CODEINE, MORPHINE METABOLISM & UDS
Poppy Seeds & UDS= Morphine > Codeine, Morphine Metabolites
Poppy Seeds UDS Opioid Effects
• CNS Sedation, Analgesia, Euphoria
• GI Constipation, Nausea, CBDpr
• EndoTestosterone, Prolactin FSH, LH
• UrinaryRetention
• CardiovascularVasodilatation, QTc
• Tolerance Varies: MiosisConstipationSedation/Euphoria
5
Opiate Overdose
• Classic Triad Seen In Overdose
• MIOSIS Dilated With Prolonged Po2
• Coma
• Respiratory Depression
• Pulmonary Edema (Non‐cardiogenic)
• Seizures
• Meperidine(demerol), Propoxyphene(darvon) Pentazocine(talwin), Tramadol(ultram)
Management of Opioid Overdose• Ventilatory support if needed
• Parenteral Naloxone
– If IV access, bolus 0.1mg/min titrated to • RR>10/min
• Improved level of consciousness
• No withdrawal
• If needed ongoing IV infusion 2/3 of initial bolus dose/hr.
– If no IV access, 0.4‐0.8mg sub q or IM and observe
– Naloxone Kits discussed in Harm Reduction Talk
– (case report—s.l. buprenorphine)
Pitfalls Opioid Analgesic ODs
• Need for repeated naloxone Rx with longer acting opioids
• Check for Fentanyl Patch under clothing
• Short period of observation in ED for Heroin OD
• Alert to possible acetominophen OD
• Consider altered pharmacokinetics in the elderly and the young
• Bezoarsdelayed absorption IRER
Boyer EW. N Engl J Med 2012;367:146‐155
Anxiety, Drug Craving
Vomiting / dehydration, Diarrhea, Abdominal cramps, Curled‐up body position
Nausea, extreme restlessness, elevated blood pressure, Heart rate > 100, Fever
Dilated pupils, Gooseflesh, Muscle twitching & shaking, Muscle & Joint aches, Loss of appetite
Yawning, Sweating, Runny nose, Tearing eyes, Restlessness Insomnia
Symptoms / SignsGrade
Opioid Withdrawal Assessment
Hoursafter use
4‐6
6‐8
8‐12
12‐72
Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS): pulse, sweating, restlessness & anxiety, pupil size, aches, runny nose & tearing, GI sx, tremor, yawning, gooseflesh (score 5‐12 mild, 13‐24 mod, 25‐36 mod sev, 36‐48 severe)
Noradrenergic Hyperactivity, NE Output In Locus Coeruleus (α2 agonist—clonidine inhibits) Seizures NOT Common
Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS)
• Resting Pulse
• Sweating
• Restlessness
• Pupil Size
• Bone or Joint Aches
• Runny Nose or Tearing
Items are scored 1 to 5
Total Score: 5‐12 mild13‐24 moderate
• GI Upset
• Tremor
• Yawning
• Anxiety or Irritability
• Gooseflesh
25‐36 moderately severe over 36 severe Kosten, T. R. et al. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1786-1795
Severity of Opioid-Withdrawal Symptoms after Abrupt Discontinuation of Equivalent Doses of Heroin, Buprenorphine, and Methadone
6
This image cannot currently be displayed.
Kosten, T. R. et al. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1786-1795
Medication Treatment for Opioid Withdrawal
Methadone—Hospitalized, OTP, other Licensed OP
Bupe---Hospitalized, Waivered MD/DO, OTP,Other Licensed OPD
72 Hour Rule
Symptomatic Meds, e.g.NSAIDS, Imodium
Clonidineα-2 agonistL.C.N.E.Autonomic0Myalgia/Arth BP, HR
Opioid Detoxification Outcomes
• Low rates of retention in treatment
• High rates of relapse post‐treatment
< 50% abstinent at 6 months
< 15% abstinent at 12 months
Increased rates of overdose due to decreased tolerance
Walter Ling “Quote”
O’Connor PG JAMA 2005 Mattick RP, Hall WD. Lancet 1996 Stimmel B et al. JAMA 1977
Opioids of Note
• Meperidine(Demerol)NormeperidineNeuroexcitation, MAO interactions Serotonin Syndrome
• Fentanyl TempSkin Absorption
• Tramadol Pro‐Drug M1 metabolite Weak
mu, 5HT, NE, Seizures, (Sched.)
