AUTHORS Dr. Philippe Aptel Laboratoire de Genie Chimique (CNRS L.A.

192) Universite Paul Sabatier 118, route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex, FRANCE

Dr. Richard W. Baker, President Membrane Technology and Research, Inc. 1030 Hamilton Court Menlo Park, California 94025, U.S.A.

Dr. D. Bargeman Department of Chemical Technology Technical University of Twente P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede, THE NETHERLANDS

Dr. Peter M. Bungay Biomedical Engineering and Instrumentation

Bram;h National Institutes of Health Building 13, Room 3W13 Bethesda, Maryland 20892, U.S.A.

Dr. Michael J. Clifton Laboratoire de Genie Chimique (CNRS L.A.

192) Universite Paul Sabatier 118, route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex, FRANCE

Professor Enrico Drioli Universita degli Studi di Napoli Istituto di Principi di Ingegneria Chimica Piazzale Tecchio 80125 Napoli, ITALIA

Professor William R. Galey Department of Physiology University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 U.S.A.

713

Professor Gunnar Jonsson Instituttet for Kemiindustri DtH Building 227 Technical University of Denmark DK-2800 Lyngby, DENMARK

Dr. Harold K. Lonsdale Bend Research, Inc. 64550 Research Road Bend, Oregon 97701, U.S.A.

Professor Patrick Meares, Head Department of Chemistry University of Aberdeen Meston Walk Old Aberdeen, AB9, 2UE, SCOTLAND (UK)

Professor Jean Neel Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique

Macromoleculaire (CNRS E.R.A. 23) Ecole Nationale Superieure des

Industries Chimiques 1, rue Granville 54042 Nancy Cedex, FRANCE

Dr. Geoffrey S. Park Department of Applied Chemistry University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology Cardiff, CF1 3NU, WALES (UK)

Dr. Maria Norberta de Pinho, Departamento de Engenharia Qufmica Instituto Superior Tecnico Avenida Rovisco Pais 1096 Lisboa Codex, PORTUGAL

Dr. Mark C. Porter Consultant 3449 Byron Court Pleasanton, California 94566, U.S.A.

714

Professor Dr. Robert Rautenbach Institut fUr Verfahrenstechnik Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische

Hochschule Aachen Turmstrasse 46 D-5100 Aachen, WEST GERMANY

Professor Dr. Helmut Ringsdorf Institut fiir Organische Chemie

der Johannes Gutenberg Universitat J.J.-Becher-Weg 18-20 Postfach 3980 0-6500 Mainz 1, WEST GERMANY

Dr. Lynda M. Sanders Syntex Research Corporation Division of Syntex (U.S.A.) Inc. 3401 Hillview Avenue Palo Alto, California 94304, U.S.A.

Dr. Brigitta Schmidt Institut fiir Organische Chemie

der Johannes Gutenberg Universitat J.J.-Becher-Weg 18-20 Postfach 3980 D-6500 Mainz 1, WEST GERMANY

Authors

Professor Jerome S. Schultz, Chairman Department of Chemical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, U.S.A.

Professor C.A. Smolders Department of Chemical Technology Technical University of Twente P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede, THE NETHERLANDS

Dr. H. Strathmann Fraunhofer-Institut fiir Grenzflachen-und

Bioverfahrenstechnik Institutszentrum Stuttgart Nobelstrasse 12 D-7000 Stuttgart 80, WEST GERMANY

Dr. William J. Ward III General Electric Research and Development

Center P.o. Box 8, K1I4B15 Schenectady, New York 12301, U.S.A.

Dr. J. G. Wijmans Department of Chemical Technology Technical University of Twente P.o. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede, THE NETHERLANDS

PARTICIPANTS

North Atlantic Treaty Organization Advanced Study Institute on Synthetic Membranes, held at the Hotel Sintra Estoril, Alcabideche, Portugal, June 26 - July 8, 1983.

