At least 3 reasons why ESS should measure ethnicityess-bulgaria.org/db/images/DIMOVA_At least 3 reasons_V3.pdf · 2019-07-14 · The main 3 reasons why ESS should measure ethnic identity

At least 3 reasons why ESS should

measure ethnicity

Lilia DIMOVA

Lausanne, 2016

www.europeansocialsurvey.org

ESS measures ethnicity in R6 trough…

C 9 – C 15 Religious belonging, denomination and behavior

C16 Would you describe yourself as being a member of a group that is discriminated against in this country? (Yes/No)

C17 On what grounds is your group discriminated against? (colour/race, nationality,

religion, language, ethnic group, age, gender, sexuality, disability)

C 18 Are you a citizen of [country]? (Yes/No)

C19 What citizenship do you hold?

C 20 Were you born in [country]? (Yes/No)

C21 In which country were you born?

C22 What year did you first come to live in [country]? C23 What language or languages do you speak most often at home?(country specific) C24 Do you belong to a minority ethnic group in [country]? (Yes/No)

C 25 Was your father born in [country]? (Yes/No)

C26 In which country was your father born?

C 27 Was your mother born in [country]? (Yes/No)

C28 In which country was your mother born? Improvement in R7 - Heath’s Ancestry items


Despite of the ESS items, measuring

indirectly respondents' ethnic identity,

despite of the ancestry improvement, it is

not possible to identity

WHO IS WHO ON THE ETHNIC GROUNDS


What we miss not measuring ethnic identity?

A real ethnic map of the countries – who are the national/local “others” and what the attitudes to THEM are

A real ethnic stratification in multicultural Europe

A national and outdoors ethnization – US v/s THEM?

Who are the “old others” and who are the “new others” both within and outside countries

Whether intolerance to “new others” are superimposed over intolerance to “old others”

What are the attitudes of “old others” to “new others”

Which ethnic groups mostly provoke intolerance and xenophobia and where in Europe - Roma everywhere…

Brexit and “Polish plumber”, Bulgarians, Romanians…


The main 3 reasons why ESS should measure

ethnic identity

Drawing an ethnic map is the first reason ESS should measure ethnicity in a way to compare ethnic pictures between countries as well as over time. It should be done on regular, not only on rotation basis.

Following the dynamic of European ethnization is the second reason. The results of the immigrant tsunami become not only a scientific or a research issue – now it is a social, political and cultural focal point.

The need of better understanding of people’s attitudes, fears, threats, values, expectations on ethnic grounds is the third reason why ESS should measure ethnic identification.


Bulgarian ethnic map on the basis of ethnic

self-identity (ESS R6’ 2013, %)

Bulgarians 79,9 %

Turkish 8,9%

Roma 8,1%

Other 3,2%

“As in any country, and in

Bulgaria, there are various groups and

communities. Do you consider

yourself as belonging to any of the

following group?

- Bulgarians

- Turkish

- Roma

- Other (please, specify…)”


Religion denomination by ethnic groups in

Bulgaria (ESS R6’2013 - %)

0,00%

10,00%

20,00%

30,00%

40,00%

50,00%

60,00%

70,00%

80,00%

90,00%

100,00%

Bulgarians Turkish Roma

Protestant

Eastern Orthodox

Islamic


Religiosity by ethnic groups in Bulgaria

(ESS R’2013, %)

0,00%

5,00%

10,00%

15,00%

20,00%

25,00%

30,00%

Not at all Religious Very religious



Main language spoken at home by ethnic

groups in Bulgaria (ESS R6’2013 - %)

0,00%

10,00%

20,00%

30,00%

40,00%

50,00%

60,00%

70,00%

80,00%

90,00%

100,00%


27,30%

62,30%

10,40%

TUR

ROMA

BUL


Belonging to a group discriminated on the grounds

against…(ESS R6, %)

0,00% 10,00% 20,00% 30,00% 40,00% 50,00% 60,00% 70,00% 80,00% 90,00%

Yes

Colour

Religion

Ethnicity

Langiage

Age

Sex

Disability



Citizenships and a country of parents’ birth by

ethnic groups in Bulgaria (ESS R6, %)

97,00%

97,50%

98,00%

98,50%

99,00%

99,50%

100,00%


BG

Father born in BG

Mother born in BG


Subjective poverty pyramids by ethnic groups

in Bulgaria (ESS R6’2013, %)

7,1

8,6

16,6

19,2

15,6

22,3

8,7

1,5

0,3

0,1

21,4

17,3

19,9

17,3

7,7

9,7

4,6

0,5

1,5

0

51,6

19,8

11,5

9,3

5,5

2,2

0

0

0

0 Rich

Poor

Bulgarians Turks Roma


Model А Model В Model С Model D

National

multiethnic

sample

National

sample

Bulgarians

National

sample Turks

National

sample Roma

Constant -0.962 -0.254 -1,197 6.542a

Education -1.031а -0.785а -1,163 -0.967a

Age 0.5135 0.268 0.616 -0.221

Sex 0.468 0.526 -0.081 -0.134

Household map 0.212 0.286 0.394 -0.974

Residence -0.224 -0.311 -0.083 -0.643a

Labor status 0.197 0.281 1.140a 0.313a

Ethnic identity 0.814а - - -

χ2 total for the model 101.045а 46.518а 13.034a 45.562a

Base 287 252 61 455

Regression coefficients of the logistic models

for evaluation of the poverty risks


Subjective top-bottom pyramids by ethnic

groups in Bulgaria (ESS R6’2013, %)

3,1

5,2

8,2

14,4

18,1

30,4

11,9

5,3

2,8

0,3

7,2

17,5

14,9

22,2

14,4

12,9

5,2

3,6

2,1

0

36,7

18,3

20

8,9

7,2

8,9

0

0

0

0 Top

Bottom



Bulgarian tolerance to understand "others”

by ethnic groups (ESS R6’2013, %)

0,00%

10,00%

20,00%

30,00%

40,00%

Very muchlike me

Like me

Somewhatlike me

A little likeme

Not like me

Not at alllike me

Bulgarians Turks RomaShalom H. Schwartz’s human

value variable:

“It is important to him/her to

listen to people who are different

from him/her. Even when s/he

disagrees with them, s/he still

wants to understand them.”