• Pro‐Drugs Heroin, Codeine, Tramadol
• Opioids/Seizures Tramadol, Meperidine, (Propoxyphene)
Treatment of Opioid Addiction SUD• Medication Assisted: Therapy, Treatment, Recovery
• Opioid Agonist Therapy: Methadone, Buprenorphine, (LAAM)
• Opioid Antagonist Therapy: Naltrexone Tablets and Depot Injection
• “Drug‐Free” Recovery, Treatment
Medication Assisted Addiction Treatment
“All Treatments Work For Some People/Patients”
“No One Treatment Works for All People/Patients”
Alan I. Leshner, Ph.DFormer Director NIDA
Opioid Agonist Therapy
Pharmacology
Addiction Regulatory
Stigma
Destitution PoliticalM>>>>B
7
JAMA. 1965;193(8):646-650JAMA Classics: Celebrating 125 YearsMethadone Maintenance 4 Decades LaterThousands of Lives Saved But Still Controversial Commentary by Herbert D. Kleber, MD JAMA. 2008;300(19):2303‐2305
Acc VTA
FCXAMYG
VP
ABN
Raphé
LC
GLU
GABA
ENK OPIOID
GABAGABA
GABA
DYN
5HT
5HT
5HT
NE
HIPP
PAG
RETIC
To dorsalhorn
END
DA
GLU
Opiates
ICSS
AmphetamineCocaineOpiatesCannabinoidsPhencyclidineKetamine
OpiatesEthanolBarbituratesBenzodiazepinesNicotineCannabinoids
OPIOID
HYPOTHALLAT-TEG
BNST
NE
CRF
OFT
MesoLimbic Dopaminergic Circuit Pleasure/Reward CenterH2O, Food, Sex, Parenting, Social
E. Gardner
Fig. 3. Metabolite levels in control subjects (n=16) and in short‐ (n=7) and long‐term (n=8) methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) subgroups. Shown are means±S.D. of percent metabolite measures. Post hoc Scheffé test results: *P<0.05 vs. control subjects; **P<0.01 vs. control subjects; ***P<0.0001 vs. control subjects ;†P<0.05 vs. long‐term
MMT group
Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging Volume 90, Issue 3 , 30 June 1999, Pages 143‐152 Kaufman,M
Cerebral phosphorus metabolite abnormalities in opiate‐dependent polydrug abusers in methadonemaintenance
39 wk39wk137wk
Phosphorous MR Spectroscopy From these data, we conclude that polydrug abusers in MMT have 31P‐MRS results consistent with
abnormal brain metabolism and phospholipid balance. The nearly normal metabolite profile in long‐term
MMT subjects suggests that prolonged MMT may be associated with improved neurochemistry.
Psychiatry Research: NeuroimagingVolume 90, Issue 3 , 30 June 1999, Pages 143-152
Impact of Methadone Maintenance Treatment
• Reduction death rates (Grondblah, ‘90)
• Reduction IVDU (Ball & Ross, ‘91)
• Reduction crime days (Ball & Ross)
• Reduction rate of HIV seroconversion (Bourne, ‘88;
Novick ‘90,; Metzger ‘93)
• Reduction relapse to IVDU (Ball & Ross)
• Improved employment, health, & social function
Opioid Agonist Therapy
Withdrawal
Norm
alEu
phoria
Chronic useAcute use
Tolerance & Physical Dependence
Medication AssistedTherapy
8
Steady‐State Simulation ‐Maintenance PharmacotherapyAttained after 4‐5 half‐times, 1 dose / half‐life
Time (multiples of elimination half‐lives)Daily dose remains constant to steady‐state
Adapted from Goodman & Gilman
Rapid Metabolizer – Serum Levels at Peak and Trough P/T <2 (not for dosing)
High
Normal
Sick
ng
/ m
l
Hours
Indication for Trough and Peak Serum Levels
Induction, Early/Late Stabilization, Maintenance
Start Low, Go Slow The Rate Of Overdose Deaths Involving Methadone In The United States In 2009 Was 5.5 Times The Rate In 1999.
*METHADONE FOR PAIN, not OTP MMWR, 7/6/12
“Methadone Does Not Have a Sense of Humor”
Doug Gourlay/Howard Heit
Federal Opioid Treatment StandardsOTP
Administrative and organizational structure
Quality assurance/improvement
Diversion Control Plan
Staff credentials
Patient admission criteria
Required services (includes medical examinations)
Record keeping and patient confidentiality
Medication administration, dispensing
Unsupervised use
Interim maintenance
Detoxification
9
Admission EKG QTc~ 600 msec. 50yoM 150mg Torsades de Pointes
Methadone QTc Interval
• Mechanism—Blockade of the human cardiac ether a go‐go‐related gene(hERG), which encodes Ikr—Delayed Rectifier K ion currentdelayed repolarization QTc
• Counterintuitively, S‐methadone QTc R‐Methadone
• Opioid Class Effect‐‐Depends on clinically significant serum concentrations.