Belgium

Dr. Serge Joris Laboratoire Central Solvay & Cie rue de Ransbeek, 310 1120 Bruxelles

Brazil

Dr. Ronaldo Nobrega Programa de Engenharia Qufmica COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de

Janeiro Cidade Universitaria C.T. Bloco G - C.P. 68502 21944 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ

Canada'

Dr. Abdul-Fattah Asfour Department of Chemical Engineering University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4

Prof. Louis-Phillippe Blanchard Department of Chemical Engineering Laval University Ste. Foy, Quebec GIK 7P4

Denmark

Mr. Peter Bo National Laboratory Risoe Roskilde

Mr. Per Michael Christensen The Technical University of Denmark Instituttet for Kemiindustri Building 227, Room 102 DK-2800, Lyngby

715

France

M. Rene Angleraud Centre de Recherches de Saint-Fons Rhone-Poulenc B.P.62 69190 Saint-Fons

Dr. Pascal Belleville Departement Genie Chimique Institut Universitaire de Technologie Saint-

Nazaire B.P. 420 44606 Saint-Nazaire

Dr. Jean-Pierre Brun Laboratoire de Thermodynamique

et d'Electrochimie des Materiaux Universite Paris - Val de Marne Av. du Gl de Gaulle 94010 Creteil Cedex

Dr. Andre Larbot Laboratoire Professeur Cot Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie rue de l'Ecole Normale 34075 Montpellier Cedex

M. Andre Le Jeune Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique CEN/Saclay-IRDIIDGI 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex

M. Jean-Marie Martinet Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires de la Vallee du

RMne,DGI Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique B.P. 171 30205 Bagnols-s-Ceze

716

Professeur Eric Selegny Laboratoire de Chimie Macromoleculaire Faculte des Sciences Universite de Rouen 761300 Mont-Saint-Aignan

Germany

Dr_ C. Thomas Badenhop Seitz-Filter-Werke Postfach B89 D-655Oo Bad Kreuznach

Dr. Horst Chmiel Fraunhofer - 1GB Nobelstrasse 12 0--70000 Stuttgart BO

Ms. Sabine Englich Helmholtz-Institut

fUr Biomedizinische Thchnik RWTH Aachen Goethestrasse 27/29 0-51000 Aachen

Dr. Herbert HarUig Gambro Dialysatoren KG Postfach 1323 D-7459 Hechingen

Mr. Klaus Kimmerle Fraunhofer-IGB, Stuttgart Rosentalstrasse 56 D~7000 Stuttgart 80

Dr. Hans-Dieter Lehmann Gambro Dialysatoren KG Postfach 1323 D-7450 Hechingen

Dr. Klaus-Viktor Peinemann GKSS-Forschungszentrum Max-Planck-Strasse D-2.o54 Geesthacht

Dr. Achinto Sen-Gupta U nilever Forschungs GmbH Behringstrasse 154 0-20000 Hamburg

Mr. Kurt Tippmer Firma Carl Still GmbH Kaiserwall 21 Postfach 1480 0-4350 Recklinghausen

Prof. Dr. lng. Udo Werner Lehrstuhl fiir Mechanische

Verlahrenstechnik UniversWit Dortmund Postfach 5005000 D'-4600 Dortmund 50

Participants

Greece

Dr: Kostas A. Matis Laboratory of General and Inorganic Chemi­

cal Thchnology University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki

Israel

Dr. Esther Zeigerson Research and Deve]opment Authority P.o. Box 1025 Beer-She\'a 841100

Italy

Ms. Catia Bastioli Istituto Guido Donegani Via G. Fauser, 4 Centro Richerche Novara 281000 Novara

Dr. Aldo Bottino Istituto di Chimica Industriale Universitii. di Genova C.so Europa, 30 16132 Genova

Eng. Gerardo Catapano Istituto di Principi di Ingegneria Chimica Universita degli Studi di Napoli Piazzale 'I'ecchio 80125 Napoli

Dr. Amalia Imperato Istituta di Chimica Industriale Universita di Genova C.so Europa, 30 16132 Genova

Eng. Raffaele Molinari Istituto di Principi de Ingegneria Chimica Universitii. degli Studi di Napoli Piazzale Tecchio 80125 Napoli

Assoc. Prof Amabile Penati Dipartimento di Chimica lndlustriale

e Ingegneria Chi mica Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milano

Eng. Alfredo Punza Istituto di Principi di Ingegneria Chimica Universitii. degli Studi di Napoli Piazzale Thcchio 80125 Napoli

Participants

Japan

Dr. Masuo Aizawa Institute of Materials Science University of Tsukuba Sakura-mura, Ibaraki 305

Netherlands

Dr. J un Kong Liou Gr. v. Prinstererstr. 12 6702 CR Wageningen

Dr. Hans Stapersma Kon.lShell Lab. Amsterdam Badhuisweg 3 Amsterdam

Mr. Wim Wes N.V. Nederlandse Gasunie Laan Corpus den Hoorn 102 Groningen

Prof.ir. Johannes A. Wesselingh Laboratorium voor Chemische Technologie Technische Hogeschool Delft Julianalaan 136 2628 BL Delft

