Assignment BIO2

8/4/2019 Assignment BIO2

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1. Introduction«««««««««.3 - 4

2. Findings«««««««««««

3. Conclusion««««««««««..

4. Appendix«««««««««««.

5. Appreciation««««««««««



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Hello everyone ! ! ! During the last two weeks holidays , all the Form 4

students of Sekolah Tuanku Abdul Rahman ( STAR ) Ipoh had been given such an

uphill task to do . But it is also a very interesting assignment to do . The

assignment is about Biology , our favourite subject . There are five missions given

and we must choose three . We are on cloud nine to have this golden opportunity to

gather experiences on doing this assignment . We were divided into groups of three

and all the task given must be done in groups .

In case of that , our group consists of three brilliant µbiologist¶ members , who

are :

1. Muhamad Dzulkarnain bin Mas¶oad ( Leader ) ( 4P )

2. Muhamad Hakimi bin Mohd Noor ( 4P )

3. Muhamad Sharman Faiz bin Ismail ( 4P )

The task had been discussed among members with the lead of Dzulkarnain ,

who had been appointed as our leader by Sir Tan Foo Koeng , our expert Biology

teacher . Our Sir told us on how to deal with the task and he became our guidanceduring the process of completing the task . Dzul , as our group leader had fairly

divided the task among us all and we all know what to do . As we are not staying

nearby to each other , we had to use mobile phone and internet connection to

communicate with each other .

Finally , we managed to complete the assignment with co-operation among

us.



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Dzul « ( Leader )

Hakimi . . . Sharman . . .



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Mission 1

1 ( a ) Question summarize :

Suggest healthy diet for : a ) athlete

b ) pregnant woman

c ) growing child

d ) students and

e ) old man

a ) Healthy food for athlete :

Whether we decide to eat for health, to slim or to gain muscle, the diet remains the same

throughout. All bad foods should be avoided and all the good foods should be provided to give

us a balanced intake of energy and nutrients. The same applies to slimming, but the energy

gained from the food should be burned off with exercise to promote weight loss. Athletes also

need to watch their diet as the wrong foods can hinder the muscle building process. Athlete

needs more energy than regular humans for their activities and training . In this case, the amount

of calories should be increased to compensate for the higher activity level . The diet taken byathletes is very important not just for health nor energy , but also to fight off diseases .

A simple seven day menu can be found below based on 1,200 calories per day and

contains all the nutrients they need in a diet. Non-slimmers may wish to add a little more to this

menu to give them the 2,000 calories normally recommended for daily consumption.

What matters most to athletes is a careful and planned intake of various nutrients like

vitamins, proteins and carbohydrates. An intelligent athlete should know the importance of

balanced workouts with proper stretching exercises and of course, the intake of right nutrients.

The reason why athletes need a good diet is that, they burn and lose sweat more than any normal person.

Diet of athletes differ according to the sports they are involved in. An athlete should know

what food and drink items he needs to avoid, as wrong intake of nutrients restricts the growth of

body tissues. During a workout, there is wear and tear of cells in muscles. To build these

muscles, adequate nutrients in the diet are required. Some important nutrients for athletes are:



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Proteins

Protein is very vital for athletes, however the focus should not be on protein alone. Excess

protein in the form of complex carbohydrates, fruits and vegetables must be avoided, because it

puts more pressure on kidneys and may also lead to dehydration. Proteins help in building

muscle tissues. The main source of protein should ideally come from lean meat. 15 - 20% of

protein intake in a day is sufficient for an athlete.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates provide quick and long-lasting energy, but too much of it can slow you down. 40

- 50% of carbohydrate calories should come from whole grain pasta, cereals and breads. This

type of diet is rich in fiber. They need carbohydrates because they need to increase the stamina

and ability to work.

Fats Active young athletes require fat in their diet. Their bodies need unsaturated fat, e.g. nuts. When

the body runs out of energy from carbohydrates, it relies on long term energy provided by fats.

Fish is a very good source of fat.

Vitamins

Exercising produces some free radicals which can damage our cells. Hence, to minimize this

damage we need to take Vitamin A, Vitamin C and Vitamin E. These vitamins are antioxidants

and neutralize the free radicals.

Minerals Minerals like calcium and iron are good for health. Calcium strengthens the bones thus

preventing stress fractures that are common in athletes. Skimmed milk, milk products and eggs

are rich in calcium. Iron produces oxygen in the body. Deficiency of iron leads to fatigue and

hinders the ability to perform for longer periods.

