Assessing the Use of Project Distribution and Poverty

ERD TECHNICAL NOTE NO. 13

ASSESSING THE USE OF PROJECT DISTRIBUTION

AND POVERTY IMPACT ANALYSES

AT THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK

FRANKLIN D. DE GUZMAN

October 2005

Franklin D. De Guzman is an Economics Officer with the Economic Analysis and Operations Support Division ofthe Economics and Research Department, Asian Development Bank (ADB). The author thanks colleagues at ADBwho provided helpful comments on earlier drafts: Xianbin Yao, David Dole, Manabu Fujimura, and Richard Bolt.Maria Cita Cuevas provided valuable research assistance. This paper also benefited from the staff consultancy studydone by Gregory Gajewski on the subject.

Asian Development Bank6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City1550 Metro Manila, Philippineswww.adb.org/economics

©2005 by Asian Development BankOctober 2005ISSN 1655-5236

The views expressed in this paperare those of the author(s) and do notnecessarily reflect the views or policiesof the Asian Development Bank.

FOREWORD

The ERD Technical Note Series deals with conceptual, analytical, ormethodological issues relating to project/program economic analysis orstatistical analysis. Papers in the Series are meant to enhance analytical rigorand quality in project/program preparation and economic evaluation, andimprove statistical data and development indicators. ERD Technical Notesare prepared mainly, but not exclusively, by staff of the Economics andResearch Department, their consultants, or resource persons primarily forinternal use, but may be made available to interested external parties.

CONTENTS

Abstract vii

I. Introduction 1

II. The Project Distribution and Poverty Impact Analyses Method 1

III. ADB Practice in Distribution and Poverty Impact Analyses 4

A. Overview of Sample RRPs 4B. Observations and Issues 4

IV. Conclusion 9

Appendix: Sectoral Classification of Project Reports Reviewed 10

References 12

ABSTRACT

If done properly, distribution and poverty impact analyses could helpassess who benefits from project activities and by how much, relative to otherstakeholder groups that pay for the project inputs. The Asian DevelopmentBank (ADB) has been applying these analyses after the approval of its PovertyReduction Strategy in 1999. Different views have emerged on how theseanalyses have been used in ADB operations. This paper reviews ADB’sexperience in conducting distribution and poverty impact analyses,particularly how these analyses have been applied, what has been done sofar, and what are the recurring issues.

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I. INTRODUCTION

Since the approval of the Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS) in 1999 (ADB 1999),operations of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) have been oriented toward reducing povertyin the Asian and Pacific region. This has placed greater emphasis on strengthening economicanalysis of investment projects to help improve project design. As a result, an estimation methodcovering both distribution and poverty impact analyses is currently used to assess net benefitdistribution and poverty impact.

Initially, ADB’s Guidelines for the Economic Analysis of Projects (henceforth“Guidelines”; see ADB 1997) suggested a method for distribution and poverty impact analyses.The Handbook for Integrating Poverty Impact Assessment in the Economic Analysis of Projects(henceforth “Handbook”; see ADB 2001) further explained this method. ADB has been applyingdistribution and poverty impact analyses after the PRS approval. Different views have emergedon how this method is practiced in ADB operations.

This paper reviews ADB’s experience in conducting distribution and poverty impactanalyses. It evaluates its application and documents what has been done so far and the recurringissues. The paper aims to promote learning and knowledge sharing among ADB staff.

This paper reviews 80 project documents covering the period 2000-2004, which appliedsome form of either distribution or poverty impact analyses or both. It also draws on theliterature, especially Fujimura and Weiss (2000), the Guidelines (ADB 1997), the Handbook(ADB 2001), and Gajewski and Luppino (2004). These materials provide illustrations and clarifyconceptual/methodological issues on distribution and poverty impact analyses. Section IIprovides an overview of the method. Section III discusses how distribution and poverty impactanalyses have been applied in ADB as indicated in the Report and Recommendation of thePresident (RRP) documents. By referring to project cases, this review highlights how thesepractices are pursued. The last section summarizes the major findings.

II. THE PROJECT DISTRIBUTION AND POVERTY IMPACT ANALYSES METHOD

Distribution and poverty impact analyses show how benefits are dispersed. Theseanalyses examine how different project designs or changes to related policies and institutionalarrangements will affect the flow of net benefits to various stakeholders.1 Distribution andpoverty impact analyses require thorough analysis of financial and economic cash flows fora given project. This calls for the accurate description of how inputs, costs, outputs, and benefitsare identified and the corresponding values estimated.

1 Stakeholders, stakeholder groups, and beneficiary groups are used interchangeably in this paper.

22222 OOOOOCTOBERCTOBERCTOBERCTOBERCTOBER 20052005200520052005

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Another key requirement is the proper identification of relevant stakeholders. Thisprocess can explain a project’s likely impact on the poor and on the groups that may gainor lose as a result of the project.

The Guidelines recommends a “generic” breakdown of stakeholder groups to guidein the disaggregation of net benefits of a project: the owners, those working in the operatingentity, the government, the consumers of outputs, those providing material inputs, and lenders.The Handbook extends this general classification to include other things like poverty, gender,nationals/foreigners, and subregional projects.

A sequence of steps is followed to disaggregate net benefits. This involves calculatingthe difference between present values in economic and financial terms. Assessing a project’spoverty impact entails another step involving determination of poverty incidence. This extensionrequires more data and information beyond what is normally collected during projectpreparation and appraisal. The Handbook outlines the procedures in distribution and povertyimpact analyses (see Box 1).

If done properly, distribution analysis could help assess who benefits from projectactivities and by how much, relative to other stakeholder groups that pay for the project inputs.Since many social service projects involve public spending but generate private benefits inreturn, it is important to examine whether the project will help intended beneficiaries (ADB2003). In projects that require public sector provision, complementary financing by differentstakeholders is usually warranted. Distribution analysis could then be used to assess if a projectgives stakeholders good reason to participate.

Distribution analysis can also be used to evaluate how project-related pricing policiescould affect the flow of net benefits. For example, in a water supply project, this analysis couldassess the distributive impact of raising a tariff. Simulations can be done to further considerthe effects of a single water tariff against a two-tier tariff to key beneficiaries, including thepoor (Gajewski and Luppino 2004). This shows how stakeholders may gain or lose when aproject is implemented. It also helps assess a project’s sustainability.

continued.

BOX 1STEPS IN DISTRIBUTION AND POVERTY IMPACT ANALYSES

Step 1.Step 1.Step 1.Step 1.Step 1. Set out the annual financial data on the project showing inflows (revenue and loan receipts) andoutflows (investment, operating costs, loan interest, and principal repayments and tax both on profits andpurchased inputs) from the perspective of the project owners. This is sometimes termed a return to equitycalculation at constant prices.

Step 2.Step 2.Step 2.Step 2.Step 2. Discount each annual inflow and outflow to derive present values for each category and a netpresent value (NPV). Normally a 12 percent discount rate should be used for these calculations. Theresulting NPV will be a financial NPV showing the income change for project owners. Also, there will bea gain to government from tax payments, and where subsidized loans are provided, a loss to lenders.


SSSSSECTIONECTIONECTIONECTIONECTION II II II II IITTTTTHEHEHEHEHE P P P P PROJECTROJECTROJECTROJECTROJECT D D D D DISTRIBUTIONISTRIBUTIONISTRIBUTIONISTRIBUTIONISTRIBUTION

ANDANDANDANDAND P P P P POVERTYOVERTYOVERTYOVERTYOVERTY I I I I IMPMPMPMPMPACTACTACTACTACT AAAAANALNALNALNALNALYSESYSESYSESYSESYSES M M M M METHODETHODETHODETHODETHOD

Box 1. continued.

Step 3.Step 3.Step 3.Step 3.Step 3. Identify the economic value to be used for each project input/output category. The ratio betweenthis economic value and the financial price for actual transactions is the conversion factor (CF) for the itemconcerned. Normally for distribution analysis, it is simpler to conduct economic appraisals in the domesticprice numeraire (which means that income from the financial and economic calculations will then be in thesame price units). If a world price numeraire is needed for the economic calculations, all financial data fromsteps 1 and 2 must be converted to world prices by multiplication by the standard conversion factor to carryout a consistent distribution analysis. Nonetheless, it is recommended that the domestic price numeraire beused consistently.

Step 4.Step 4.Step 4.Step 4.Step 4. Express all project items in economic terms. This can be done by applying CFs to revalue the financialdata from step 1. If CFs are taken as constant over the project’s life, only the present value figures at step2 need to be adjusted. For items for which there is no financial value at step 1 (for example, an environ-mental cost for which a project itself is not charged), their economic value, wherever estimated, should beentered directly in the economic benefit flows.

In practice, where a project analyst did not foresee the need for distribution analysis and has done theconventional economic analysis first, as would normally be the case for most project preparations beforethe wider application of distribution analysis, the analyst could work backward to arrive at financial benefitand cost streams using conversion factors and transfer payments.

Step 5.Step 5.Step 5.Step 5.Step 5. Allocate difference between financial and economic values to particular groups. These, plus thechanges for project owners and others at step 2, give the income changes created by the project. The netbenefits to different groups must sum to the economic NPV of the project, since this measures the totalnet benefits of the project. This can be seen as an identity: economic NPV = financial NPV + (economicNPV-financial NPV).

Note that where there is no financial revenue for the project agency, as in the case of road rehabilitationprojects, net benefits still need to be distributed between different stakeholders.

Poverty Impact

A poverty focus requires that for each identifiable group affected by a project, the proportion of those whocan be classified as poor be estimated.