Portugal

Prof. Manuel Alves da Silva Departamento de Qufmica Faculdade de Ciencias e Technologia Universidade de Coimbra 3000 Coimbra

Ms. Ana Maria Brites Nunes Departamento de Engenharia Quimica (Sec-

~iio 41) Instituto Superior Tecnico Av. Rovisco Pais 1096 Lisboa Codex

Mr. Antonio Carlos Lopes da Conceiciio Dept. de Engenharia Quimica, Secc;iio Fen.

Transf. ApI. Instituto Superior Tecnico 1096 Lisboa Codex

Ms. Maria E.M. Da Cruz Laborat6rio Nacional de Engenharia e Tec-

nologia Industrial Estrada das Palmeiras Queluz de Baixo 2745 Queluz

Dr. Teresa Maria Fonseca de Moura Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia Universidade Nova de Lisboa Rua Prof. Luiz Reis Santos BL3/1H 1600 Lisboa

Dr. Cesar Sequeira Laboratorio de Electroqufmica Instituto Superior 'Iecnico Av. Rovisco Pais 1000 Lisboa

Spain

Prof. Dr. Juan 1. Arribas Dpto. de Termologia Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Valladolid Valladolid

Dr. Javier Garrido Facultad de Fisicas Universidad de Valencia BUljasot (Valencia)

Dr. Ing. Gus Reimers Arturo Sorio 320 Madrid 33

Dr. Benjamin Seoane Dpto. de Termologia Fac. de Ciencias Fisicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid

Switzerland

Dr. Heinz Pfenninger Ciba-Geigy AG K-667.306 4002 Basel

Turkey

Dr. Inci Eroglu

717

Department of Chemical Engineering Middle East Technical University (ODTU) Ankara

Dr. Erhan Pi§kin Chemical Engineering Department Hacettepe University p.K. 716, Kizilay Ankara

Dr. Mehmet $ahan Department of Chemistry Hacettepe University Beytepe, Ankara

Dr. Meral Yiicel Department of Biological Sciences Middle East Technical University (ODTU) Ankara

718

United States

Mr. Ingo Blume Membrane Technology and Research, Inc. 1030 Hamilton Court Menlo Park, CA 94025

Professor James C.w. Chien Polymer Science and Engineering University of Massachusetts Graduate Research Center, Room 701 Amherst, MA 01003

Dr. Gary Dirks Research & Development Department The Standard Oil Company (Ohio) 4440 Warrensville Center Road Cleveland, OH 44128

Mr. Randy Duran Dept. of Macromolecular Science Case Western Reserve University 606 Olin Building Cleveland, OH 44106

Assoc. Prof. Alan Grodzinsky Dept. of Electrical Engineering

and Computer Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology Room 38-377 Cambridge, MA 02139

Asst. Prof. Douglas R. Lloyd Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX 78712

Dr. Henri J.R. Maget C\>nsultant 6455 La Jolla Boulevard{l-208) La Jolla, CA 92037

Participants

Professor F.P. McCandless Department of Chemical Engineering Montana State University Bozeman, MT 59717

Mr. Gerald Minkowitz School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Columbia University New York, NY 10027

Prof. Keith Pannell Department of Chemistry University of Texas at EI Paso EI Paso, TX 79968

Mr. 'Ibm Stanoch Membrane Development Venture Albany International Corporation 921 Providence Highway Norwood, MA 02062

Asst. Prof. James Watters Chemical and Environmental Engineering

Department University of Louisville Louisville, KY 40292

United Kingdom

Dr. Timothy deV. Naylor British Petroleum Research Centre Chertsey Road Sunbury, TW16 7 ENGLAND

Dr. David E. Griffiths Department of Chemistry and

Molecular Sciences University of Warwick Coventry, CV47AL, ENGLAND

INDEX A

Absolute filtration, 235 Acetone, 27, 31-33, 53, 418 Acid gases. See Sour gases Action potentials, 693 Activation energy. See Arrhenius activation

energy Active transport, 692. See also Sodium and

potassium pump; Proton pump Activity coefficient, 24

ionic, 173 Adsorption, macromolecular, 146-148,274,

280,283 Affinity sensor, 650 Albumin, 31, 147-148,281,286,298,379,

380, 385, 660, 671, 678 Alcohol

from cellulose fermentation, 677 reduction in beer, 642

Alcohol-hydrocarbons separations, 415 water separation, 406, 418, 426, 452, 514

Alcohol (ethanol)-dichloroethane preferential solvation, 416 heptane separation, 415

