ATD {Course Hand Out}

8/2/2019 ATD {Course Hand Out}

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K L UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR

B.Tech. II year 2nd

Semester

Academic Year: 2011-12COURSE HANDOUT

Date: 13-DEC-2011

Course Name : APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS(MEC209)

Course Coordinator : K.Venkateswarlu

Course Detail : THEORY

Lecture Hours : 60

Team of Instructors : Dr. K.Ramakrishna, K.Venkateswarlu, G.L. Narayana,

L. Kiran Kumar

I. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAMME OBJECTIVE:Mechanical engineers apply principles of physical science and mathematics to conceive, design,

produce and operate the moving parts, components and machinery used in every aspect of modern life

From rockets, robots and automobiles to power plants, engines, air-conditioning equipment and

biomechanical parts, mechanical engineers put energy and machines to work, and wherever there is

motion, youll find evidence of their innovations. Today, they often use computer-aided design and

computer simulation to ensure their products are reliable, efficient and economically sound. The

spectrum of professional activity for the mechanical engineer runs from research through design and

development to manufacturing and sales.

II. PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVESUpon completion of the mechanical engineering program our mechanical engineering students:

(A)Will possess a sound knowledge and understanding of the fundamentals of mechanical engineering

in the general streams of Design, Production, Thermal and Industrial Engineering, necessary to be

productive engineers in industry or government, and/or succeed in graduate or other professional

schools.

(B)Will be able to formulate, analyze, and creatively solve multidisciplinary technical problems

through the use of modern engineering tools, be they experimental, analytical or numerical.

(C)Will develop and use lifelong learning skills to take advantage of professional development

opportunities in their disciplines, develop new knowledge and skills, pursue new areas of expertise

or careers, adapt to changing global markets and workforce trends.

(D)Will be able to communicate clearly and effectively with fellow engineers, employers, and the

general public.

(E)Will possess the skills needed to fulfill their professional duties and responsibilities in teamwork,

collegiality, ethics, technical leadership, business acumen and lifelong learning.

L-T-P

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(F)Will understand the economical, societal and environmental impact and ethical and professional

responsibilities of a mechanical engineer and Graduates will engage in professional service by

using their engineering background to advance society and to help solve technical and societal

problems.

(G)Can succeed as entrepreneurs.

III. PROGRAM OUTCOMESUpon completion of the mechanical engineering program, our mechanical engineering students

will demonstrate the ability to:

(A)Apply mathematics, engineering and science fundamentals to formulate and solve a wide

variety of real world problems related to mechanical engineering.

(B)Design and/or analyze mechanical systems by integrating knowledge in the four general streams of

engineering viz. design, production, thermal and industrial engineering.

(C)Use modern engineering tools, including computer visualization, programming and design/analysis

software.

(D)Conceive, plan and safely execute a series of laboratory experiments to obtain design data.

(E)Given a set of experimental data, students will demonstrate the ability to calculate and assign

appropriate limits of error to the data.

(F)Function individually and as contributing members of interdisciplinary design and problem-

solving teams.

(G)Disseminate information related to themselves and their work in oral presentations, written reports

and Web-based multimedia formats.

(H)Maintain and improve their skills through self-study and professional development activities.

(I) Understand basic business principles, key ethics issues affecting their profession, and an awareness

of important contemporary issues affecting mechanical engineering practice.

(J) Devise creative solutions to problems and design exercises and consistently show the ability to

Think outside of the box

(K)Demonstrate service to campus & community and responsibility to self, profession and society.

IV. MAPPING OF PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES AND PROGRAM OUTCOMES:Program Outcomes

A B C D E F G H I J KProgram Educational

Objectives

A X X - X - - X - X X X

B X X X X - - - - X X -

C - - X X - - X X - - X

D - - - - X X - - - - -


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E X X - - X - X X - - X

F - X X - - X - X X X -

G - - - - - X X X X X X

V. COURSE DESCRIPTION:Applied Thermodynamics is a branch of Thermal Engineering which deals with the applications of

Thermal Engineering viz. Steam Boilers, Steam Nozzles, Steam turbines, Steam Condensers

Refrigeration etc. The Student can get elaborative knowledge while learning this course.