Step 6.Step 6.Step 6.Step 6.Step 6. Estimate for each group affected by a project the proportion of net benefits that will go to thosebelow the poverty line. Groups involved will vary between projects but will usually include consumers, workers,producers, government and the rest of the economy. For the government, what is required is an estimateof the counterfactual; i.e., what proportion of government expenditure diverted from other uses by the projectunder consideration would have otherwise benefited the poor. Similarly, if a project generates governmentincome, a proportion of this will create benefits for the poor, which will be indirectly caused by the projectconcerned.

Step 7.Step 7.Step 7.Step 7.Step 7. Sum up all net benefits going to the poor and divide by the total net benefits (economic NPV). Thisresult is termed the poverty impact ratio (PIR).

Source: ADB (2001).





III. ADB PRACTICE IN DISTRIBUTION AND POVERTY IMPACT ANALYSES

A. Overview of Sample RRPs

A review of RRPs from 2000 to 2004 shows that distribution and/or poverty impactanalysis has been done for about 80 public sector projects, or about 26% of the total (Table1). Since 2000, there was an increase in the use of these techniques.

TABLE 1PROFILE OF ADB PUBLIC SECTOR PROJECTS REVIEWED

YEARYEARYEARYEARYEAR TOTAL NUMBER OFTOTAL NUMBER OFTOTAL NUMBER OFTOTAL NUMBER OFTOTAL NUMBER OF NUMBER OF PROJECTSNUMBER OF PROJECTSNUMBER OF PROJECTSNUMBER OF PROJECTSNUMBER OF PROJECTS PERCENTPERCENTPERCENTPERCENTPERCENTPROJECTSPROJECTSPROJECTSPROJECTSPROJECTS THATHATHATHATHAT T T T T APPLIEDAPPLIEDAPPLIEDAPPLIEDAPPLIED SHARE SHARE SHARE SHARE SHARE

DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION ANDANDANDANDANDPOVERTY IMPPOVERTY IMPPOVERTY IMPPOVERTY IMPPOVERTY IMPACTACTACTACTACTANALANALANALANALANALYSESYSESYSESYSESYSES

2000 70 6 8.6 2001 57 11 19.3 2002 67 22 32.8 2003 62 22 35.5 2004 58 19 32.8 TTTTTotototototalalalalal 314314314314314 8080808080 25.525.525.525.525.5

Distribution and poverty impact analyses are used more in transport and energy sectors(Table 2). These sectors account for 59% of the projects reviewed compared to about 20%of social infrastructure projects (education, health, water supply and sanitation, and urbandevelopment). Agriculture and natural resources projects were 16% of the total. The balance(5%) was projects in industry and trade, and other multisector projects. During the same period,distribution and poverty impact analyses were not applied in health sector projects. A maritimetraining project and its subsequent supplementary loan were the only projects that applieddistribution analysis in the education sector. Appendix 1 carries the complete listing of projectsreviewed.

B. Observations and Issues

A review of these projects yielded the following observations: (i) limited applicabilityof distribution and poverty impact analyses; (ii) inaccurate identification of stakeholder groups;(iii) nonstatement of assumptions and parameters used; and (iv) lack of proper explanationof stakeholder issues and significance of the poverty impact ratio. Summarized in Box 2 arestatistics on the applications of distribution and poverty impact analyses.


SSSSSECTIONECTIONECTIONECTIONECTION III III III III IIIADB PADB PADB PADB PADB PRACTICERACTICERACTICERACTICERACTICE INININININ D D D D DISTRIBUTIONISTRIBUTIONISTRIBUTIONISTRIBUTIONISTRIBUTION ANDANDANDANDAND P P P P POVERTYOVERTYOVERTYOVERTYOVERTY I I I I IMPMPMPMPMPACTACTACTACTACT AAAAANALNALNALNALNALYSESYSESYSESYSESYSES

TABLE 2COMPOSITION OF REVIEWED PROJECTS BY SECTOR

SECTORSSECTORSSECTORSSECTORSSECTORS 20002000200020002000 20012001200120012001 20022002200220022002 20032003200320032003 20042004200420042004 TOTALTOTALTOTALTOTALTOTAL PERCENTPERCENTPERCENTPERCENTPERCENTSHARESHARESHARESHARESHARE

Agriculture and Natural Resources 0 3 3 3 4 1313131313 16.316.316.316.316.3

Transport and Communications 3 5 6 8 9 3131313131 38.838.838.838.838.8

Energy 1 2 6 5 2 1616161616 20.020.020.020.020.0 Water Supply, Sanitation, and Waste Management 1 1 2 4 1 99999 11.311.311.311.311.3

Education 0 0 1 0 1 22222 2.52.52.52.52.5

Industry and Trade 0 0 1 0 0 11111 1.31.31.31.31.3

Multisector 1 0 3 2 2 88888 10.010.010.010.010.0 of which: Urban development 0 0 1 2 2 55555 6.06.06.06.06.0

Others 0 0 0 0 0 00000 0.00.00.00.00.0

TTTTTotototototalalalalal 66666 1111111111 2222222222 2222222222 1919191919 8080808080 100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0

Sources: Loan, technical asssistance, grant, and equity approvals databases.

BOX 2FINDINGS FROM THE REVIEW OF PROJECT DOCUMENTS

About 26% of the projects explicitly include either distribution or poverty impact analysis, or both. Excludingprogram lending, about 30% of public sector projects apply distribution and/or poverty impact analysis.

About 16% of projects show only the distribution analysis.

About 18% of projects indicate only the PIR estimates without a corresponding distribution analysis.

About 39% of projects employ a “generic” set of stakeholder groups.

About 46% of projects do not explicitly specify the assumptions and parameters used.





1. Analyses Confined to Selected Sectors

Distribution and poverty impact analyses appear to have limited practical use. Sincethese analyses depend on costs and benefit streams, they are mostly confined to infrastructureprojects such as energy and transport and communications. Arguably, energy and transportand communications sectors help the poor least. It may be harder to trace the full distributioneffects in these sectors since many beneficiaries are intermediate rather than final users(Fujimura and Weiss 2000). The benefits from these types of projects are too diffused overa wide range of beneficiaries to make substantial, direct impact on poverty alleviation efforts.

In contrast, social sector projects, such as health and education, have a more focusedimpact when it comes to directing resources to the poor. These types of projects do not lendthemselves easily to distribution and poverty analyses since benefit and costs streams are seldomestimated. But to better understand project incidence, an analytical tool must provide a broaderperspective and coverage of sectors.

This major limitation highlights the fact that distribution and poverty impact analysesdepend on the quality of financial and economic cash flow analyses. If economic and financialcash flows and NPV analysis are done poorly, these analyses could not be expected to providea clear understanding of project incidence, and the corresponding results would be meaningless.

Significant variations in the quality of cash flows and rate of return analysis have beennoted across ADB projects. A retrospective analysis, Economic Analysis in 2002: A Retrospective(the Retrospective; see ADB 2003) found that the rate of return analysis in a few projectproposals was not appropriately used as an analytical methodology. Major shortcomings werefound in benefit identification, attribution, and valuation. Adjusting financial to economic pricesis usually done, but can still be done better. The Retrospective also noted other shortcomingsin benefit valuation as in several energy projects where the valuation of willingness-to-paywas not based on a demand analysis.

2. Shortcomings Noted in Stakeholder Analysis

The present paper reveals two weaknesses in stakeholder analysis. First, stakeholdergroups are identified and categorized almost routinely during the distribution analysis. About39% of the project documents reviewed employ a “generic” set of stakeholder groups:consumers, labor (hired workers in the project), and government/economy. This “generic set”,as set out in the Guidelines and the Handbook, is meant to be a guide. These genericstakeholder groups or other loosely defined aggregates seems to provide a convenient “pro-forma” presentation at the expense of coming up with a meaningful analysis.

A distribution analysis should be able to cover a more diverse and relevant set ofstakeholder groups. A more location-specific disaggregation of beneficiaries could providebetter insights on project incidence. Since the level of disaggregation is subjective, carefulidentification would prevent arbitrary categorization of beneficiaries and omission of otherrelevant stakeholders.


The second concern pertains to the generally weak analysis and reporting ofstakeholders’ issues. Specific stakeholder issues are not properly explained, although thereare a few good cases noted in the review. For example, BAN: Road Network Improvementand Maintenance Project II and the PHI: Electricity Market and Transmission DevelopmentProject discussed stakeholders’ issues. Similarly, Phase 1 of the BAN: Road NetworkImprovement and Maintenance Project provided an excellent presentation on market situationsthat help show how benefits could possibly accrue to stakeholders.

Assessment of issues specific to each stakeholder group is vital in understanding theprofile, composition, and constraints faced by stakeholders. These issues show how differentgroups, including the poor, can possibly be affected by a project, especially which stakeholderswill gain or lose when the project is implemented. A politically strong stakeholder group thatwould shoulder a large burden of the project’s costs (and would get little or no benefit at all)may try to stop the project or change its design once it is implemented. Analysis of this typecould help decisionmakers in assessing a proposed project’s likelihood of success and the risksassociated with it. Mitigation measures could then be considered to improve project designfeatures.

3. Need to Clearly State Assumptions and Parameters

Clearly stating the underlying assumptions and parameters provide the basis for projectincidence. These help explain distributional effects even under varied assumptions andparameters. In the case of PIRs, these figures are highly sensitive to changes in relevantparameters and assumptions such as the proportions of the poor for each stakeholder group.A difficult step in estimating the PIR is separating benefits and costs that go exclusively tothe poor. These estimates require setting up plausible assumptions, based on project-specificinformation.