AlzetTM osmotic pump, 618 Amino acid

production process using membrane separations, 677

transport, 692, 694 Ammonia synthesis, 448, 511 Amphipathic molecules, 685 Annealing, 33-34, 323. See also Membranes,

polycrystalline Antibiotics, 297, 678 Antibodies, 678, 698. See also

Immunoglobulins Antiport (counter-transport), 692 Aromatic polyamide. See Polyamide Argon. See Noble gases Arrhenius activation energy, 67

719

concentration dependence, 79 degrees of freedom, 68 molecular size dependence, 79 plots, 68-70 polymer dependence, 79

Artificial kidney, 12, 633. See also Biomedical applications (hemodialysis)

ATP (adenosine triphosphate), 690-692, 696 -synthetase, 709

Automotive industry. See Detergent recycling; Electropaint; Electroplating; Water, process

Azeotropic mixture separation, 406, 415, 417,418,427,452,514

B

Backflushinglbackwashing, 239, 677 Bacterial rhodopsin, 697, 709 Benzene, 27, 29, 79, 80, 101, 514, 570, 571

-cyclohexane separation, 412, 415 Beverage sterilization, 245 Binding

constants for carriers. See Carrier isotherms for oxyhemoglobin, 656

Biodegradable controlled release delivery systems, 605 polymers, 606

Biological membranes. See Membranes, biological

Biomass (energy production). See Biotechnology; Energy

Biomedical applications. See also Controlled release delivery systems; Diafiltration; Dialysis

biosensors, 648 blood oxygenation, 653

mathematical models, 654 rate, 654

extracorporeal detoxifiers, 681 hemodiafiltration, 354, 635 hemodialysis, 354, 633

720

oxygen-enriched air, 391 plasmapheresis, 246, 659

cross-flow, 660 therapeutic immobilized enzyme reactors, .

681 Biomembranology, 696. See also Membranes,

biological Biosensors, 648 Biotechnology, 12, 291, 667. See also

Biomass; Membrane reactors fermentation,

product-inhibited, 677, 678 traditional, 675

fermentor, continuous, 218, 677 membrane processes, 675

Bleed stream gas recovery systems, 448 Blood. See Albumin; Biomedical

applications; Glucose; Oxygen; pH sensor; Plasma; Red blood cells

Blood 'banking, 660 Boltzmann distribution, 135 Boundary layer. See also Concentration

polarization effects,

in carrier-mediated transport membranes, 536, 551

in controlled release delivery systems, 603

in pervaporation, 420 in porous membranes, 142

laminar, 205, 280, 314 thickness, 142, 206, 370

Bovine serum albumin. See Albumin Brownian

, force, 60, 126 motion, 121, 124, 144

Bubble-point. See Pore size . Burst effect in controlled release, 592 Butane, 513 Butanol, 418

c

Capillary pore. See Membranes, microporous Carbon dioxide, 70, 513, 534, 575, 654. See

also Sour gases removal from blood, 654 sensor, 549

Carbon monoxide, 444, 4"':, 529, 554 Carboni:: iinl'w;!r"sp ;:'63, 575 Carboxylic grO"..lpS, 14, 688 Carrier, 14, 160, 523, 571-576. See also

Carrier-mediated; Facilitated transport biological, 688, 690, 691, 697

flux, 161 inhibitors, 691

INDEX

macrocyclic, 193, 574. See also Crown ethers

membranes, free, 529 neutral ion, 193 -permeant binding constants, 526, 541

light modulation, 559 solubility, 543 stability, 543

Carrier-mediated, 523, 567, 691. See also Carrier; Facilitated transport

diffusion mechanisms, 529, 691 membrane, heterogeneity, 530 membranes,

and energy conversion, 441 energy-coupled, 554 photodiffusion, 561

selectivity enhancement, 440 transport, in biological membranes, 691 transport invariant, 529

Cascades, 477 flow patterns, 487

Casting solution, 19 Cell

entrapment. See Immobilized cells models, 709

Cellulose, 11,96, 97, 393, 672. See also Membrane formation, phase inversion; Membranes, dialysis