VI. COURSE OBJECTIVES:The scope of this course is to provide in-depth knowledge about various applications of Thermal

Engineering.

The objective of the course is to give knowledge about the various types Vapor power Cycles, Pure

Substances, Various types of Steam boilers, Steam nozzles, Steam Condensers, Steam turbines, Various

types of refrigeration Cycles as well as Refrigeration Systems.

VII. COURSE OUTCOMES:At the end of the course the student will be able to do the following. :

1. Will demonstrate the ability to perform power cycle analysis using various working fluids.

2. Will demonstrate the ability to perform analysis of refrigeration and heat pump cycles using

various working fluids.

3. Will demonstrate an understanding of the construction of thermodynamic property tables and

the capability to determine changes in enthalpy, entropy and internal energy using a suitable

equation of state.

4. Will demonstrate the ability to perform analysis of thermodynamic systems and cycles and to

perform appropriate calculations where ideal gas mixtures are the working fluid.

5. Demonstrate the ability to apply psychrometrics to analysis of heating, drying and air

conditioning systems.

6. Will demonstrate the ability apply the first and second laws to combustion processes.

7. Will demonstrate the ability to perform thermodynamic analysis of realistic

problems using computer software Explain the laws, symbols and vocabulary of thermodynamics

8. Use a problem solving procedure to process a preliminary statement of a problem

into a final numeric solution for thermal power systems using the laws of thermodynamics

9. Use traditional and computerized steam tables and ideal gas laws to successfully solve

thermodynamic power plant problems


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10. Use Calculus in solving thermodynamic problems and s will be able to analyze a vapor power

cycle given a set of operational parameters and constraints, determine cycle efficiency, its power

output, and required heat input.

11. Will be able to make modifications to improve the overall cycle efficiency for the steam power

cycle.

12. Will be able to analyze and optimize a vapor refrigeration system given the requirements and

constraints of a refrigeration system.

13. Will be able to understand the second law limitation of thermodynamic efficiencies and will be

able to sort out realistic and unrealistic thermodynamic system claims.

14. Will be able to analyze and determine cycle efficiency, work output and required heat input for

a spark-ignition IC engine with a given set of operating parameters.

15. Will be able to analyze and determine cycle efficiency, work output and required heat input for

a diesel engine with a given set of operating parameters.

16. Will be able to analyze and determine cycle efficiency, work output, and required heat input

for a gas turbine cycle, and determine thrust of a turbojet, for a given set of operating parameters.

VIII. RECOMMENDED BOOKS:TEXT BOOKS:

1. Applied Thermodynamics- T.D.Estop-6e-Longman scientific & Technical & John Wiley, NewYork.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Engineering Thermodynamics, by Cengel&Boles

2. Engineering Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag, TMH, New Delhi

3. Applied Thermodynamics by R.Yadav-CBH, Allahabad

4. Power Plant Engineering (Steam & Nuclear)P.K.Nag, TMH.

Note: use of steam tables and R&AC tables is permitted in university examinations.

.


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IX. .SYLLABUS

UNIT-I

PURE SUBSTANCE: Pure substance vapour-liquid-solid phase equilibrium in a pure substance

independent properties of a pure substance. Equations of state for vapour phase of a simple

compressible substance. Tables of thermodynamic properties.

VAPOUR POWER CYCLES: Rankine cycle, Effect of pressure and temperature on the Rankine

cycle, reheat cycle, regenerative cycle, practical regenerative system, Binary vapour cycle.