The analyses shown in the documents are not supported by systematic presentationof assumptions and parameters. Only about 54% of projects stated their assumptions. In mostof the documents, it is difficult to establish the basis of distribution and poverty impact analysessince the relevant details and information are not shown. Most of this information is relegatedto the supplementary appendix portions of the RRPs. Thus, assumptions and parameters usedcould not be easily found and validated. The coherence of the distribution and poverty impactanalyses has been severely affected in the process. One exception is the PRC: Ganzhou-LongwayRailway Project, which clearly presented the assumptions used in estimating the PIR.

An uneven quality of distribution and poverty impact analyses was observed in theprojects. A recurring problem is describing a “distribution analysis” that considered gross benefitsand output rather than net benefits. This practice does not follow the method described inthe Guidelines and the Handbook. Some claimed that a distribution analysis was carried outeven though the analysis was not presented even in the appendices.

SSSSSECTIONECTIONECTIONECTIONECTION III III III III IIIADB PADB PADB PADB PADB PRACTICERACTICERACTICERACTICERACTICE INININININ D D D D DISTRIBUTIONISTRIBUTIONISTRIBUTIONISTRIBUTIONISTRIBUTION ANDANDANDANDAND P P P P POVERTYOVERTYOVERTYOVERTYOVERTY I I I I IMPMPMPMPMPACTACTACTACTACT AAAAANALNALNALNALNALYSESYSESYSESYSESYSES





4. Need to Properly Explain the Significance of PIR

Some documents tend to highlight a particular analysis. For example, about 16% ofRRPs show only the distribution analysis, while about 18% of projects show only the PIR.Since poverty impact assessment is a logical extension of distribution analysis, one would expectto see the corresponding distribution analysis. The practice of showing only the PIR estimatesseems to suggest that more weight is attached to the PIR to support claims of a project’s pro-poor impacts.

Based on early experiences at ADB, the Handbook suggested care in interpreting PIRs.The following concerns that were raised in the Handbook are still relevant: (i) some may hastilyinterpret the PIR as a summary indicator for poverty impact, in the same way that the economicinternal rate of return (EIRR) is a summary indicator for project economic viability, whichshould not be the case; (ii) the PIR, by itself, is merely the proportion of the NPV accruingto the poor against the total project NPV and does not inform poverty impact ranking or theefficiency of poverty reduction among alternative project designs; and (iii) the PIR is oftenan uncertain point estimate that needs sensible judgment to avoid its mechanical application.

This review found ambiguity in the way the PIR is interpreted to support pro-poorinterventions. Most of the RRPs with poverty impact analyses provided only a general statementon the estimated PIR figure by simply stating the percentage of a proposed project’s neteconomic benefits that would accrue to the poor. In some others, these documents only showedthe derived PIR figures without explaining their significance. These practices do not help toshow the link between the investment components and poverty alleviation in the target areas.

Also, there are project documents that tried to compare PIR with national povertyor income indicators. The comparisons, which were not enough to provide sufficient informationon a project’s poverty impact, include:

(i) A PIR higher than the poverty incidence ratio indicates that the poor householdswill benefit more from a project than with other stakeholder groups;

(ii) A PIR higher than the poor’s proportion to gross domestic product would give aproject a positive poverty impact; and

(iii) A PIR when compared with urban poor’s income share confirms a project’s pro-poor impact.

The plausibility of comparing a PIR figure with a poverty or income indicator is notclear, although comparative interpretations of poverty impacts were implied in the Handbook.

This review shows that the PIR estimates could be open to various interpretations.The reason could be that there is insufficient guidance on how to make the PIR operationallyrelevant. The need to present a PIR and to demonstrate that the proposed intervention oroperation is indeed “pro-poor” seems to be done at the expense of coming up with a coherent,systematic, and sensible analysis.


SSSSSECTIONECTIONECTIONECTIONECTION IV IV IV IV IVSSSSSUMMARYUMMARYUMMARYUMMARYUMMARY ANDANDANDANDAND D D D D DISCUSSIONISCUSSIONISCUSSIONISCUSSIONISCUSSION

IV. CONCLUSION

A careful application of the estimation method should include the following: (i)establishing sound economic and financial cash flows; (ii) more attention to stakeholderanalysis to identify and aggregate stakeholder groups; and (iii) better explanation ofstakeholders’ issues. Also, this method needs a systematic specification of assumptions andparameters. These underscore the stringent requirements of this method before its full potentialas an analytical tool could be fully realized.

This review also shows that this method can only be applied to projects in selectedsectors. Together with the deficiencies noted in both distribution and poverty impact analysesincluding the manner in which the PIR is being interpreted, this review shows that theapplication of this method in ADB operations needs to be undertaken more conscientiously.

Distribution and poverty impact assessment is not the only method available forevaluating project incidence. There are others that are also applicable, depending on the natureof the project. ADB could explore other ways to assess project incidence or distributional impacts.The following methods may also be worth considering: (i) benefit incidence analysis; and (ii)qualitative analysis of channels of effects and transmission.

Benefit incidence analysis shows who benefits from public services and describes howgovernment spending affects the welfare of different groups of people. This type of analysiscombines the cost of providing public services with information on their use to generatedistributions of the benefit of government spending (Demery 2003).

Benefit incidence analysis involves identifying the beneficiaries of broad categoriesof government expenditure, for example, in primary and secondary education, and disaggregatingthese by income group. Household data on consumption of public goods are combined withinformation on budget allocations for public spending to determine a unit subsidy per person.Household usage of the service is then aggregated across key social groups to impute thepattern and distribution of service provision (ADB 2005).

A qualitative analysis of channels of effects and transmission—in the form of a PovertyImpact Assessment Matrix—has long been used by ADB for policy-based lending to guide exante analysis of poverty impacts of policy changes. In this type of analysis, the focus is onassessing how benefits are filtered or transmitted to various stakeholders. This entailsunderstanding channels of effect through which these stakeholders are affected, includingaccess to project inputs and outputs. These channels include access to labor and product markets,and the effects of wages and producer and consumer price changes in markets; access to useof assets; access to public services; and access to transfers.

Setting out the assumptions needed to transmit or distribute the benefits amongstakeholders is critically important. One should be able to assess how realistic these assumptionsare. As in policy analysis, it is necessary to be aware that the longer the chain of assumptionsrequired, the less likely the envisaged poverty impact will be (Bolt et al. 2003). Assessingalternatives that are likely to be effective and sustainable in increasing the stakeholder groups’access to employment, markets, resources, and services should also be considered.





APPENDIXSECTORAL CLASSIFICATION OF PROJECT REPORTS REVIEWED

Agriculture and Natural ResourcesAgriculture and Natural ResourcesAgriculture and Natural ResourcesAgriculture and Natural ResourcesAgriculture and Natural Resources

PRC: Yellow River Flood Management (Sector) Project (August 2001)VIE: 2nd Red River Basin Sector Project (October 2001)ETM: Hera Port Fisheries Facilities Rehabilitation Project (October 2001)INO: Poor Farmers’ Income Improvement Through Innovation Project (July 2002)PRC: Songhua River Flood Management Sector Project (August 2002)BAN: Jamuna-Meghna River Erosion Mitigation Project (October 2002)AZE: Flood Mitigation Project (November 2003)INO: Participatory Irrigation Sector Project (November 2003)UZB: Amu Zang Irrigation Rehabilitation Project (November 2003)LAO: Northern Community-Managed Irrigation Sector Project (June 2004)NEP: Decentralized Rural Infrastructure and Livelihood Project (September 2004)NEP: Community-Managed Irrigated Agriculture Sector Project (October 2004)PAK: Sustainable Livelihoods in Barani Areas Project (November 2004)

EducationEducationEducationEducationEducation

TUV: Maritime Training Project (September 2002)TUV: Maritime Training Project (Supplementary Loan) (July 2004)

EnergyEnergyEnergyEnergyEnergy

TAJ: Power Rehabilitation Project (November 2000)PRC: Shen-Da Power Transmission and Grid Rehabilitation Project (November 2001)MLD: Outer Islands Electrification (Sector) Project (November 2001)PRC: Hebei Zhangwan Pumped Storage Project (September 2002)SRI: Power Sector Development Program (October 2002)INO: Renewable Energy Development Sector Project (November 2002)INO: Power Transmission Improvement Sector Project (November 2002)PHI: Electricity Market and Transmission Development Project (November 2002)TAJ/UZB: Regional Power Transmission Modernization Project (November 2002)LAO: Northern Area Rural Power Distribution Project (August 2003)BHU: Rural Electrification and Network Expansion (September 2003)CAM: Greater Mekong Subregion Transmission Project (November 2003)IND: Assam Power Sector Development Program (November 2003)PRC: Gansu Clean Energy Development Project (November 2003)PRC: Coal Mine Methane Development Project (November 2004)PRC: Liaoning Environmental Improvement Project (November 2004)


AAAAAPPENDIXPPENDIXPPENDIXPPENDIXPPENDIX

SSSSSECTORALECTORALECTORALECTORALECTORAL C C C C CLASSIFICATIONLASSIFICATIONLASSIFICATIONLASSIFICATIONLASSIFICATION OFOFOFOFOF P P P P PROJECTROJECTROJECTROJECTROJECT REPORTSREPORTSREPORTSREPORTSREPORTS R R R R REVIEWEDEVIEWEDEVIEWEDEVIEWEDEVIEWED

IndustrIndustrIndustrIndustrIndustry and y and y and y and y and TTTTTraderaderaderaderade

CAM/LAO/VIE: Greater Mekong Subregion: Mekong Tourism Development Project (November 2002)

MultisectorMultisectorMultisectorMultisectorMultisector

PHI: Infrastructure for Rural Productivity Enhancement Sector Project (October 2000)PRC: Efficient Utilization of Agricultural Wastes Project (September 2002)PAK: Sindh Rural Development Project (October 2002)NEP: Urban and Environmental Improvement Project (November 2002)INO: Neighborhood Upgrading and Shelter Sector Project (November 2003)PHI: Development of Poor Urban Communities Sector Project (November 2003)BAN: Secondary Towns Integrated Flood Protection Project Phase 2 (November 2004)IND: Multisector Project for Infrastructure Rehabilitation in Jammu and Kashmir (December 2004)