Cellulose ester, 227-228 cellulose acetate, 9, 22, 31-34, 52, 53, 87,

166,257,316,319,323,354,393,414, 418,513,620,644,674

cellulose diacetate, 27 cellulose triacetate, 257, 441

Cellulose, ethyl, 91, 94 Cellulose, methyl, 393 Cellulose nitrate, 9 Ceramics, 8, 9 Chain immobilization factor, 101 Channels, biological membrane, 688, 690 Cheese, 295 Cheese whey,

demineralization by electrodialysis, 219, 281

reverse osmosis applications, 338 ultrafiltration applications, 281, 294-296,

675 Chemical potential, 60, 113, 126

generalized, 7, 157, 173 mixtures, 42

Chloride ion transport, 694 Chlorine resistance. See Membrane stability Chloramphenicol, 599

INDEX

Chloroform, 418 Chlorophyll, 697 Chloroplast, 696 Clearance, 627 Clearance ratio, 352 Coagulation path, 49 Coal gasification and liquefaction, 441 Cobaltodihistidine, 441, 525, 546 Cold drawing. See Membranes,

polycrystalline Cohesive energy density, 90 Column, continuous membrane, 430, 476,

490 optimization, 494

Combined processes. See Hybrid processes Compaction. See Membrane compaction Competitive mediated diffusion, 529 Concanavalin A, 650, 709 Concentration polarization, 367, 458

advantages and disadvantages of hollow fibers, 386

fluid management techniques, 370-376 in biological membranes, 695 in blood fractionation and plasmapheresis,

660 in electrodialysis, 13 in gas permeation, 460, 464 in pervaporation, 420 in pressure-retarded osmosis, 447 in reverse osmosis, 314, 369, 458, 460

effect on salt retention, 372 effect on membrane flux, 373

in ultrafiltration, effect on rejection/retention, 267, 351,

'377 effect on membrane flux, 275, 379 gel (layer) theory, 275, 376 osmotic pressure theory, 275-277, 376

influence on recovery, 371 internal, 142 limiting flux (gel-polarized regime), 376 polarization layer. See also Boundary layer

control by centrifugal forces, 282 cross-flow, 239, 508 electrophoretic migration, 282 tapered system, 375 thin-channel module, 420 turbulence promoters, 282, 375

polarization modulus, 370 Condensation parameters, 72 Conductivity, hydraulic. See Permeability,

hydraulic Configurational effects, 144. See also

Membrane configuration; Module

Conservation equations, energy, 465

in design of columns, 492 mass, 465

721

mass of species (material), 62, 466 Controlled release delivery systems, 581. See

also Membranes, biosynthetic Convective transport. See Transport Copper, 571-573 Counterions, mobility of, 15, 177 Coupled mediated transport, 527 Coupling, 7, 177 Creeping motion equations, 122 Critical pigment volume, 99 Critical temperature, 72 Crown ethers, 541, 562, 574. See also

Carrier; Carrier-mediated Crystallinity, affected by annealing, 34 Crystallization, 46 Crystallite. See Membranes, polycrystalline Cup technique, 90 Cut-off, 265, 347 Cut-rate, 481 Cyclohexane, 413, 418, 514 Cytochrome C, 31

D

Damkohler number, in facilitated transport model, 533-536,

544, 553 local,553

Debye length, 135 Deformability, solute, 145 Degradable polyagents, 611 Dehydration of sour gases, 513 Depth filtration, 235 Desalination. See also Electrodialysis;

Reverse osmosis cost comparison among processes, 217 energy consumption comparison among

processes, 336 of brackish water, 198, 218, 337, 473 of saline water, 166, 217, 337, 473 primary energy demand comparison with

evaporation, 496 Detergent recycling, 507 Dextran, 145-146, 378, 651 Diafiltration, 287-289. See also Biomedical

applications, hemodiafiltration; Ultrafiltration

reduction of alcohol in beer, 643 Diagnostic agent, 698 Dialysance, 627, 638

722

Dialysis, 625. See also Biomedical applications; Membranes, dialysis

Donnan, 220, 639. See also Donnan potential applications, 640

ion-exchange, 641 summary, 3

Dialyzers, hollow-fiber, 633, 637 mass transfer, 626 plate-and-frame, 632 twin coil, 632

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 611 Diffusion. See also Transport

free volume theory, 77, 81 hindered (restricted), 130, 145, 346, 573 role in microfiltration, 234 zone theory, 66-68