UNIT-II

STEAM BOILERS: Function, classification, working of Cochran boiler and Babcock and Wilcox

boiler, Mountings & Accessories, Boiler Horse power, equivalent rate of evaporation, efficiency and

heat balance. Draught, Height of chimney, condition for maximum discharge, efficiency of chimney,

types of draught

UNIT-III

STEAM NOZZLES: Types of nozzles, isentropic flow through nozzles, effect of friction, nozzle

efficiency, critical pressure ratio and maximum discharge, calculation of throat and exit areas using

Mollier diagram.

STEAM CONDENSERS: Jet and surface condensers, condenser vacuum and vacuum efficiency,

condenser efficiency, thermodynamic analysis, air pumps, capacity of air extraction pumps.

UNIT-IV

STEAM TURBINES: Types of steam turbines, Impluse turbines, pressure and velocity

compounding, velocity diagrams, work output, power, blade efficiency and stage efficiency, Reaction

turbines, velocity diagrams, degree of reaction, work output, power, blade efficiency and stage

efficiency, Governing of turbines, overall efficiency and reheat factor.

UNIT-V

REFRIGERATION: Need for refrigeration, definitions, Methods of refrigeration, working of

refrigerator & heat pump, Reversed carnot and bell-coleman cycles, refrigerating effect, COP, vapour

compression refrigeration system, influence of various parameters on cycle performance, vapour

absorption refrigeration cycle.


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XI.UNIT WISE RATIONALIZATION:

UNIT-I

PURE SUBSTANCE:

Introduce the concept of a pure substance

Illustrate the P-v, T-v, and P-T property diagrams and P-v-T surfaces of pure substances.

Discuss the physics of phase-change processes.

Demonstrate the procedures for determining thermodynamic properties of pure substances from

tables of property data

Describe the hypothetical substance "ideal gas" and the ideal-gas equation of state.

Apply the ideal-gas equation of state in the solution of typical problems

Introduce the compressibility factor, which accounts for the deviation of real gases from ideal-gas

behavior, and to illustrate its use.

Define the specific heat at constant volume and the specific heat at constant pressure

Relate the specific heats to the calculation of the changes in internal energy and enthalpy of ideal gases.

Describe the incompressible substance such as solids and liquids and how to determine the changes in

internal energy and enthalpy for these substances

VAPOUR POWER CYCLES:

Analyze vapor power cycles in which the working fluid is alternately vaporized and condensed.

Analyze power generation coupled with process heating called cogeneration.

Investigate ways to modify the basic Rankine vapor power cycle to increase the cycle thermal efficiency

Analyze the reheat and regenerative vapor power cycles.

Analyze power cycles that consist of two separate cycles known as combined cycles

Introduce the concepts of binary cycles.

UNIT-II

STEAM BOILERS:

Learn to identify the different types of steam (and water) boilers;

Become familiar with the terms and general principles of the basic boiler;

Acquire basic information about boiler construction and components such as safety valves,

instrumentation, venting and pressure control devices;

Learn about feed water, steam and hot water components and understand how these interrelate;


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Understand various type of fuel and combustion equipment such as burners in gas fired and oil fired

applications;

Learn the theories behind combustion, water flow, heat transfer, and oxygen, water, and fuel reactions;

Understand the boiler design and sizing;

Gain knowledge about safe boiler practices;

Learn basic boiler performance testing methods and procedures; and

Be able to communicate effectively with boiler professionals and make better decisions affecting the

boiler and facility.

UNIT-III

STEAM CONDENSERS:

steam condenser in which the steam is condensed on tubes which are grouped together in separate nests

and through which cooling water flows, the tubes, arranged in rows, of a nest enclosing a hollow space, a

cooler for the non-condensable gases in arranged in the hollow space. Two nests are provided which are

at a distance from one another and to which steam is admitted over their entire periphery, the nest form,

irrespective of the external form of the condenser, being selected in such a way that first of all a

convergent flow channel --accelerating the steam--and then adjoining it a divergent retaining part --

deflecting the steam--are formed between the nests on the one side and also between one nest

STEAM NOZZLES:

UNIT-IV

STEAM TURBINES:

A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts

it into rotary motion. Its modern manifestation was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884.