TTTTTransporransporransporransporransport and Commt and Commt and Commt and Commt and Communicationsunicationsunicationsunicationsunications

PRC: Hefei-Xi’an Railway Project (July 2000)UZB: Railway Modernization Project (October 2000)TAJ: Road Rehabilitation Project (November 2000)PRC: Ganzhou-Longyan Railway Project (September 2001)KGZ: 3rd Road Rehabilitation Project (October 2001)IND: West Bengal Corridor Development Project (November 2001)NEP: Road Network Development Project (November 2001)PAK: Road Sector Development Program (November 2001)PRC: Southern Sichuan Roads Development Project (August 2002)BAN: Road Network Improvement and Maintenance Project (September 2002)PAK: Punjab Road Development Sector Project (October 2002)BAN: Rural Infrastructure Improvement Project (November 2002)IND: Madhya Pradesh State Roads Sector Development Program (November 2002)LAO: Greater Mekong Subregion Northern Economic Corridor Project (November 2002)PRC: Ningxia Roads Development Project (August 2003)BAN: Road Network Improvement and Maintenance Project 2 (October 2003)IND: Rural Roads Sector I Project (October 2003)PAK: Balochistan Road Development Sector Project (October 2003)PRC: Western Yunnan Roads Development Project (October 2003)IND: National Highway Corridor (Sector) 1 Project (November 2003)IND: Chhattisgarh State Roads Development Sector Project (November 2003)TAJ: Dushanbe-Kyrgyz Border Road Rehabilitation Project Phase 1 (November 2003)PRC: Gansu Roads Development Project (November 2004)PRC: Dali-Lijiang Railway Project (November 2004)LAO: Roads for Rural Development Project (June 2004)MON: Regional Road Development Project (June 2004)PAK: North-West Frontier Province Roads Development Sector and Subregional Connectivity Project(October 2004)AFG: Andkhoy-Qaisar Road Project (November 2004)AFG: Regional Airports Rehabilitation Project Phase 1 (November 2004)KGZ: Southern Transport Corridor Road Rehabilitation Project (November 2004)IND: National Highway Sector 2 Project (December 2004)





WWWWWater Supplyater Supplyater Supplyater Supplyater Supply,,,,, Sanit Sanit Sanit Sanit Sanitation,ation,ation,ation,ation, and and and and and WWWWWaste Manaste Manaste Manaste Manaste Managementagementagementagementagement

NEP: Melamchi Water Supply Project (November 2000)VIE: 3rd Provincial Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Project (November 2001)MON: Integrated Development of Basic Urban Services in Provincial Towns Project (July 2002)PAK: Punjab Community Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project (November 2002)PRC: Harbin Water Supply Project (February 2003)NEP: Community-Based Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project (September 2003)FIJ: Suva-Nausori Water Supply and Sewerage Project (November 2003)VIE: Central Region Urban Environmental Improvement Project (November 2003)AZE: Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project (November 2004)

REFERENCES

ADB. 1997. Guidelines for the Economic Analysis of Projects. Economics and Development Resource Center,Asian Development Bank, Manila.

———. 1999. Fighting Poverty in Asia and the Pacific: The Poverty Reduction Strategy of the AsianDevelopment Bank. Asian Development Bank, Manila. Available: http://www.adb.org/Documents/Policies/Poverty_Reduction/default.asp

———. 2001. Handbook for Integrating Poverty Impact Assessment in the Economic Analysis of Projects.Economics and Development Resource Center, Asian Development Bank, Manila.

———. 2003. Economic Analysis in 2002: A Retrospective. Economics and Research Department, AsianDevelopment Bank, Manila.

———. 2005. Sector Diagnosis in Education: Economic Retrospective 2004. Economics and ResearchDepartment, Asian Development Bank. Manila.

Bolt, R., M. Fujimura, C. Houser, F. De Guzman, F. Nixon, and J. Weiss. 2003. Economic Analysis of Policy-Based Operations: Key Dimensions. Economics and Research Department, Asian Development Bank,Manila.

Demery, L. 2003. “Analyzing the Incidence of Public Spending.” In F. Bourguignon and L. P. da Silva,eds., The Impact of Economic Policies on Poverty and Income Distribution: Evaluation Techniquesand Tools. World Bank, Washington DC.

Fujimura, M., and J. Weiss. 2000. Integration of Poverty Impact in Project Economic Analysis. EDRCMethodology Series No. 2, Economics and Development Resource Center, Asian Development Bank,Manila.

Gajewski, G., and M. Luppino. 2004. “Methods in Distribution and Poverty Impact Analysis of Projects:Practices and Clarifications.” Paper presented at the 79th Annual Conference, Western EconomicAssociation International, June 2004, Vancouver, Canada.

13

PUBLICATIONS FROM THEECONOMICS AND RESEARCH DEPARTMENT

No. 8 Testing Savings Product Innovations Using anExperimental Methodology—Nava Ashraf, Dean S. Karlan, and Wesley Yin,November 2003

No. 9 Setting User Charges for Public Services: Policiesand Practice at the Asian Development Bank—David Dole, December 2003

No. 10 Beyond Cost Recovery: Setting User Charges forFinancial, Economic, and Social Goals—David Dole and Ian Bartlett, January 2004

No. 11 Shadow Exchange Rates for Project EconomicAnalysis: Toward Improving Practice at the AsianDevelopment Bank—Anneli Lagman-Martin, February 2004

No. 12 Improving the Relevance and Feasibility ofAgriculture and Rural Development OperationalDesigns: How Economic Analyses Can Help—Richard Bolt, September 2005

No. 13 Assessing the Use of Project Distribution andPoverty Impact Analyses at the Asian DevelopmentBank—Franklin D. De Guzman, October 2005

ERD TECHNICAL NOTE SERIES (TNS)(Published in-house; Available through ADB Office of External Relations; Free of Charge)

No. 1 Contingency Calculations for EnvironmentalImpacts with Unknown Monetary Values—David Dole, February 2002

No. 2 Integrating Risk into ADB’s Economic Analysisof Projects—Nigel Rayner, Anneli Lagman-Martin,

and Keith Ward, June 2002No. 3 Measuring Willingness to Pay for Electricity

—Peter Choynowski, July 2002No. 4 Economic Issues in the Design and Analysis of a

Wastewater Treatment Project—David Dole, July 2002

No. 5 An Analysis and Case Study of the Role ofEnvironmental Economics at the AsianDevelopment Bank—David Dole and Piya Abeygunawardena,September 2002

No. 6 Economic Analysis of Health Projects: A Case Studyin Cambodia—Erik Bloom and Peter Choynowski, May 2003

No. 7 Strengthening the Economic Analysis of NaturalResource Management Projects—Keith Ward, September 2003

ERD POLICY BRIEF SERIES (PBS)(Published in-house; Available through ADB Office of External Relations; Free of charge)

No. 1 Is Growth Good Enough for the Poor?—Ernesto M. Pernia, October 2001

No. 2 India’s Economic ReformsWhat Has Been Accomplished?What Remains to Be Done?—Arvind Panagariya, November 2001

No. 3 Unequal Benefits of Growth in Viet Nam—Indu Bhushan, Erik Bloom, and Nguyen MinhThang, January 2002

No. 4 Is Volatility Built into Today’s World Economy?—J. Malcolm Dowling and J.P. Verbiest,February 2002

No. 5 What Else Besides Growth Matters to PovertyReduction? Philippines—Arsenio M. Balisacan and Ernesto M. Pernia,February 2002

No. 6 Achieving the Twin Objectives of Efficiency andEquity: Contracting Health Services in Cambodia—Indu Bhushan, Sheryl Keller, and Brad Schwartz,March 2002

No. 7 Causes of the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis: WhatCan an Early Warning System Model Tell Us?—Juzhong Zhuang and Malcolm Dowling,June 2002

No. 8 The Role of Preferential Trading Arrangementsin Asia—Christopher Edmonds and Jean-Pierre Verbiest,July 2002

No. 9 The Doha Round: A Development Perspective—Jean-Pierre Verbiest, Jeffrey Liang, and Lea

Sumulong, July 2002No. 10 Is Economic Openness Good for Regional

Development and Poverty Reduction? ThePhilippines—E. M. Pernia and Pilipinas Quising, October2002

No. 11 Implications of a US Dollar Depreciation for AsianDeveloping Countries—Emma Fan, July 2002

No. 12 Dangers of Deflation—D. Brooks and Pilipinas Quising, December 2002

No. 13 Infrastructure and Poverty Reduction—What is the Connection?—Ifzal Ali and Ernesto Pernia, January 2003

No. 14 Infrastructure and Poverty Reduction—Making Markets Work for the Poor—Xianbin Yao, May 2003

No. 15 SARS: Economic Impacts and Implications—Emma Xiaoqin Fan, May 2003

No. 16 Emerging Tax Issues: Implications of Globalizationand Technology—Kanokpan Lao Araya, May 2003

No. 17 Pro-Poor Growth: What is It and Why is ItImportant?—Ernesto M. Pernia, May 2003

No. 18 Public–Private Partnership for Competitiveness—Jesus Felipe, June 2003

No. 19 Reviving Asian Economic Growth Requires FurtherReforms—Ifzal Ali, June 2003

14

No. 1 Capitalizing on Globalization—Barry Eichengreen, January 2002

No. 2 Policy-based Lending and Poverty Reduction:An Overview of Processes, Assessmentand Options—Richard Bolt and Manabu Fujimura, January2002

