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Atomic Theory:The Nuclear Model
of the Atom
Chapter 5
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Section 5.1
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Identify the main features of Dalton’s atomic theory.
Goal 1
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Precursors to John Dalton’s atomic theory
Law of Definite CompositionThe percentage by mass of the elements
in a compound is always the same
Law of Conservation of MassIn a chemical change, mass is converved
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1808)
Each element is made up of tiny,individual particles called atoms.
Atoms are indivisible;they cannot be created or destroyed
All atoms of each elementare identical in every respect.
Atoms of one element are differentfrom atoms of any other element.
Atoms of one element may combine with atoms of other elements, usually in the ratio of small, whole numbers, to form chemical compoundsPresentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007
Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Law of Multiple Proportions
When two elements combine to form more than one compound, the different weights of one
element that combine with the same weight of the other element are in a simple ratio of whole
numbers.
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Section 5.2
Subatomic Particles
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Identify the three major subatomic particles by charge and approximate atomic mass, expressed in atomic mass units.
Goal 2
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
An atom contains smaller partsknown as subatomic particles.
Electron1– charge, 0.000549 amu
Proton1+ charge, 1.00728 amu
Neutronno charge, 1.00867 amu
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Section 5.3
The Nuclear Atom
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Describe and/or interpret the Rutherford scattering experiment and the nuclear model of the atom.
Goal 3
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
The Nuclear Model of the Atom
Every atom contains an extremelysmall, extremely dense nucleus.
All of the positive charge and nearly all of the mass of an atom are concentrated in the
nucleus.The nucleus is surrounded by a muchlarger volume of nearly empty spacethat makes up the rest of the atom.
The space outside the nucleus is very thinly populated by electrons, the total charge of which
exactly balances the positive charge of the nucleus.Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007
Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
The diameter of an atom is approximately
100,000 times the diameter of the
nucleus.
If the nucleus was the size of a pea,there would be a 1 km distancefrom it to its nearest neighbor
1 km
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Section 5.4
Isotopes
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Explain what isotopes of an element are and how they differ from each other.
Goal 4
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
For an isotope of any element whose chemical symbol is known, given one of the following, state the other two: (a) nuclear symbol, (b) number of protons and neutrons, (c) atomic number and mass number.
Goal 5
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Identify the features of Dalton’s atomic theory that are no longer considered valid, and explain why.
Goal 6
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Every atom of a particular elementhas the same number of protons.
The number of protons in an atom of anelement is the atomic number, Z
Atoms are electrically neutralProtons have a 1+ chargeElectrons have a 1– charge
The number of electrons in an atom thereforemust be equal to the number of protons
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
All atoms of an element are not identicalSome have more mass than others
Since the number of protons and electronsin an atom of an element are fixed,
there must be variation in the numberof neutrons that causes this difference in mass
Atoms of the same element that have different masses—different numbers of neutrons—
are called isotopes
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
An isotope is identified by its mass number, A
Mass number = A =Total number of protons + neutrons
Mass number = # of protons + # of neutrons
A = Z + # of neutrons
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Name of an Isotope
Elemental name–Mass number
Example:A carbon atom with 6 protons and 6 neutrons
Mass number: 6 + 6 = 12Name: carbon-12
What is the name of the carbonisotope with 7 neutrons?
carbon-13
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Symbol of an Isotope
Known as a nuclear symbol
# of protons + # of neutrons# of protons Sy
mass number
atomic numberSy
AZ Sy
Example:What are the nuclear symbols for
carbon-12 and carbon-13?126 C
136 C
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Section 5.5
Atomic Mass
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Define and use the atomic mass unit (amu).
Goal 7
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Given the relative abundances of the natural isotopes of an element and the atomic mass of each isotope, calculate the atomic mass of the element.
Goal 8
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Masses of atoms are expressed inatomic mass units, amu
1 amuthe mass of one carbon atom
1
12
12 amu the mass of one carbon atom
C atom: 6 p+, 6 n, 6 e–
Since the mass of a p+ and a n are about the same, and since the mass of an e– is
about 0,12 amu = mass of (6 + 6) (p+ + n)
12 amu = mass of 12 nuclear subatomic particles
1 amu = mass of 1 nuclear subatomic particle
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
1 amu = 1.66 x 10–24 gPresentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007
Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Mass Spectrum of Neon
Atomic Mass(of an element):
The average mass of all atoms of anelement as they occur in nature.
Chlorine has two natural isotopes:75.78% is chlorine-35 at 34.968852721 amu24.22% is chlorine-37 at 36.96590262 amu
What is the atomic mass of chlorine?
0.7578 x 34.968852721 amu = 0.2422 x 36.96590262 amu =
26.50 amu
8.953 amu
35.45 amuPresentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007
Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Section 5.6
The Periodic Table
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Distinguish between groups and periods in the periodic table and identify them by number.
Goal 9
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Given the atomic number of an element, use a periodic table to find the symbol and atomic mass of that element, and identify the period and group in which it is found.
Goal 10
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
When elements are arranged accordingto their atomic masses, certain properties
repeat at periodic intervals(Mendeleev and Meyer, 1869)
Periodic Tableof the Elements
A table that arranges the elements inorder of atomic number with elements
with similar properties in the same column
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Mendeleev had blank spaces in his periodic table. He averaged the properties of the
surrounding elements to predict properties of as-yet undiscovered elements.
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
PeriodsHorizontal rows in the periodic table
Numbered 1–7, top to bottom(numbers usually not printed)
Groups (or Chemical Families)Vertical columns in the periodic table
U.S. numbering: A groups and B groupsIUPAC numbering: 1-18, left to right
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Main group elementsElements in the U.S. A-groups
Transition elementsElements in the U.S. B-groups
MetalsElements on the left of the stair-step line
NonmetalsElements on the right of the stair-step line
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Section 5.7
Elemental Symbols and
the Periodic Table
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Given the name or the symbol of an element in Figure 5.9, write the other.
Goal 11
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
aluminumargonbariumberylliumboron
AlArBaBeB
BrCaCClCr
brominecalciumcarbonchlorine
chromium
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
cobaltcopperfluorineheliumhydrogen
CoCuF
HeH
IFeKrPbLi
iodineiron
kryptonlead
lithium
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
magnesiummanganesemercuryneonnickel
MgMnHgNeNi
NOPKSi
nitrogenoxygen
phosphoruspotassium
silicon
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
silversodiumsulfurtinzinc
AgNaSSnZn
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright © 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.