It has almost completely replaced the reciprocating piston steam engine primarily because of its greater

thermal efficiency and higher power-to-weight ratio. Because the turbine generates rotary motion, it is

particularly suited to be used to drive an electrical generator about 90% of all electricity generation in

the United States is by use of steam turbines. The steam turbine is a form ofheat engine that derives much

of its improvement in thermodynamic efficiency through the use of multiple stages in the expansion of the

steam, which results in a closer approach to the ideal reversible process.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocating_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational_motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversible_process_%28thermodynamics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversible_process_%28thermodynamics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational_motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocating_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_energy


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UNIT-V

REFRIGERATION:

Learn the process of Refrigeration and different processes of Refrigeration processes like

Vapor compression, Vapor absorption and steam jet Refrigeration.

Gain knowledge on Types of Refrigerants

Become familiar with Coefficient of Performance (COP) of Refrigeration processes.

Determine the Coefficient of Performance of Refrigeration system using P-H chart.

Learn how to improveCoefficient of Performance (COP) of Refrigeration processes

IX. LESSON PLAN

U

NIT

SESSION

LEA

RNING

OBJE

CTIVE:

(ATTH

EENDOF

THESESSION

STU

DENT

SHO

ULD)

CON

TENT

METHO

DOLOGY

FAC

ULTY

APPROACH

STU

DENT

APPROACH

LEA

RNING

OUT

COME

I 1Introduction to

Pure substance

Pure substanceOral Facilitates

Listens and

participateUnderstan

I 2

Understand

Vapor-liquid-

solid phase

equilibrium in a

pure substance.

Vapor-liquid-solid

phase equilibrium

in a pure substance. Chalkand talk

Explanation Listen Remembe

I 3

Understand

Independent

properties of a

pure substance

Independent

properties of a pure

substance.Chalk

and talkExplanation

Listen andPractice

Understan

I 4

To learn

Equations of state

for vapour phase

of a simplecompressible

substance

Equations of state

for vapor phase of

a simple

compressiblesubstance.

Chalk

and talk ExplanationListen and

Practice

Understan

andAnalyze

I 5

To learn

thermodynamic

properties using

tables

Tables

thermodynamic

propertiesChalk

and talkExplanation Listen

Understan

and

Analyze

I 6To learn

thermodynamic

Tables of

thermodynamic

Chalk

and talk

Explanation ListenUnderstan

and


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properties using

tables

properties Analyze

I 7

Understand

Vapor power

Cycles

VAPOUR POWER

CYCLES: Rankine

cycle,

Chalkand talk

Explanation ObserveExplore thmechanis

I 8

To study Effect

of pressure andtemperature on

the Rankine

cycle,

Effect of pressure

and temperature onthe Rankine cycle, Chalk


Explore th

mechanis

I 9

To study Reheat

cycle,

Reheat cycle,Chalk

and talkExplanation Observe Applicatio

I 10

To study

Regenerative

cycle,

Regenerative cycle,

Chalkand talk

ExplanationObserve andcomprehend

Applicatio

I 11

Understand

Practical

regenerative

system,.

Practical

regenerative

system,Chalk

and talkExplanation

Listens and

ParticipateUnderstan

I 12

Understand

Binary vapor

cycle

Binary vapor cycle

PPT ExplanationListen and

Practice

Remembe

and recal

II 13

UnderstandSTEAM

BOILERS

STEAMBOILERS:

Function,

classification,

Chalkand talk

ExplanationListen andPractice

Remembeand recal

II 14

To study

Working of

Cochran boiler,

types of draught

Working of

Cochran boiler,

types of draught PPT Explanation Listen Understan

II 15To studyBabcock and

Wilcox boiler,

Babcock andWilcox boiler,PPT Explanation Listen

Understanand

remembe

II 16

To study

Mountings &

Accessories

Mountings &

Accessories, Chalk


Understanand

remembe

II 17

Understand

Boiler Horse

power, equivalent

Boiler Horse

power, equivalent

rate of evaporation,

Chalkand talk

Explanation Observes

Understan

and

remembe


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rate of

evaporation,

efficiency

efficiency

II 18

To calculate Heat

balance.