No. 3 The Automotive Supply Chain: Global Trendsand Asian Perspectives—Francisco Veloso and Rajiv Kumar, January 2002

No. 4 International Competitiveness of Asian Firms:An Analytical Framework—Rajiv Kumar and Doren Chadee, February 2002

No. 5 The International Competitiveness of AsianEconomies in the Apparel Commodity Chain—Gary Gereffi, February 2002

No. 6 Monetary and Financial Cooperation in EastAsia—The Chiang Mai Initiative and Beyond—Pradumna B. Rana, February 2002

No. 7 Probing Beneath Cross-national Averages: Poverty,Inequality, and Growth in the Philippines—Arsenio M. Balisacan and Ernesto M. Pernia,March 2002

No. 8 Poverty, Growth, and Inequality in Thailand—Anil B. Deolalikar, April 2002

No. 9 Microfinance in Northeast Thailand: Who Benefitsand How Much?—Brett E. Coleman, April 2002

No. 10 Poverty Reduction and the Role of Institutions in

Developing Asia—Anil B. Deolalikar, Alex B. Brilliantes, Jr.,Raghav Gaiha, Ernesto M. Pernia, Mary Raceliswith the assistance of Marita Concepcion Castro-Guevara, Liza L. Lim, Pilipinas F. Quising, May2002

No. 11 The European Social Model: Lessons forDeveloping Countries—Assar Lindbeck, May 2002

No. 12 Costs and Benefits of a Common Currency forASEAN—Srinivasa Madhur, May 2002

No. 13 Monetary Cooperation in East Asia: A Survey—Raul Fabella, May 2002

No. 14 Toward A Political Economy Approachto Policy-based Lending—George Abonyi, May 2002

No. 15 A Framework for Establishing Priorities in aCountry Poverty Reduction Strategy—Ron Duncan and Steve Pollard, June 2002

No. 16 The Role of Infrastructure in Land-use Dynamicsand Rice Production in Viet Nam’s Mekong RiverDelta—Christopher Edmonds, July 2002

No. 17 Effect of Decentralization Strategy onMacroeconomic Stability in Thailand—Kanokpan Lao-Araya, August 2002

No. 18 Poverty and Patterns of Growth—Rana Hasan and M. G. Quibria, August 2002

ERD WORKING PAPER SERIES (WPS)(Published in-house; Available through ADB Office of External Relations; Free of Charge)

No. 20 The Millennium Development Goals and Poverty:Are We Counting the World’s Poor Right?—M. G. Quibria, July 2003

No. 21 Trade and Poverty: What are the Connections?—Douglas H. Brooks, July 2003

No. 22 Adapting Education to the Global Economy—Olivier Dupriez, September 2003

No. 23 Avian Flu: An Economic Assessment for SelectedDeveloping Countries in Asia—Jean-Pierre Verbiest and Charissa Castillo,March 2004

No. 25 Purchasing Power Parities and the InternationalComparison Program in a Globalized World—Bishnu Pant, March 2004

No. 26 A Note on Dual/Multiple Exchange Rates—Emma Xiaoqin Fan, May 2004

No. 27 Inclusive Growth for Sustainable Poverty Reductionin Developing Asia: The Enabling Role ofInfrastructure Development—Ifzal Ali and Xianbin Yao, May 2004

No. 28 Higher Oil Prices: Asian Perspectives andImplications for 2004-2005—Cyn-Young Park, June 2004

No. 29 Accelerating Agriculture and Rural Development forInclusive Growth: Policy Implications forDeveloping Asia—Richard Bolt, July 2004

No. 30 Living with Higher Interest Rates: Is Asia Ready?—Cyn-Young Park, August 2004

No. 31 Reserve Accumulation, Sterilization, and PolicyDilemma—Akiko Terada-Hagiwara, October 2004

No. 32 The Primacy of Reforms in the Emergence ofPeople’s Republic of China and India—Ifzal Ali and Emma Xiaoqin Fan, November2004

No. 33 Population Health and Foreign Direct Investment:Does Poor Health Signal Poor GovernmentEffectiveness?—Ajay Tandon, January 2005

No. 34 Financing Infrastructure Development: AsianDeveloping Countries Need to Tap Bond MarketsMore Rigorously—Yun-Hwan Kim, February 2005

No. 35 Attaining Millennium Development Goals inHealth: Isn’t Economic Growth Enough?—Ajay Tandon, March 2005

No. 36 Instilling Credit Culture in State-owned Banks—Experience from Lao PDR—Robert Boumphrey, Paul Dickie, and SamiuelaTukuafu, April 2005

No. 37 Coping with Global Imbalances and AsianCurrencies—Cyn-Young Park, May 2005

No. 38 Asia’s Long-term Growth and Integration:Reaching beyond Trade Policy Barriers—Douglas H. Brooks, David Roland-Holst, and FanZhai, September 2005

No. 39 Competition Policy and Development—Douglas H. Brooks, October 2005

No. 40 Highlighting Poverty as Vulnerability: The 2005Earthquake in Pakistan—Ajay Tandon and Rana Hasan, October 2005

No. 41 Conceptualizing and Measuring Poverty asVulnerability: Does It Make a Difference?—Ajay Tandon and Rana Hasan, October 2005

15

No. 19 Why are Some Countries Richer than Others?A Reassessment of Mankiw-Romer-Weil’s Test ofthe Neoclassical Growth Model—Jesus Felipe and John McCombie, August 2002

No. 20 Modernization and Son Preference in People’sRepublic of China—Robin Burgess and Juzhong Zhuang, September2002

No. 21 The Doha Agenda and Development: A View fromthe Uruguay Round—J. Michael Finger, September 2002

No. 22 Conceptual Issues in the Role of EducationDecentralization in Promoting Effective Schooling inAsian Developing Countries—Jere R. Behrman, Anil B. Deolalikar, and Lee-Ying Son, September 2002

No. 23 Promoting Effective Schooling through EducationDecentralization in Bangladesh, Indonesia, andPhilippines—Jere R. Behrman, Anil B. Deolalikar, and Lee-Ying Son, September 2002

No. 24 Financial Opening under the WTO Agreement inSelected Asian Countries: Progress and Issues—Yun-Hwan Kim, September 2002

No. 25 Revisiting Growth and Poverty Reduction inIndonesia: What Do Subnational Data Show?—Arsenio M. Balisacan, Ernesto M. Pernia, and Abuzar Asra, October 2002

No. 26 Causes of the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis: WhatCan an Early Warning System Model Tell Us?—Juzhong Zhuang and J. Malcolm Dowling,October 2002

No. 27 Digital Divide: Determinants and Policies withSpecial Reference to Asia—M. G. Quibria, Shamsun N. Ahmed, TedTschang, and Mari-Len Reyes-Macasaquit, October2002

No. 28 Regional Cooperation in Asia: Long-term Progress,Recent Retrogression, and the Way Forward—Ramgopal Agarwala and Brahm Prakash,October 2002

No. 29 How can Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and VietNam Cope with Revenue Lost Due to AFTA TariffReductions?—Kanokpan Lao-Araya, November 2002

No. 30 Asian Regionalism and Its Effects on Trade in the1980s and 1990s—Ramon Clarete, Christopher Edmonds, andJessica Seddon Wallack, November 2002

No. 31 New Economy and the Effects of IndustrialStructures on International Equity MarketCorrelations—Cyn-Young Park and Jaejoon Woo, December2002

No. 32 Leading Indicators of Business Cycles in Malaysiaand the Philippines—Wenda Zhang and Juzhong Zhuang, December2002

No. 33 Technological Spillovers from Foreign DirectInvestment—A Survey—Emma Xiaoqin Fan, December 2002

No. 34 Economic Openness and Regional Development inthe Philippines—Ernesto M. Pernia and Pilipinas F. Quising,January 2003

No. 35 Bond Market Development in East Asia:Issues and Challenges—Raul Fabella and Srinivasa Madhur, January2003

No. 36 Environment Statistics in Central Asia: Progressand Prospects—Robert Ballance and Bishnu D. Pant, March2003

No. 37 Electricity Demand in the People’s Republic of

China: Investment Requirement andEnvironmental Impact—Bo Q. Lin, March 2003

No. 38 Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Asia:Trends, Effects, and Likely Issues for theForthcoming WTO Negotiations—Douglas H. Brooks, Emma Xiaoqin Fan,and Lea R. Sumulong, April 2003

No. 39 The Political Economy of Good Governance forPoverty Alleviation Policies—Narayan Lakshman, April 2003

No. 40 The Puzzle of Social CapitalA Critical Review—M. G. Quibria, May 2003

No. 41 Industrial Structure, Technical Change, and theRole of Government in Development of theElectronics and Information Industry inTaipei,China—Yeo Lin, May 2003

No. 42 Economic Growth and Poverty Reductionin Viet Nam—Arsenio M. Balisacan, Ernesto M. Pernia, andGemma Esther B. Estrada, June 2003

No. 43 Why Has Income Inequality in ThailandIncreased? An Analysis Using 1975-1998 Surveys—Taizo Motonishi, June 2003

No. 44 Welfare Impacts of Electricity Generation SectorReform in the Philippines—Natsuko Toba, June 2003

No. 45 A Review of Commitment Savings Products inDeveloping Countries—Nava Ashraf, Nathalie Gons, Dean S. Karlan,and Wesley Yin, July 2003

No. 46 Local Government Finance, Private Resources,and Local Credit Markets in Asia—Roberto de Vera and Yun-Hwan Kim, October2003

No. 47 Excess Investment and Efficiency Loss DuringReforms: The Case of Provincial-level Fixed-AssetInvestment in People’s Republic of China—Duo Qin and Haiyan Song, October 2003

