Workshop on Sustained Indian Ocean Biogeochemical and Ecological Research (SIBER)

Session 2. Review the state of our knowledge –Nutrient cycling and limitation

Atmospheric dust and Fe transport and deposition variability

Mitsuo UematsuOcean Res. Inst., Univ. of Tokyo

Acknowledgement to Dr. Atsushi Tsuda

National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, India3-6 October, 2006

Workshop on Sustained Indian Ocean Biogeochemical and Ecological Research (SIBER)

Session 2. Review the state of our knowledge –Nutrient cycling and limitation

Atmospheric dust and Fe transport and deposition variability

Mitsuo UematsuOcean Res. Inst., Univ. of Tokyo

Acknowledgement to Dr. Atsushi Tsuda

National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, India3-6 October, 2006

Jickells et al., Science, 2005

Atmospheric Aerosol Loading

Anthropogenic Land-use Change

Marine ProductivityClimatic State

Based on Patra et al., Global Biogeochem. Cycle, 2005a, b

Land CO2 Flux Anomaly (Pg-C yr-1)

Oce

an C

O2

Flux

Ano

mal

y (P

g-C

yr-1

)

Linkage of CO2 Fluxes Between Land and OceanLinkage of CO2 Fluxes Between Land and Ocean

AnthropogenicsulfurAnthropogenicsulfur

Anthropogenic nitrogenAnthropogenic nitrogen

DMS Emissions x 0.5

DMS Emissions x 2

Gunson et al., GRL, 2006

Emission change of NOx over Asia (Ohara et al., 2005)

Emission change of NOx over Asia (Ohara et al., 2005)

11 Mt/year (1.0) 17 Mt/year(1.5) 25 Mt/year (2.3)

H. Akimoto, Science, 2003

1980 1990 2000

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CO Gas Transport

Gregg et al., 2005

Interannual Variation of Chlorophyll（ 1998-2003 ）

Interannual Variation of Chlorophyll（ 1998-2003 ）

Nitrogen Compounds in Aerosols Over the East China Sea

Atmospheric Aerosol LoadingAtmospheric Aerosol Loading

Tang DanLing 唐丹玲

http://lingzis.51.net/list.htmhttp://lingzis.51.net/list.htmhttp://lingzis.51.net/list.htm

Dust frequency over ChinaDust frequency over China

Interannual variation ofdust report frequency over ChinaInterannual variation ofdust report frequency over China

Progress of Chemical Transport Model

Dust emission was identified northwest of Shenyang by satellite observation.

TOMS AI April 23, 2001

瀋陽

Model was agreed with satellite observation after addition of new dust source region.

Within 20 years (1978 - 1998)Dust expand

85E165E120E

5N

55N

Transport and its deposition pattern for Asian mineral dust

Uematsu et al., GRL, 2003

outflow from simulation domain

East 1.49 Tg ( 49.0%)

Mass loading in the atmosphere 0.22 Tg ( 7.0%)

Total emission3.07 Tg

Anthropogenic1.63 Tg

Biomass burning1.44 Tg

Dry Deposition

0.50 Tg( 16.0 %)

Wetdeposition

0.15 Tg( 5.0 %)

West 0.20 Tg ( 7.0%)South 0.009 Tg ( 0%)North 0.44 Tg ( 14.0%)

outflow from simulation domain

East 9.02Tg( 9%)West 3.30Tg( 2%)South 0.93Tg( 1%)North 15.2Tg(13%)

Mass loading in the atmosphere 6.7Tg( 6%)

Emission105Tg

Dry deposition

34.4Tg(33%)

Wetdeposition

9.4Tg( 9%)

Gravitational settling26.4Tg( 27%)

Mineral dust

Carbonaceous aerosols (BC+OC)

Sateke et al., JGR, 2004

Yuan & Zhang, GRL, 2006

Estimation of Dust Deposition to the Ocean on the use of Aluminum in Surface Waters

Measures & Vink, GBC, 2000

John Martin (1935 - 1993)

Give me half a tanker of iron and I'll give you the next ice age !!

Give me half a Give me half a tanker of iron and tanker of iron and I'll give you the I'll give you the next ice age !!next ice age !!

Subarctic Pacific Iron Experiment for Ecosystem Dynamics Study SEEDS-I

Kaiyo Maru 140 150 160 17035

40

45

50

55

60

65

KNOT

Longitude

Latit

ude

48.5°N165°E

FRV Kaiyo Maru CruiseLeg 1 28 June-10 JulyLeg 2 13 July-8 August

°N

°ETsuda et al., Science, 2003

FeSO4350 kg as Fe(10800 L)

SF60.48M(4100 L)

Ship track relative to GPS buoy

● Buoy- Ship

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

N-S

(km

)

E-W (km)

● Buoy- Ship

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

N-S

(km

)

E-W (km)

● Buoy- Ship

● Buoy- Ship

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

N-S

(km

)