Heat balance.

PPT Explanation Listen Evaluate

II 19

To calculate

Draught, Heightof chimney,

condition for

maximum

discharge,

efficiency of

chimney

Draught, Height of

chimney, conditionfor maximum

discharge,

efficiency of

chimney

PPT Explanation Listen

Understan

and

remembe

II 20To study Types

of draught

Types of draughtPPT Explanation Listen

Evaluateand apply

II 21

To derive

discharge through

the chimney

Maximum

discharge through

the chimney

Chalkand talk


Evaluate

II 22

To derive the

Height of

chimney

Chimney Height

Chalkand talk


II 23

To evaluate

efficiency of

chimney

efficiency of

chimney Chalk

and talk Explanation

Listen and

Practice Evaluate

III 24

Understand

Steam nozzles

STEAM

NOZZLES: Types

of nozzles,

Chalkand talk

Explanation ListenEvaluateand apply

III 25

Understand

Isentropic flow

through nozzles,

effect of friction,

Isentropic flow

through nozzles,

effect of friction, PPT Explanation ObserveAnalyze

and apply

III 26

To calculate

Nozzle

efficiency,

critical pressure

ratio and

maximum

discharge,

Nozzle efficiency,

critical pressure

ratio and maximum

discharge, Chalk

and talkfacilitates Observe

Analyze

and apply

III 27Calculation of

throat and exit

Calculation of

throat and exit

PPT Explanation Observes Recall


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areas using

Mollier diagram

areas using Mollier

diagram

III 28

Problems with

Mollier diagramChalk

and talkfacilitates

Listen and

PracticeEvaluate

III 29

To study Steam

Condensers

STEAM

CONDENSERS:

Jet and surfacecondensers,

Chalk

and talk Explanation Listen

Understan

andremembe

III 30

Design of

Condenser

Condenser vacuumChalk


Understan

andremembe

III 31

condenser

efficiencyChalk


Understan

and

remembe

III 32vacuum efficiency

Chalk


Understan

and

remembe

III 33

To study

Thermodynamic

analysis of air

pumps

Thermodynamic

analysis of air

pumps,Chalk


Understan

andremembe

III 34

Calculation of

Capacity of air

extraction pumps

Capacity of air

extraction pumps Chalkand talk

Explanation Listen

Understan

and

remembe

III 35

Efficiency

calculations Chalkand talkExplanation Listen

Understan

and

remembe

IV 36

To study Steam

turbines

STEAM

TURBINES:Types

of steam turbines,

Chalk


Understanand

remembe

IV 37

To study Impulse

turbines

Impulse turbines,Chalk


Understan

and

remembe

IV 38

To study Pressure

and velocitycompounding

Pressure and

velocitycompounding,

Chalkand talk

Explanation Comprehend

Understan

and

remembe

IV 39

Understand

Velocity

diagrams, work

output

Velocity diagrams,

work output,Chalk


Understanand

remembe

IV 40

To calculate

Power blade

efficiency and

Power, blade

efficiency andChalk


Understanand

remembe


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stage efficiency, stage efficiency,