No. 48 Is Export-led Growth Passe? Implications forDeveloping Asia—Jesus Felipe, December 2003

No. 49 Changing Bank Lending Behavior and CorporateFinancing in Asia—Some Research Issues—Emma Xiaoqin Fan and Akiko Terada-Hagiwara,December 2003

No. 50 Is People’s Republic of China’s Rising ServicesSector Leading to Cost Disease?—Duo Qin, March 2004

No. 51 Poverty Estimates in India: Some Key Issues—Savita Sharma, May 2004

No. 52 Restructuring and Regulatory Reform in the PowerSector: Review of Experience and Issues—Peter Choynowski, May 2004

No. 53 Competitiveness, Income Distribution, and Growthin the Philippines: What Does the Long-runEvidence Show?—Jesus Felipe and Grace C. Sipin, June 2004

No. 54 Practices of Poverty Measurement and PovertyProfile of Bangladesh—Faizuddin Ahmed, August 2004

No. 55 Experience of Asian Asset ManagementCompanies: Do They Increase Moral Hazard?—Evidence from Thailand—Akiko Terada-Hagiwara and Gloria Pasadilla,September 2004

No. 56 Viet Nam: Foreign Direct Investment andPostcrisis Regional Integration—Vittorio Leproux and Douglas H. Brooks,September 2004

No. 57 Practices of Poverty Measurement and PovertyProfile of Nepal

16

1. Improving Domestic Resource Mobilization ThroughFinancial Development: Overview September 1985

2. Improving Domestic Resource Mobilization ThroughFinancial Development: Bangladesh July 1986

3. Improving Domestic Resource Mobilization ThroughFinancial Development: Sri Lanka April 1987

4. Improving Domestic Resource Mobilization ThroughFinancial Development: India December 1987

5. Financing Public Sector Development Expenditurein Selected Countries: Overview January 1988

6. Study of Selected Industries: A Brief ReportApril 1988

7. Financing Public Sector Development Expenditurein Selected Countries: Bangladesh June 1988

8. Financing Public Sector Development Expenditurein Selected Countries: India June 1988

9. Financing Public Sector Development Expenditurein Selected Countries: Indonesia June 1988

10. Financing Public Sector Development Expenditurein Selected Countries: Nepal June 1988

11. Financing Public Sector Development Expenditurein Selected Countries: Pakistan June 1988

12. Financing Public Sector Development Expenditurein Selected Countries: Philippines June 1988

13. Financing Public Sector Development Expenditurein Selected Countries: Thailand June 1988

14. Towards Regional Cooperation in South Asia:ADB/EWC Symposium on Regional Cooperationin South Asia February 1988

15. Evaluating Rice Market Intervention Policies:Some Asian Examples April 1988

16. Improving Domestic Resource Mobilization ThroughFinancial Development: Nepal November 1988

17. Foreign Trade Barriers and Export Growth September1988

18. The Role of Small and Medium-Scale Industries in theIndustrial Development of the Philippines April 1989

19. The Role of Small and Medium-Scale ManufacturingIndustries in Industrial Development: The Experience ofSelected Asian Countries January 1990

20. National Accounts of Vanuatu, 1983-1987 January1990

21. National Accounts of Western Samoa, 1984-1986February 1990

22. Human Resource Policy and Economic Development:Selected Country Studies July 1990

23. Export Finance: Some Asian Examples September 199024. National Accounts of the Cook Islands, 1982-1986

September 199025. Framework for the Economic and Financial Appraisal of

Urban Development Sector Projects January 199426. Framework and Criteria for the Appraisal and

Socioeconomic Justification of Education ProjectsJanuary 1994

27. Investing in Asia 1997 (Co-published with OECD)28. The Future of Asia in the World Economy 1998 (Co-

published with OECD)29. Financial Liberalisation in Asia: Analysis and Prospects

1999 (Co-published with OECD)30. Sustainable Recovery in Asia: Mobilizing Resources for

Development 2000 (Co-published with OECD)31. Technology and Poverty Reduction in Asia and the Pacific

2001 (Co-published with OECD)32. Asia and Europe 2002 (Co-published with OECD)33. Economic Analysis: Retrospective 200334. Economic Analysis: Retrospective: 2003 Update 200435. Development Indicators Reference Manual: Concepts and

Definitions 2004

SPECIAL STUDIES, COMPLIMENTARY(Available through ADB Office of External Relations)

—Devendra Chhetry, September 2004No. 58 Monetary Poverty Estimates in Sri Lanka:

Selected Issues—Neranjana Gunetilleke and DinushkaSenanayake, October 2004

No. 59 Labor Market Distortions, Rural-Urban Inequality,and the Opening of People’s Republic of China’sEconomy—Thomas Hertel and Fan Zhai, November 2004

No. 60 Measuring Competitiveness in the World’s SmallestEconomies: Introducing the SSMECI—Ganeshan Wignaraja and David Joiner, November2004

No. 61 Foreign Exchange Reserves, Exchange RateRegimes, and Monetary Policy: Issues in Asia—Akiko Terada-Hagiwara, January 2005

No. 62 A Small Macroeconometric Model of the PhilippineEconomy—Geoffrey Ducanes, Marie Anne Cagas, Duo Qin,Pilipinas Quising, and Nedelyn Magtibay-Ramos,January 2005

No. 63 Developing the Market for Local Currency Bondsby Foreign Issuers: Lessons from Asia—Tobias Hoschka, February 2005

No. 64 Empirical Assessment of Sustainability andFeasibility of Government Debt: The PhilippinesCase—Duo Qin, Marie Anne Cagas, Geoffrey Ducanes,Nedelyn Magtibay-Ramos, and Pilipinas Quising,February 2005

No. 65 Poverty and Foreign AidEvidence from Cross-Country Data—Abuzar Asra, Gemma Estrada, Yangseom Kim,and M. G. Quibria, March 2005

No. 66 Measuring Efficiency of Macro Systems: AnApplication to Millennium Development GoalAttainment—Ajay Tandon, March 2005

No. 67 Banks and Corporate Debt Market Development—Paul Dickie and Emma Xiaoqin Fan, April 2005

No. 68 Local Currency Financing—The Next Frontier forMDBs?—Tobias C. Hoschka, April 2005

No. 69 Export or Domestic-Led Growth in Asia?—Jesus Felipe and Joseph Lim, May 2005

No. 70 Policy Reform in Viet Nam and the AsianDevelopment Bank’s State-owned EnterpriseReform and Corporate Governance Program Loan—George Abonyi, August 2005

No. 71 Policy Reform in Thailand and the Asian Develop-ment Bank’s Agricultural Sector Program Loan—George Abonyi, September 2005

No. 72 Can the Poor Benefit from the Doha Agenda? TheCase of Indonesia—Douglas H. Brooks and Guntur Sugiyarto,October 2005

No. 73 Impacts of the Doha Development Agenda onPeople’s Republic of China: The Role ofComplementary Education Reforms—Fan Zhai and Thomas Hertel, October 2005

17

OLD MONOGRAPH SERIES(Available through ADB Office of External Relations; Free of charge)

EDRC REPORT SERIES (ER)

No. 1 ASEAN and the Asian Development Bank—Seiji Naya, April 1982

No. 2 Development Issues for the Developing Eastand Southeast Asian Countriesand International Cooperation—Seiji Naya and Graham Abbott, April 1982

No. 3 Aid, Savings, and Growth in the Asian Region—J. Malcolm Dowling and Ulrich Hiemenz,

April 1982No. 4 Development-oriented Foreign Investment

and the Role of ADB—Kiyoshi Kojima, April 1982

No. 5 The Multilateral Development Banksand the International Economy’s MissingPublic Sector—John Lewis, June 1982

No. 6 Notes on External Debt of DMCs—Evelyn Go, July 1982

No. 7 Grant Element in Bank Loans—Dal Hyun Kim, July 1982

No. 8 Shadow Exchange Rates and StandardConversion Factors in Project Evaluation—Peter Warr, September 1982

No. 9 Small and Medium-Scale ManufacturingEstablishments in ASEAN Countries:Perspectives and Policy Issues—Mathias Bruch and Ulrich Hiemenz, January1983

No. 10 A Note on the Third Ministerial Meeting of GATT—Jungsoo Lee, January 1983

No. 11 Macroeconomic Forecasts for the Republicof China, Hong Kong, and Republic of Korea—J.M. Dowling, January 1983

No. 12 ASEAN: Economic Situation and Prospects—Seiji Naya, March 1983

No. 13 The Future Prospects for the DevelopingCountries of Asia—Seiji Naya, March 1983

No. 14 Energy and Structural Change in the Asia-Pacific Region, Summary of the ThirteenthPacific Trade and Development Conference—Seiji Naya, March 1983

No. 15 A Survey of Empirical Studies on Demandfor Electricity with Special Emphasis on PriceElasticity of Demand—Wisarn Pupphavesa, June 1983

No. 16 Determinants of Paddy Production in Indonesia:1972-1981–A Simultaneous Equation ModelApproach—T.K. Jayaraman, June 1983

No. 17 The Philippine Economy: EconomicForecasts for 1983 and 1984—J.M. Dowling, E. Go, and C.N. Castillo, June1983

No. 18 Economic Forecast for Indonesia—J.M. Dowling, H.Y. Kim, Y.K. Wang,

and C.N. Castillo, June 1983No. 19 Relative External Debt Situation of Asian

Developing Countries: An Applicationof Ranking Method—Jungsoo Lee, June 1983

No. 20 New Evidence on Yields, Fertilizer Application,and Prices in Asian Rice Production—William James and Teresita Ramirez, July 1983

No. 21 Inflationary Effects of Exchange RateChanges in Nine Asian LDCs—Pradumna B. Rana and J. Malcolm Dowling, Jr.,December 1983