A basic table for the amount of classes of food and nutrients to be taken is given below.

Nutrients Amount (of total calories) Source

Carbohydrates 50 - 60% Whole grains, whole wheat pasta, potatoes and beansProteins 15 - 20% Fish, poultry, meat, eggs, dairy, nuts and seeds

Fats 25 - 30% Nuts, seeds, vegetable oils, meat and eggs



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Do¶s and Don'ts for Athletes

One of the biggest nutritional

concern for athletes is water depletion,which occurs due to heavy and

strenuous training, and causes

dehydration. Dehydration leads to

weakness. Drinking lots of water is the

only remedy.

Athletes need more calories than

people who do not exercise. Intake of

healthy snacks before a workout will

provide the required energy.Eating

regularly is very important. Athletes

should take 5 small meals rather than

2 or 3 heavy meals. They should avoid snacking during day time, especially during an event or a

workout. First two meals of the day are very crucial and should be large as compared to other

meals of the day.

Timing of meals should be taken care of. If one is having a heavy meal, then it should be

ensured that the meal is taken at least 4 hours before the workout. And if the meal is a lighter

one, it can be taken 2 or 3 hours before the workout.

Atheletes¶ diet should be vary every week. Never stick to a particular diet. Sometimes, the

athletes prefer a particular food and stick to it. This has two demerits: Firstly, they get bored of

the diet, and secondly, eating the same diet will devoid your body of the various nutrients it

needs.

Last and one of the biggest concerns of athletes today, is alcohol consumption. Alcohol, a

depressant, contributes about twice as many calories as equal amount of carbohydrates and

proteins. It is needless to say, that calories in beer are fattening. If taken in large amount, alcohol

can drastically decrease the level of serum testosterone which results in decrease in musclerecovery and athletic performance. It can cause testicular shrinkage and reduce the sperm count

in males. In female athletes, it may raise the production of estradiol, a form of estrogen, which

can increase the chances of breast cancer.



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Athletes require more nutrients than any other person. They lose lot of nutrients when they

sweat. Taking food which has empty calories can deprive the organs of vital vitamins and

minerals. This can increase the risk of heart attacks in athletes.A good diet should never be

underestimated.Moreover, a sound mind is essential just as a sound body. Without the

combination of both, it is impossible to achieve success

Source of info : 1 . http://www.buzzle.com/articles/healthy-diet-for-athletes.html

b ) Healthy food for pregnant woman :

Pregnant woman should most worries about her eatings . She should consume healthy foodfor goods of the child on also themselves . When you are pregnant, it is not just about eating for

two, but eating right for two There are myriad classes of food and the types of food that are

essentials and they need more . In summarize , they should take more carbohydrates , calcium ,

vitamins , roughage , minerals and proteins .



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The examples of food in the carbohydrates family are cereals and bread . Cereals is a great

healthy food for pregnant women, as it contains carbohydrates that provide them the extra

energy. Besides , in the early stages of pregnancy, when the pregnant mother experiences

morning sickness and feels drained out, bread is a food rich in carbohydrates that helps provide

instant energy. Some calcium that can easily obtained is from cheese and milk . Cheese is again a

form of calcium that helps in the proper growth of bones and teeth of the baby. Milk once again

has the double benefit of providing calcium, as well as vitamin D. Both help in the bone and

teeth development of the foetus.

In addition , eating fresh fruits benefits everyone, and in the case of a pregnant woman, it

provides her the necessary vitamins and minerals . Leafy vegetables are also needed . Not just

that , yogurt is important to consume foods that have more than one benefit.

Yogurt contains calcium as well as vitamins and minerals and should be a part of healthy food

for pregnant women. Pregnant woman need vegetables and roughage from fruits in their foods .Eating plenty of dried fruits, such as

raisins,is beneficial for pregnant

women, as it contains iron that can help

combat anemia and fiber that helps keep

constipation away.

However among the vegetables,

carrots are among the top healthy foodfor pregnant women, as they not only

provide fiber, but contain vitamin A. Vitamin C should be an important component in a pregnant

woman¶s diet, as it helps in giving a boost to the immune system and keeps pregnant women free

from illnesses. Oranges or orange juices are a great source vitamin C.. Take your prenatal

vitamins as prescribed by your doctor. If you find they upset your stomach, try taking them at

night or with meals.Do not take large amounts of vitamins and minerals. Too much Vitamin A

can cause birth defects, and be wary of herbal supplements because they have not been studied

yet .