Diffusion coefficient (Diffusivity), 63-68, 206 bulk solution (infinite media), 121 con~entration dependence of, 74-77, 79,

82,90 constant, 91 first-stage, 88 in elastomeric polymers, 72 in glassy polymers, 74 lateral, 688 molecular'

shape dependence, 77 size dependence, 66, 81

mutual, 74 Noble gas, 66 nonelectrolytes in cellulose acetate

membranes, 354 plasticizer effects, 81 'polymer dependence, 79, 160 steady state, 65 temperature dependence, 67, 77, 82 thermodynamic, 61, 103 time effects, 85, 88 wall (boundary) effects. See Diffusion,

hindered; Transport water in cellulose, 97

Diffusive transport. See Diffusion; Diffusion coefficient; Solution-diffusion theory; Transport

Diisocyanate, 34 Dimethyl acetamide, 22, 23, 25, 28, 29 Dimethyl formamide, 22, 27, 29, 31-33, 53 Dimethyl sulfoxide, 22 Dioxane, 52, 53 Dioxane-water separation, 405, 413, 415,

417,419,424 Dirt-loading capacity, 236 Dispersion theory, 125, 134 Distillation, 450

INDEX

Distribution coefficient. See Equilibrium distribution coefficient

Divinyl benzene, 201 Domains, lipid, 689 Donnan

dialysis. See Dialysis distribution, 172 equilibrium, 172, 203 exclusion, 15, 172, 187, 200, 356 potential, 172

Double layers, 135, 147-148. See also Electro-osmosis; Zeta potential

Drag force, 122-126, 661 Driving force, 4-7, 60, 157. See also

Chemical potential; Electrical potential

Drug delivery. See Controlled release delivery systems

Dufour effect, 7 Dyes, 299

E

Effective skin layer thickness, 346 Einstein-Stokes radius, 268. See also

Stokes-Einstein equation Electrical potential, 157, 172

bi-ionic, 187 diffusion, 184 information conduction by, 696 interfacial, 184 transmembrane difference in, 690

Electrochemical potential. See Chemical potential

Electrode, 181, 648 enzyme, 648 glass, 183 inactivation, 648 liquid membrane, 191 precipitate-based membrane, 184 reference, 183 saturated Calomel, 183 selectivity, 189, 190, 193

Electrodialysis, 197 applications, 217-222, 506 brine, 199 concentration polarization, 205 costs, 213-216 counterion flux, 206 current utilization, 202-204 demineralization, 281 energy requirements, 201, 215

pump energy requirements, 204 homogeneous membranes used in, 16, 23

INDEX

irreversible processes, 200 limiting current density, 205, 207 low-energy alternative to distillation, 450 operating costs, 215 potential for improvements, 453 pretreatment procedures, 207, 216 stack, 200, 207-209

sheet-flow, 211 tortuous path, 210

summary, 3 system design, 207 water transfer, 203

Electrodialytic regeneration, 221 water splitting, 221

Electrokinetic phenomena. See Double layer; Electro-osmosis; Zeta potential

Electroneutrality, 190 Electro-osmosis, 177 Electropaint,' 280, 281, 288, 291-293 Electroplating, 337, 640 Energy balance. See Conservation equations Energy (conservation, conversion, recovery),

437 bleed stream gas recovery, 448 capture and transformation in cells and

cell models, 696, 697, 711 coal gasification, 441 from biomass sources, 444 low-energy alternatives to distillation, 450 salinity gradient conversion, 444

Energy demand, primary, 496 Enrichment, 274

factor, 407 Entrance

effects, 142, 145 length, 125

Entrapment. See Immobilization techniques Enzyme entrapment, 671 Enzyme replacement therapy, 698 Enzymes, 12, 146,280,297,667,686,697

limitations of traditional uses, 669 Epithelia. See Membranes, biological Equilibrium distribution/partitioning

coefficient, membrane:external solution, 113, 118

biological, 690 controlled release device, 591, 603 nonelectrolytes in cellulose acetate

membranes, 354 pore:external solution, 129, 136-139, 346

steric, 127 Etching. See Track-etching Ethyl cellulose. See Cellulose, ethyl Ethylene, facilitated transport of, 400

Ethylene vinyl acetate, 598, 599 Evaporation processes, 497 Exchange-mediated diffusion, 529 External (potential) fields, 134, 138 Extraction fraction, 627 Extractive distillation, 517