No. 22 Effects of External Shocks on the Balanceof Payments, Policy Responses, and DebtProblems of Asian Developing Countries—Seiji Naya, December 1983

No. 23 Changing Trade Patterns and Policy Issues:The Prospects for East and Southeast AsianDeveloping Countries—Seiji Naya and Ulrich Hiemenz, February 1984

No. 24 Small-Scale Industries in Asian EconomicDevelopment: Problems and Prospects—Seiji Naya, February 1984

No. 25 A Study on the External Debt IndicatorsApplying Logit Analysis—Jungsoo Lee and Clarita Barretto, February 1984

No. 26 Alternatives to Institutional Credit Programsin the Agricultural Sector of Low-IncomeCountries—Jennifer Sour, March 1984

No. 27 Economic Scene in Asia and Its Special Features—Kedar N. Kohli, November 1984

No. 28 The Effect of Terms of Trade Changes on theBalance of Payments and Real NationalIncome of Asian Developing Countries—Jungsoo Lee and Lutgarda Labios, January 1985

No. 29 Cause and Effect in the World Sugar Market:Some Empirical Findings 1951-1982—Yoshihiro Iwasaki, February 1985

No. 30 Sources of Balance of Payments Problemin the 1970s: The Asian Experience—Pradumna Rana, February 1985

No. 31 India’s Manufactured Exports: An Analysisof Supply Sectors—Ifzal Ali, February 1985

No. 32 Meeting Basic Human Needs in AsianDeveloping Countries—Jungsoo Lee and Emma Banaria, March 1985

No. 33 The Impact of Foreign Capital Inflowon Investment and Economic Growthin Developing Asia—Evelyn Go, May 1985

No. 34 The Climate for Energy Developmentin the Pacific and Asian Region:Priorities and Perspectives—V.V. Desai, April 1986

No. 35 Impact of Appreciation of the Yen onDeveloping Member Countries of the Bank—Jungsoo Lee, Pradumna Rana, and Ifzal Ali,May 1986

No. 36 Smuggling and Domestic Economic Policiesin Developing Countries—A.H.M.N. Chowdhury, October 1986

No. 37 Public Investment Criteria: Economic InternalRate of Return and Equalizing Discount Rate—Ifzal Ali, November 1986

No. 38 Review of the Theory of Neoclassical PoliticalEconomy: An Application to Trade Policies—M.G. Quibria, December 1986

No. 39 Factors Influencing the Choice of Location:Local and Foreign Firms in the Philippines—E.M. Pernia and A.N. Herrin, February 1987

No. 40 A Demographic Perspective on DevelopingAsia and Its Relevance to the Bank—E.M. Pernia, May 1987

No. 41 Emerging Issues in Asia and Social CostBenefit Analysis—I. Ali, September 1988

No. 42 Shifting Revealed Comparative Advantage:Experiences of Asian and Pacific Developing

18

No. 1 International Reserves:Factors Determining Needs and Adequacy—Evelyn Go, May 1981

No. 2 Domestic Savings in Selected DevelopingAsian Countries—Basil Moore, assisted by A.H.M. NuruddinChowdhury, September 1981

No. 3 Changes in Consumption, Imports and Exportsof Oil Since 1973: A Preliminary Survey ofthe Developing Member Countriesof the Asian Development Bank—Dal Hyun Kim and Graham Abbott, September1981

No. 4 By-Passed Areas, Regional Inequalities,and Development Policies in SelectedSoutheast Asian Countries—William James, October 1981

No. 5 Asian Agriculture and Economic Development—William James, March 1982

No. 6 Inflation in Developing Member Countries:An Analysis of Recent Trends—A.H.M. Nuruddin Chowdhury and J. MalcolmDowling, March 1982

No. 7 Industrial Growth and Employment inDeveloping Asian Countries: Issues andPerspectives for the Coming Decade

ECONOMIC STAFF PAPERS (ES)

Countries—P.B. Rana, November 1988

No. 43 Agricultural Price Policy in Asia:Issues and Areas of Reforms—I. Ali, November 1988

No. 44 Service Trade and Asian Developing Economies—M.G. Quibria, October 1989

No. 45 A Review of the Economic Analysis of PowerProjects in Asia and Identification of Areasof Improvement—I. Ali, November 1989

No. 46 Growth Perspective and Challenges for Asia:Areas for Policy Review and Research—I. Ali, November 1989

No. 47 An Approach to Estimating the PovertyAlleviation Impact of an Agricultural Project—I. Ali, January 1990

No. 48 Economic Growth Performance of Indonesia,the Philippines, and Thailand:The Human Resource Dimension—E.M. Pernia, January 1990

No. 49 Foreign Exchange and Fiscal Impact of a Project:A Methodological Framework for Estimation—I. Ali, February 1990

No. 50 Public Investment Criteria: Financialand Economic Internal Rates of Return—I. Ali, April 1990

No. 51 Evaluation of Water Supply Projects:An Economic Framework—Arlene M. Tadle, June 1990

No. 52 Interrelationship Between Shadow Prices, ProjectInvestment, and Policy Reforms:An Analytical Framework—I. Ali, November 1990

No. 53 Issues in Assessing the Impact of Projectand Sector Adjustment Lending—I. Ali, December 1990

No. 54 Some Aspects of Urbanizationand the Environment in Southeast Asia—Ernesto M. Pernia, January 1991

No. 55 Financial Sector and EconomicDevelopment: A Survey—Jungsoo Lee, September 1991

No. 56 A Framework for Justifying Bank-AssistedEducation Projects in Asia: A Reviewof the Socioeconomic Analysisand Identification of Areas of Improvement—Etienne Van De Walle, February 1992

No. 57 Medium-term Growth-StabilizationRelationship in Asian Developing Countriesand Some Policy Considerations—Yun-Hwan Kim, February 1993

No. 58 Urbanization, Population Distribution,and Economic Development in Asia—Ernesto M. Pernia, February 1993

No. 59 The Need for Fiscal Consolidation in Nepal:The Results of a Simulation—Filippo di Mauro and Ronald Antonio Butiong,July 1993

No. 60 A Computable General Equilibrium Modelof Nepal—Timothy Buehrer and Filippo di Mauro, October1993

No. 61 The Role of Government in Export Expansionin the Republic of Korea: A Revisit—Yun-Hwan Kim, February 1994

No. 62 Rural Reforms, Structural Change,and Agricultural Growth inthe People’s Republic of China—Bo Lin, August 1994

No. 63 Incentives and Regulation for Pollution Abatementwith an Application to Waste Water Treatment—Sudipto Mundle, U. Shankar, and ShekharMehta, October 1995

No. 64 Saving Transitions in Southeast Asia—Frank Harrigan, February 1996

No. 65 Total Factor Productivity Growth in East Asia:A Critical Survey—Jesus Felipe, September 1997

No. 66 Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan:Policy Issues and Operational Implications—Ashfaque H. Khan and Yun-Hwan Kim, July1999

No. 67 Fiscal Policy, Income Distribution and Growth—Sailesh K. Jha, November 1999

—Ulrich Hiemenz, March 1982No. 8 Petrodollar Recycling 1973-1980.

Part 1: Regional Adjustments andthe World Economy—Burnham Campbell, April 1982

No. 9 Developing Asia: The Importanceof Domestic Policies—Economics Office Staff under the direction of SeijiNaya, May 1982

No. 10 Financial Development and HouseholdSavings: Issues in Domestic ResourceMobilization in Asian Developing Countries—Wan-Soon Kim, July 1982

No. 11 Industrial Development: Role of SpecializedFinancial Institutions—Kedar N. Kohli, August 1982

No. 12 Petrodollar Recycling 1973-1980.Part II: Debt Problems and an Evaluationof Suggested Remedies—Burnham Campbell, September 1982

No. 13 Credit Rationing, Rural Savings, and FinancialPolicy in Developing Countries—William James, September 1982

No. 14 Small and Medium-Scale ManufacturingEstablishments in ASEAN Countries:Perspectives and Policy Issues

19

—Mathias Bruch and Ulrich Hiemenz, March 1983No. 15 Income Distribution and Economic

Growth in Developing Asian Countries—J. Malcolm Dowling and David Soo, March 1983

No. 16 Long-Run Debt-Servicing Capacity ofAsian Developing Countries: An Applicationof Critical Interest Rate Approach—Jungsoo Lee, June 1983

No. 17 External Shocks, Energy Policy,and Macroeconomic Performance of AsianDeveloping Countries: A Policy Analysis—William James, July 1983

No. 18 The Impact of the Current Exchange RateSystem on Trade and Inflation of SelectedDeveloping Member Countries—Pradumna Rana, September 1983

No. 19 Asian Agriculture in Transition: Key Policy Issues—William James, September 1983

No. 20 The Transition to an Industrial Economyin Monsoon Asia—Harry T. Oshima, October 1983

No. 21 The Significance of Off-Farm Employmentand Incomes in Post-War East Asian Growth—Harry T. Oshima, January 1984

No. 22 Income Distribution and Poverty in SelectedAsian Countries—John Malcolm Dowling, Jr., November 1984

No. 23 ASEAN Economies and ASEAN EconomicCooperation—Narongchai Akrasanee, November 1984

No. 24 Economic Analysis of Power Projects—Nitin Desai, January 1985

No. 25 Exports and Economic Growth in the Asian Region—Pradumna Rana, February 1985

No. 26 Patterns of External Financing of DMCs—E. Go, May 1985

No. 27 Industrial Technology Developmentthe Republic of Korea—S.Y. Lo, July 1985

No. 28 Risk Analysis and Project Selection:A Review of Practical Issues—J.K. Johnson, August 1985

No. 29 Rice in Indonesia: Price Policy and ComparativeAdvantage—I. Ali, January 1986