IV 41

To study

Reaction turbines

Reaction turbines,Chalk


Understan

and

remembe

IV 42

To understand

Velocity

diagrams

Velocity diagrams,

Chalk


Understan

andremembe

IV 43

To understand

Degree of

reaction, work

output

Degree of reaction,

work output,

PPT Explanation ListenRemembeand pertai

IV 44

To calculate

Power, blade

efficiency and

stage efficiency

Power, blade

efficiency and

stage efficiency,Chalk


Remembe

and apply

IV 45

To study

Governing of

turbines,

Governing of

turbines, Chalk


retain

informatio

and apply

IV 46

To study overall

efficiency

overall efficiencyChalk


Remembe

and apply

IV 47

To study reheat

factor

reheat factorChalk


Remembe

and apply

IV 48

To evaluate

various

efficiencies

Determination of

turbine efficiencies Chalkand talk

Explanation ListenRemembeand apply

V 49

To study

Refrigeration

REFRIGERATIO

N: Need for

refrigeration,

definitions,

Chalkand talk

Explanation ObserveApply anevaluate

V 50

To study

Methods of

refrigeration

Methods of

refrigeration, Chalk

and talk Explanation Listen

Understan

remembe

andcomprehen

V 51

To understand

Working of

refrigerator &

heat pump

Working of

refrigerator & heat

pump,Chalk

and talkExplanation Listen Synthesi

V 52

To study

Reversed Carnot

and Bell-

Reversed carnot

and bell-Coleman

cycles,

Chalk

and talkExplanation Listen understan


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Coleman cycles

V 53

To calculate

Refrigerating

effect, COP

Refrigerating

effect, COP. Chalk

and talkExplanation listen Understan

V 54

To understand

Vapor

compressionrefrigeration

system

Vapor compression

refrigeration

system, Chalkand talk

Explanation listen

Understan

remembeand

comprehen

V 55

To understand

Influence of

various

parameters on

cycle

performance,

Influence of

various parameters

on cycle

performance,Chalk

and talkExplanation listen

Understanremembe

and

comprehen

V 56

Vapor absorption

refrigeration

cycle

Vapor Absorption

refrigeration cyclePPT Explanation Listen

Remembeand apply

V 57

To understand

Influence of

various

parameters

Various parameters

on cycle

performanceChalk


Remembe

and apply

V 58

To differentiate

between

refrigeration

systems

Comparison of

refrigeration

systemsChalk


Remembeand apply

V 59

Evaluation of

refrigeration

systems

Estimation of COP

of Vapor

compression

system

Chalkand talk

Explanation Listen

Understan

andremembe

V 60

Evaluation of

refrigerationsystems

Estimation of COP

of VaporAbsorption system

Chalkand talk

Explanation ListenUnderstan

and

remembe


14/14

X. SELF LEARNING TOPICS:1. Vapour power Cycles:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_cycle

2. Steam Boilers:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler

3 .Steam Nozzles: http://www.ultimatewasher.com/steam-guns-nozzles.htm

4. Steam Condensors: http://www.heatexchange.org/pub/pdf/edu/Tech%20Sheet%20113.pdf

5. Steam turbines:http://www.google.co.in/images?q=Steam+turbines&oe=utf-8&rls=org.

6. Vapour Compression refrigeration:

http://www.google.co.in/images?q=Vapour+Compression+refrigeration&oe=utf-8&rls=org. 7. Vapor

absorption refrigeration:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_refrigerator EVALUATION SCHEME:

EC No. COMPONENT DURATION(minutes)

MARKS

Date & Time

1 QUIZI 50 20

2 TESTI 50 20

3 TEST - II 50 20

4 QUIZ - II 50 20

5 ASSIGNMENT 60 10

6 COMPREHENSIVEEXAMINATION

180 100

7 ATTENDANCE -- 10

TOTAL-- 200

XI. CHAMBER CONSULTING HOURS: : Informed in the class by the respective instructors.XII. NOTICES: All notices/circulars regarding course matters will be displayed in the notice board and also will

be placed in the web.

COURSE CO ORDINATOR H.O.D. DEAN ACADEMICS

TEAM OF INSTRUCTORS: 1.

2.

3.
http://www.heatexchange.org/pub/pdf/edu/Tech%20Sheet%20113.pdfhttp://www.heatexchange.org/pub/pdf/edu/Tech%20Sheet%20113.pdfhttp://www.heatexchange.org/pub/pdf/edu/Tech%20Sheet%20113.pdfhttp://www.heatexchange.org/pub/pdf/edu/Tech%20Sheet%20113.pdf

Documents

ATD {Course Hand Out}