How much is this person like

you?


Immigrants make the country a better / worse place to live by ethnic groups in Bulgaria

(ESS R6’2013, %)

0,00%

5,00%

10,00%

15,00%

20,00%

25,00%

30,00%

35,00%

Worse Better

Bulgarians

Turks

Roma


Opposition to immigrants by ethnic groups

(Who should NOT be allowed to settle in the country - % ESS R6)

0,00%

5,00%

10,00%

15,00%

20,00%

25,00%

30,00%

35,00%

40,00%


From the majority's ethnos From different ethnos From poorer coutry outside Europe


18 Tolerance levels by country’s maturity

(Linear regression on ESS R6 v/s R7) • Tolerance index is a synthetic

indicator calculated as a

centered average weighted

by actual respondents’

answers

• Ranging from -100 (no

tolerance) to + 100 (high

tolerance)

• The Index combines

tolerance levels to:

• People with different

sexual orientation

• Immigrants

• Different ethnic groups

• Different people in

general

Base (R7) N = 28158

Base (R6) N = 30452

Belgium(R6)

Bulgaria(R6)

Switzerland(R6)

Czech Republic(R6)

Germany(R6)

Estonia(R6)

Spain(R6)

France(R6)

United Kingdom(R6)

Hungary(R6)

Netherlands(R6)

Norway(R6)

Poland(R6)

Portugal(R6)

Sweden(R6)

Austria(R7) Belgium(R7)

Switzerland(R7)

Czech Republic(R7)

Germany(R7)

Estonia(R7)

Spain(R7)

France(R7)

United Kingdom(R7)

Hungary(R7)

Netherlands(R7)

Norway(R7)

Poland(R7)

Portugal(R7)

Sweden(R7)

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

GD

P E

UR

O (

PP

)

Tolerance index (range -100;+100)


Dimensions of tolerance in Europe (Linear regression on ESS R6 )

Tolerance by age

Tolerance by trust in institutions

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

Tolerance index (-100 +100) by countries

-10,00

0,00

10,00

20,00

30,00

40,00

International institutions National Institutions

0,00

5,00

10,00

15,00

20,00

25,00

30,00

0Dissatisfied

2 3 4 5 Satisfied

Tolerance by life satisfaction

0,005,00

10,0015,0020,0025,0030,00

15-17

18-24

25-34

35-4445-54

55-64

65-74

75 +

Tolerance by life satisfaction


Dimensions of tolerance

by countries and demographic factors (Linear regression on ESS R6 )

Tolerance by residence

Tolerance by age

Tolerance by employment

-20

0

20

40

60

15-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75 +

Germany France Bulgaria Hungary Czech Republic UK

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Germany France Bulgaria Hungary CzechRepublic

UK

No education Basic Primary Secondary High education Doctoral

-20,00

-10,00

0,00

10,00

20,00

30,00

40,00

50,00

Paid work Unemployed Retired Other non working

Tolerance by education

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

Germany France Bulgaria Hungary CzechRepublic

UK

Country village Town or small city A big city


Ethnic dimensions in Bulgaria (ESS R6, %)

Tolerance index by BG ethnic groups

Good opportunities to improve living standard

Good opportunities to live well

0,00

10,00

20,00

30,00

Bulgarians Turks Roma Others

0,00%

20,00%

40,00%

60,00%

80,00%

YES NO


Sense of direction in life by ethnic groups

0,00%

20,00%

40,00%

60,00%

80,00%

YES NO


0,00%

5,00%

10,00%

15,00%

20,00%

25,00%

No direction Clear direction



The general conclusions:

Religion could not be a reliable indicator for measuring

ethnic identification – not all respondents are religious

and not all members of one and the same ethnic group

belong to one and the same religion

Language could not be a reliable indicator for measuring

ethnic identification - not all members of one and the

same ethnic group speak one and the same language

Citizenships and countries of birth of respondents and

their parents do not draw the national ethnic map – in

many cases minorities live there for generations.

National and European focal points have different

impacts and different coverage on different ethnic groups

– poverty, immigration, wellbeing, trust, crime…

US v/s THEM ethnic division inside and outside countries

provokes different attitudes which could vary from

tolerant acceptance to xenophobia – Roma everywhere,

Polish, Bulgarians and Romanians in the UK…

Ancestry approach gives important but not enough sufficient info about the ethnic identification of the respondents

There is need of

information who is

who as ethnic

identification!


ASA is a

Think Tank organization,

the BG national representative

in the

International Social Survey Programme (ISSP)

and in the European Social Survey (ESS).

The ASA conducted the four

ESS wives in Bulgaria.

2006 – 2013

1, Macedonia Sq.

1040 Sofia

Tel/Fax:+359 2986 1072

lilia.dimova@consultant. bg

www.ess-bulgaria.org

AGENCY FOR SOCIAL ANALYSES (ASA)

Documents

At least 3 reasons why ESS should measure ethnicityess-bulgaria.org/db/images/DIMOVA_At least 3 reasons_V3.pdf · 2019-07-14 · The main 3 reasons why ESS should measure ethnic identity