No. 30 Effects of Foreign Capital Inflowson Developing Countries of Asia—Jungsoo Lee, Pradumna B. Rana, and YoshihiroIwasaki, April 1986

No. 31 Economic Analysis of the EnvironmentalImpacts of Development Projects—John A. Dixon et al., EAPI, East-West Center,August 1986

No. 32 Science and Technology for Development:Role of the Bank—Kedar N. Kohli and Ifzal Ali, November 1986

No. 33 Satellite Remote Sensing in the Asianand Pacific Region—Mohan Sundara Rajan, December 1986

No. 34 Changes in the Export Patterns of Asian andPacific Developing Countries: An EmpiricalOverview—Pradumna B. Rana, January 1987

No. 35 Agricultural Price Policy in Nepal—Gerald C. Nelson, March 1987

No. 36 Implications of Falling Primary CommodityPrices for Agricultural Strategy in the Philippines—Ifzal Ali, September 1987

No. 37 Determining Irrigation Charges: A Framework—Prabhakar B. Ghate, October 1987

No. 38 The Role of Fertilizer Subsidies in AgriculturalProduction: A Review of Select Issues—M.G. Quibria, October 1987

No. 39 Domestic Adjustment to External Shocksin Developing Asia—Jungsoo Lee, October 1987

No. 40 Improving Domestic Resource Mobilizationthrough Financial Development: Indonesia—Philip Erquiaga, November 1987

No. 41 Recent Trends and Issues on Foreign DirectInvestment in Asian and Pacific DevelopingCountries—P.B. Rana, March 1988

No. 42 Manufactured Exports from the Philippines:A Sector Profile and an Agenda for Reform—I. Ali, September 1988

No. 43 A Framework for Evaluating the EconomicBenefits of Power Projects—I. Ali, August 1989

No. 44 Promotion of Manufactured Exports in Pakistan—Jungsoo Lee and Yoshihiro Iwasaki, September1989

No. 45 Education and Labor Markets in Indonesia:A Sector Survey—Ernesto M. Pernia and David N. Wilson,September 1989

No. 46 Industrial Technology Capabilitiesand Policies in Selected ADCs—Hiroshi Kakazu, June 1990

No. 47 Designing Strategies and Policiesfor Managing Structural Change in Asia—Ifzal Ali, June 1990

No. 48 The Completion of the Single European CommunityMarket in 1992: A Tentative Assessment of itsImpact on Asian Developing Countries—J.P. Verbiest and Min Tang, June 1991

No. 49 Economic Analysis of Investment in Power Systems—Ifzal Ali, June 1991

No. 50 External Finance and the Role of MultilateralFinancial Institutions in South Asia:Changing Patterns, Prospects, and Challenges—Jungsoo Lee, November 1991

No. 51 The Gender and Poverty Nexus: Issues andPolicies—M.G. Quibria, November 1993

No. 52 The Role of the State in Economic Development:Theory, the East Asian Experience,and the Malaysian Case—Jason Brown, December 1993

No. 53 The Economic Benefits of Potable Water SupplyProjects to Households in Developing Countries—Dale Whittington and Venkateswarlu Swarna,January 1994

No. 54 Growth Triangles: Conceptual Issuesand Operational Problems—Min Tang and Myo Thant, February 1994

No. 55 The Emerging Global Trading Environmentand Developing Asia—Arvind Panagariya, M.G. Quibria, and NarhariRao, July 1996

No. 56 Aspects of Urban Water and Sanitation inthe Context of Rapid Urbanization inDeveloping Asia—Ernesto M. Pernia and Stella LF. Alabastro,September 1997

No. 57 Challenges for Asia’s Trade and Environment—Douglas H. Brooks, January 1998

No. 58 Economic Analysis of Health Sector Projects-A Review of Issues, Methods, and Approaches—Ramesh Adhikari, Paul Gertler, and AnneliLagman, March 1999

No. 59 The Asian Crisis: An Alternate View—Rajiv Kumar and Bibek Debroy, July 1999

No. 60 Social Consequences of the Financial Crisis inAsia—James C. Knowles, Ernesto M. Pernia, and MaryRacelis, November 1999

20

No. 1 Estimates of the Total External Debt ofthe Developing Member Countries of ADB:1981-1983—I.P. David, September 1984

No. 2 Multivariate Statistical and GraphicalClassification Techniques Appliedto the Problem of Grouping Countries—I.P. David and D.S. Maligalig, March 1985

No. 3 Gross National Product (GNP) MeasurementIssues in South Pacific Developing MemberCountries of ADB—S.G. Tiwari, September 1985

No. 4 Estimates of Comparable Savings in SelectedDMCs—Hananto Sigit, December 1985

No. 5 Keeping Sample Survey Designand Analysis Simple—I.P. David, December 1985

No. 6 External Debt Situation in AsianDeveloping Countries—I.P. David and Jungsoo Lee, March 1986

No. 7 Study of GNP Measurement Issues in theSouth Pacific Developing Member Countries.Part I: Existing National Accountsof SPDMCs–Analysis of Methodologyand Application of SNA Concepts—P. Hodgkinson, October 1986

No. 8 Study of GNP Measurement Issues in the SouthPacific Developing Member Countries.Part II: Factors Affecting IntercountryComparability of Per Capita GNP—P. Hodgkinson, October 1986

No. 9 Survey of the External Debt Situation

STATISTICAL REPORT SERIES (SR)

in Asian Developing Countries, 1985—Jungsoo Lee and I.P. David, April 1987

No. 10 A Survey of the External Debt Situationin Asian Developing Countries, 1986—Jungsoo Lee and I.P. David, April 1988

No. 11 Changing Pattern of Financial Flows to Asianand Pacific Developing Countries—Jungsoo Lee and I.P. David, March 1989

No. 12 The State of Agricultural Statistics inSoutheast Asia—I.P. David, March 1989

No. 13 A Survey of the External Debt Situationin Asian and Pacific Developing Countries:1987-1988—Jungsoo Lee and I.P. David, July 1989

No. 14 A Survey of the External Debt Situation inAsian and Pacific Developing Countries: 1988-1989—Jungsoo Lee, May 1990

No. 15 A Survey of the External Debt Situationin Asian and Pacific Developing Countries: 1989-1992—Min Tang, June 1991

No. 16 Recent Trends and Prospects of External DebtSituation and Financial Flows to Asianand Pacific Developing Countries—Min Tang and Aludia Pardo, June 1992

No. 17 Purchasing Power Parity in Asian DevelopingCountries: A Co-Integration Test—Min Tang and Ronald Q. Butiong, April 1994

No. 18 Capital Flows to Asian and Pacific DevelopingCountries: Recent Trends and Future Prospects—Min Tang and James Villafuerte, October 1995

No. 1 Poverty in the People’s Republic of China:Recent Developments and Scopefor Bank Assistance—K.H. Moinuddin, November 1992

No. 2 The Eastern Islands of Indonesia: An Overviewof Development Needs and Potential—Brien K. Parkinson, January 1993

No. 3 Rural Institutional Finance in Bangladeshand Nepal: Review and Agenda for Reforms—A.H.M.N. Chowdhury and Marcelia C. Garcia,November 1993

No. 4 Fiscal Deficits and Current Account Imbalancesof the South Pacific Countries:A Case Study of Vanuatu—T.K. Jayaraman, December 1993

No. 5 Reforms in the Transitional Economies of Asia—Pradumna B. Rana, December 1993

No. 6 Environmental Challenges in the People’s Republicof China and Scope for Bank Assistance—Elisabetta Capannelli and Omkar L. Shrestha,December 1993

No. 7 Sustainable Development Environmentand Poverty Nexus—K.F. Jalal, December 1993

No. 8 Intermediate Services and EconomicDevelopment: The Malaysian Example—Sutanu Behuria and Rahul Khullar, May 1994

No. 9 Interest Rate Deregulation: A Brief Surveyof the Policy Issues and the Asian Experience—Carlos J. Glower, July 1994

No. 10 Some Aspects of Land Administrationin Indonesia: Implications for Bank Operations—Sutanu Behuria, July 1994

No. 11 Demographic and Socioeconomic Determinantsof Contraceptive Use among Urban Women inthe Melanesian Countries in the South Pacific:A Case Study of Port Vila Town in Vanuatu—T.K. Jayaraman, February 1995

No. 12 Managing Development throughInstitution Building— Hilton L. Root, October 1995

No. 13 Growth, Structural Change, and OptimalPoverty Interventions—Shiladitya Chatterjee, November 1995

No. 14 Private Investment and MacroeconomicEnvironment in the South Pacific IslandCountries: A Cross-Country Analysis—T.K. Jayaraman, October 1996

No. 15 The Rural-Urban Transition in Viet Nam:Some Selected Issues—Sudipto Mundle and Brian Van Arkadie, October1997

No. 16 A New Approach to Setting the FutureTransport Agenda—Roger Allport, Geoff Key, and Charles Melhuish,June 1998

No. 17 Adjustment and Distribution:The Indian Experience—Sudipto Mundle and V.B. Tulasidhar, June 1998

No. 18 Tax Reforms in Viet Nam: A Selective Analysis—Sudipto Mundle, December 1998

No. 19 Surges and Volatility of Private Capital Flows toAsian Developing Countries: Implicationsfor Multilateral Development Banks—Pradumna B. Rana, December 1998

No. 20 The Millennium Round and the Asian Economies:An Introduction—Dilip K. Das, October 1999

No. 21 Occupational Segregation and the GenderEarnings Gap—Joseph E. Zveglich, Jr. and Yana van der MeulenRodgers, December 1999

No. 22 Information Technology: Next Locomotive ofGrowth?—Dilip K. Das, June 2000

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