Two of the most important nutrients for pregnant women are folic acid and iron. Folic

acid has been proven to help prevent neural tube defects. These are defects in your baby¶s spinal

cord and brain. Folic acid also helps prevent cleft lip and congenital heart disease. Iron protects

you from developing anemia, a lack of red blood cells.Iron also helps increase the oxygen

transference in your bloodstream and builds red blood cells for the increased amount of blood

you need in your body. Your baby also needs to store red blood cells to be used in the first few

months of life.



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In order for pregnant

women and fetuses still get the

nutrition intake, there are many

suggestions that can be done .Firstly ,

do not leave an empty stomach. Try to

eat small meals but often. Second ,

choose foods that are warm because it

can make the stomach pain that feels

like relaxation. If the mother often feel

bloated, avoid foods that can trigger

bloating. Next , limit dishes from fruit

or acidic food that can irritate the

stomach. It is important to avoid

smoking, vinegar, coffee because it

would endanger the mother or fetus.Generally, pregnant women need more blood. Hence , eat foods that contain iron, such as dark

green vegetables, red beans, eggs, fish, and meat. Do not forget to drink the blood booster

medicine doctor recommended.

Source of info :

1 . http://kkkmedicine.blogspot.com/2010/02/healthy-food-for-pregnant-women.html

2. http://blog.beauty-tips.net/healthy-food-guide-for-pregnant-women



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c ) Healthy food for growing child :

Children need healthy food and essential nutrients for the growing phase .

Carbohydrates and fats provide energy for growing and physical activity. There are times when

children hit periods of rapid growth and slow growth where their appetites will change .

Protein builds, maintains and repairs body tissue. It is especially important for growth.It is

important, to encourage children to eat two to three servings of meat, fish, poultry or other

protein-rich food each day. Milk and other dairy products also are good protein sources for

children.

There are a variety of vitamins and minerals which support growth and development during

childhood. Calcium, obtained from milk and dairy products and from dark green vegetables, is

usually sufficient nutritionally in the diets of young children. Calcium is particularly important in

building strong bones and teeth. Osteoporosis, a brittle bone disease that affects older adults,

begins in childhood if diets are not providing adequate calcium-rich foods.

Iron-deficiency anemia can be a

problem for some children. Iron is an

oxygen-carrying component of blood.

Children need iron for expanding blood

volume which is accompanied during

periods of rapid growth. For girls, the

beginning of menstruation in late childhood

adds an extra demand for iron due to the

regular loss of iron in menstrual blood.

Meats , poultry, and enriched breads and

cereals are sources of dietary iron. A vitamin and mineral supplement may be necessary to meet

the iron needs of menstruating female teens.

Most children eat diets that are adequate in Vitamins A and C. When children do not eat

enough fruits and vegetables they run the risk of having low intakes of vitamins A and C. B

Complex Vitamins (thiamin, niacin, riboflavin and other B vitamins) come from a variety of

foods, including grain products, meat substitutes and dairy products.

When appetites slow down and children do not seem to be eating nutritiously, concerned

parents consider using a vitamin-mineral supplement. Parents should provide a variety of foodsand establish regular meal and snack t imes.

Source of info :

1. http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=10054



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d ) Healthy food for students

Meat-eater¶s view and vegan¶s view on healthy food

Although meat can be a lot more appealing in terms of taste and flavor for most people, this

type of food is still considered a lot less healthy compared to eating vegetables and fruits. In

addition to these, meat eaters are also at higher risk of having diseases and health problems such

as heart attacks or stroke compared to veggie eaters. According to studies, people who consume

vegetables and fruits in replacement of meat do have lesser incidences of having cancer. In

addition to this, meat is also found out to stay much longer inside the intestines. Recent studies

have also proven that it can even stay for 7 years inside the intestines unlike vegetables which

can be easily eliminated from the body.