E-W (km)

8 km x 10 km

0

10

20

30

40

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14Days since beginning of experiment

Nut

rient

(µM

), C

hl a

(µg/

L)

Silicate

Nitrate Chl a

Time-series data of nutrients and Chl a

Temporal variations of size-fractionated chlorophyll a

Days since beginning of experiment

Chl

orop

hyll

a(µ

g/L)

Iron enriched

Outside

>10 µm

0.2-2 µm2-10 µm

Dominant phytoplankton species

Chaetoceros debilis

Chaetoceros concavicornis

Pseudo-nitzschia turgidula

Chaetoceros atlanticus

Eucampia groenlandica

30.88 29.65

1.21 1.32

1.47

Surface Mixed Layer

Influx (0.07)

Export flux (0.17)

DIC

DOC

POC75% of fixed carbon0.49

13% of fixed carbon

Carbon budget in the patch

DAY 4 DAY 13

Day7: 27 July 2004

48N

50N

46N

166E164E 168E

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SEEDS II

Comparison between SEEDS I & IIComparison between SEEDS I & II

0-50m

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 5 10 15 20 25

D ay

Chl a (mg/m2)

SEED S-IISEEDS-I

SOIREE

6 weeks after

Examples of National Programmes:Canada - $9M, 5 years

SeaWiFS chlorophyll image for July 29, 2002 showing the SERIES patch. The enlargement shows a 700km2 area with surface chl >1mg m-3. Courtesy of Jim Gover

Dominant forcing of Chlorophyll by WMLdepth

Chl a Max function WML Depth (all except ironex-1)

y = 491.73x-1.3418

R2 = 0.8604

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

WML Depth [m]

Max

imum

Chl

a [m

g.m

-3] Seeds

Eisenex

Soiree

Series Ironex-2SofexSouth

SofexNorth

de Baar

SEEDS II

Event 1: May 4~8Event 2: May 12~14Event 3: May 17~19

Dust and Elemental Carbon

May 16-17 2002

Cruise track of KH-05-2Cruise track of KH-05-2

Air Inlet to Lab

Air Sampler for Org.

Air Sampler for Metals

Air Sampler with Size Separation

Wind Sector Control

Pump Box

Ozone Analyzer

SO2 Analyzer To Upper Deck

VMAP Island Network: 2001.3 - 5

around Japanese Island

IOC cruise : 2002.5.1 - 6.3

Western and Central N. Pac.

KH02-3 : 2002.9.26 - 10.9

East China Sea

KH03-1 : 2003.5.13 - 8.11

Central North Pacific.

KH04-1 : 2004.3.4 - 3.24

East China Sea

KH04-3 : 2004.7.13 - 8.27

Northwestern Pacific

KH05-2：2005.8.8 - 9.21

Central North Pacific

VMAP Island Network: 2001.3 - 5

around Japanese Island

IOC cruise : 2002.5.1 - 6.3

Western and Central N. Pac.

KH02-3 : 2002.9.26 - 10.9

East China Sea

KH03-1 : 2003.5.13 - 8.11

Central North Pacific.

KH04-1 : 2004.3.4 - 3.24

East China Sea

KH04-3 : 2004.7.13 - 8.27

Northwestern Pacific

KH05-2：2005.8.8 - 9.21

Central North Pacific

Atmospheric Al ConcentrationAtmospheric Al Concentration

Al in fine fraction / Al in totalAl in fine fraction / Al in total

Pressure: 930hPa

Typhoon No.25November, 1997

沖ノ鳥島北緯20度25分、東経136度04分

1-8 November 1997

9-16 November 1997

18.0˚N, 135.4˚E

Nov. 09

Nov. 11

Nov. 15

Solas-Japan

2006-2010: US$ 9.2 M

高緯度域 低緯度域

生物活動

高緯度域

栄養塩(N, P, Si, Fe etc.)

熱, CO 2, 化学トレーサーなど

海洋観測

熱, CO 2, 化学トレーサーなど

図: 大気と海洋での物質輸送の概念図

生物活動

Higher Latitude Zone Lower Latitude Zone

Heat, CO2, CFCs, FeHeat, CO2, N2O, N2, CFCs

Biological Activities

Biological Activities

Nutrients (N, P, Si, Fe) Marine Observation

Polar Region Tropical Region

High Wind Speed, Cold, Deep Mixing Low Wind Speed, Warm, Stratified

Nutrients (N, P, Si, Fe)

120˚E 180˚ 120˚w

60˚N

30˚N

30˚S

60˚S

Eq.

SPEEDS: Summer 2008Subarctic Pacific Experiment for Ecosystem Dynamics StudySPEEDS

SNIFFS

SNIFFS I & II:Summer 2006 & 2009Subtropical Nitrogen Fixation Flux Study

BLOCKS:Spring 2007Bloom Caused by KosaStudy

BLOCKS

World Heritage AntarcticaWorld Heritage Antarctica