• Multifactorial, K, Mg, 3A4 2D6 2B6 inhibitors, other QT med
• Dose Related
• Buprenorphine Does Not QTc clinically significant
Buprenorphine
• Thebaine derivative
• μ‐partial agonist κ‐antagonist
• High affinity μ receptor >most agonists
• Slow dissociation long T1/2 at receptor
• CYP P450—3A4 minimal d/d interactions
• Norbuprenorphine—Active Metabolite
• Biliary (70%) and Urinary (30%) Excret.
• Hemodialysis safe
• ~ 300K patients on Bupe. Maint. vs Detox
Buprenorphine Binding mu Receptor
• Buprenorphine blocks opioid full mu agonist binding
• Zubieta et al [U Mich] Neuropsychopharmacology 23:326–334, 2000
Precipitated Withdrawal Buprenorphine will precipitate withdrawal only when it
displaces a full agonist off the mu receptors.
Buprenorphine only partially activates the receptors, therefore a net decrease in activation occurs and withdrawal develops.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% Mu Receptor
IntrinsicActivity
Full Agonist (e.g. heroin)
Partial Agonist (e.g. buprenorphine)
no drug high doseDRUG DOSE
low dose
A Net Decrease in Receptor Activity if a Partial Agonist displaces Full Agonist
10
Treatment duration (days)
Remaining in treatment (nr)
0
5
10
15
20
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Control
Buprenorphine
Buprenorphine Maintenance vs Detox
Kakko J et al. Lancet 2003
75% retention
75% UTS negative
20% mortality in placebo group
Mean Neonatal Morphine Dose, Length of Neonatal Hospital Stay, and Duration of Treatment for Neonatal
Abstinence Syndrome
Jones HE et al. N Engl J Med 2010;363:2320‐2331
Pregnancy and MAT Opioids
• Methadone, Buprenorphine, NTX: All Cat. C
• Methadone > 40 years, “Gold Standard”Dose and Divide Dose During Pregnancy
• Buprenorphine: MOTHER STUDY
• M & B in breast milk, small amts. Recommended
• No develop. Sequelae in children. ??congenital
• NTX: No studies. +breast milk
Methadone/Buprenorphine
Methadone Buprenorphine
Safety—OD
Drug/Drug
QTc/TdP
Pain
Hepatic = START DAD =
Pregnancy
Testosterone
Active Met.
Structure
Track Record ?? Benzo/Sleep
Heroin Maintenance
• Harm Reduction
• Positive outcome studies from Switzerland and Canada(Montreal and Vancouver)
Methadone/Bupe Adverse EffectsM only M & B
Minimal sedation once tolerance achieved
Constipation, Excessive Sweating
2º Hypoganadism: HPG axisTestosterone: M>B
Initial Peripheral Edema—not common
QTc prolongation
Exhaustively studied in all other organ systems with no evidence of chronic harm
Hemodialysis safe
“Rot teeth and bones”– Opioid Class Effect: Saliva ??osteoclast activity ? Clinical relevance
11
Methadone Buprenorphine PainIssues and Strategies
• Maintain Maintenance Dose: Not Analgesic
• Divide Dose: Analgesic Effect 4‐6 hours
• Utilize IR Full Agonist Opioids: Doses Required
• If NPO: ½ dose IM Methadone, parenteral Bupe
• Bupe: Emerging Strategies for Anticipated Pain: Taper, D/C Bupe: or Continue and/or dose
• *Latest Evidence Favors Continuation of both peri‐operatively
Alford,Ann Intern Med. 2006 Jan 17;144(2):127‐34.Mcintyre, Anesth and Intensive CareMarch 2013
Naltrexone
• Effective in specialized populations; e.g. impaired professionals
• Low attraction in general in traditional OTPs
• Early drop out is common: Hx. with po tabs
• I.M. Naltrexone Depot—30 day duration, less overall exposure to NTX, no black box LFTs,
• Off opioids for 7—10 days, Naloxone challenge,
• Strategies to shorten “off opioid interval”*
• Loss of Tolerance: OD Concerns
*The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2012; 38(3): 187–199
Lancet. Vol.377 April 30, 2011, 1506‐13
Naltrexone Adverse Effects• Nausea/Diarrhea
• Headache
• Insomnia
• Dizziness
• ?Dysphoria
• Possible Hepatic toxicity at higher doses
• Opioid analgesics will not be effective
What Is Addiction?
DoesNot
NecessarilyEqual
e.g. (1) caffeine (2) nicotine (3) alcohol (4) opiates (5) cocaine (6) methadone
Physical Dependence
Addiction
Actor Philip Seymour Hoffman, who was found dead February 2, 2014 on the bathroom floor of his New York apartment with a syringe in his left arm, died of acute mixed drug
intoxication, including heroin, cocaine, benzodiazepines and amphetamine, the New York medical examiner's office said Friday