Most vegetarians also avoid eating meat since they are animal activists. Others convert to

vegetarians since most meat products are injected with harmful chemicals and preservatives in

order to delay its spoiling. These chemicals are considered to be hazardous for the health, which

is why many try to avoid consuming any meat.Others also chooses a vegan life for reason of

moral and animal rights .Source of info :

1. http://www.totalhealthbreakthroughs.com/2009/06/whos-healthier-vegetarians-or-meat- eaters/

2. http://yes-to-me.com/2010/02/05/meat-eaters-vs-vegetarians-vegans/



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Mission 3

3 . Question summarize :

Osteoporosis : After menopause , Pn. Fatimah

feels that she becomes weaker . She suspects that she has

suffered from osteoporosis.Her neighbor tells her that

drinking a lot of high-calcium milk can slow down the

progression of osteoporosis but Pn. Fatimah has heard

before that drinking a lot of milk will accelerate the rate of osteoporosis. So , Pn. Fatimah comes

and seeks your professional advices.

Pn. Fatimah also comes with another question : can egg shell µheal¶ osteoporosis ? Justify the

two statements .

Osteoporosis is a disease that thins and weakens bones, which causes them to break

easily.Osteoporosis is not about the inability to build strong bones, but about premature

degeneration of the bones. Obviously, osteoporosis is about aging . The older you get , the higher

your risk of osteoporosis .

Aged women who are usually have osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is caused by a number of

things, one of the most important being too much dietary protein. Dietary protein increases

production of acid in the blood which can be neutralized by calcium mobilized from the skeleton.

Drinking a lot milk does not prevent bone loss. Bone loss is accelerated by ingesting too much

protein, and milk has been called "liquid meat." Meanwhile , accelerated aging of cells is about

a higher turnover of cells; new cells replacing old cells more frequently. In other words , this will

accelerate bone loss and cause osteoporosis . As a conclusion , drinking a lot of milk or µliquid

meat¶ accelerate the rate of osteoporosis .

Dietary calcium causes osteoporosis only

if too much calcium is actually absorbed into the

bones.What appears to be important in bone

metabolism is not calcium intake, but calcium

balance. The loss of bone integrity among many

post menopausal women probably results from

genetics and from diet and lifestyle factors. The

leading causes of osteoporosis is a drop

in estrogen in women at the time of menopause .

Calcium losses increased by some factors such as

the use of animal protein, salt, caffeine, and

tobacco, and by physical inactivity.



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The absorption of calcium requires the activity of specialized cells called osteoblasts.

Deportation of calcium from the bones requires the activity ofosteoclasts.

If more calcium is absorbed into the bones, like due to a lack of estrogen , the production

and activity of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts is increased such as inhyperparathyroidism . If

much calcium is absorbed, much calcium is deported. The more their activity is stimulated, themore they die . And since estrogen inhibits uptake of calcium, estrogen prevents the death of

osteoblasts .

P icture of porous bone

If you consume higher amounts of calcium such as high-calcium milk all your life, the

replacement of osteoblasts maybe increased all this time . These osteoblasts can compose bone-

matrix. But without the matrix, the calcium cannot precipitate, and new bone cannot be

composed, while old bone is constantly being decomposed anyway, to be replaced by new bone.

Since there is a lack of pre-calcified bone matrix upon which to build, replacement cannot occur,

and porous holes will begin to appear.

This is exactly what happens in osteoporosis , in osteoporotic bone the osteoblasts cannot be

replaced adequately anymore, and thus less osteoblasts are available and the activity of

osteoblasts is at least impaired . In osteoporosis dead cells cannot be replaced and micro-

fractures cannot be repaired.

Eggshells are considered as trash, but they are the

source of calcium which human bones can absorb almost

90% directly from them. Eggshell calcium presents

healthy, balanced calcium due to trace amounts of other minerals such as calcium carbonate , magnesium and

vitamin D contained in it. Eggshell calcium is probably

the best natural source of calcium, and it is easier for

your body to digest and absorb .



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Source of info :

1. Neal Barnard, M.D., Physician's Committee for Responsible Medicine, Understanding

Health, December, 1999

2. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1995; 61 (4

3. http://www.notmilk.com/o.html

4. http://www.4.waisays.com/ExcessiveCalcium.htm

5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001400/

y Cranney A, Papaioannou A, Zytaruk N, et al., Clinical Guidelines Committee of

Osteoporosis Canada. Parathyroid hormone for the treatment of osteoporosis: a

systematic review. CM AJ . 2006 4;175(1):52-59. [PubMed]

y Gass M, Dawson-Hughes B. Preventing osteoporosis-related fractures: an overview. Am

J M ed . 2006;119:S3-S11. [PubMed]

y Management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: 2010 position statement of The

North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2010 Jan-Feb;17(1):25-54. [PubMed]

6. http://www.healingnaturallybybee.com/articles/supp2.php

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Assignment BIO2