F

723

Facilitated transport, 5, 6, 160-162, 396, 523, 574-577. See also Carrier-mediated transport; Membranes, liquid

asymmetry, 551 classification, 527 gas, 160. See also Carbon dioxide; Carbon

monoxide; Oxygen interfacial reaction controlled, 544 ion exchange membrane and, 400 liquid membranes and, 396 mathematical models of, 398, 530, 576 potential for commercial applications, 394 non-equilibrium regime, 546 reaction equilibrium regime, 398, 533, 540

Facilitation effect, 524 Fermentation. See Biotechnology Ferry-Faxen equation, 348

. Fiber matrix theory, 148 Fiber optics, 648 Fick's

first law, 6,60, 117,391,407 second law. See Conservation equations,

mass of species Ficoll, 146 Fillers, 97-99 Filtration coefficient. See Permeability

coefficient, hydraulic Finger structure. See Membranes,

asymmetric, integral Fixed-charge

concentration, 173, 203 density, 15 theory, 171

Fixed ionic sites, 14, 187 Flory-Huggins

interaction parameter, 42, 72, 82 relationship. See Solubility

Flow. See Coupling; Poiseuille flow; Transport

Fluoropolymers, 254. See also Polytetrafluoroethylene; Kel-F

Flux, 6. See also Transport limiting. See Concentration polarization

Food industry, 337, 450. See also Cheese; Cheese whey; Milk

724

Formaldehyde, 201 Formation. See Membrane formation Formamide, 33, 53 Formic acid, 418 Fouling. See Membrane fouling Fourier's law, 6 Fractionation, 274

binary solute mixture, 377 macromolecular solution, 3

Free energy, electrostatic, 171 Gibbs, mixing, 42-45, 47

Free volume theory, 409 Freeze-fracture, 705 Friction factor, 346

Fanning, 465 Frictional resistance, 60, 122. See also

Resistance coefficients Future developments, 246, 301, 452, 622,

696, 701

G

J3-Galactosidase, 669, 674 Gas separations and transport, 66, 70, 149,

158,389,509,574. See also Column, continuous membrane

basic process variables of, 391 by conventional membrane approaches,

392 by Langmuir-Blodgett multi layers, 711 facilitated transport in, 396, 440, 574 'need for new high-performance

membranes in, 394 Prism™ separator, 391, 394, 444, 509 summary, 3 ultrathin membranes in, 394

Gel (layer) theory. See Concentration polarization

Gelation, 46, 49, 51-54 Gills, synthetic, 698 Glass, porous, 12 Glass transition, 69, 79, 82 Glucose

affini ty sensor, 650 isomer separation, 526 red blood cell membrane carrier, 526, 691

Glucose oxidase, 648 Gore-Tex™, 10. See also Membranes,

microporous (stretched) Gouy-Chapman theory, 135 Grafting, 104 Graphite, 8,10

INDEX

H

Hagen-Poiseuille's law, 6,119. See also Poiseuille flow

Heart-lung machine, 653 Heavy water production, 481 Helium. See Noble gases Hemociiafiltration. See Biomedical

applications Hemodialysis. See Biomedical applications Hemoglobin, 524, 564

-oxygen dissociation curve, 654 Henry's law. See Solubility coefficient Heparin, 635 Heteroporosity. See Porosity Higuchi osmotic pump, 617 Hildebrand-Hansen. See Solubility Hindrance factor, 130, 138 Hollow fibers, 13. See also Dialyzers;

Membrane configuration; Modules Hybrid processes, 302, 496 Hybridomas in antibody production, 678 Hydraulic permeability coefficient. See

Permeability (coefficient), hydraulic Hydrodynamic

pore theory. See Transport, porous membranes

permeability, 6. See also Permeability (coefficient), hydraulic

Hydrogen bonding, 89, 96 separations, 14, 444, 448, 509

Hydrogen sulfide. See Sour gases Hydrophobic

bonding, 355 interactions, 686-690

Hyperfiltration. See Reverse osmosis

I

Ideal solution, 113, 408 Immobilization techniques, 669 Immobilized

antibodies, 698 cells and enzymes and whole

microorganisms, 668-675 advantages, 669 existing applications, 671

receptors, 651 Immune complElxes, 660 Immunoassay, 649 Immunoglobulins, 148, 660. See also

Antibodies Indigo, 299

INDEX

Inertial effects, 122 particle (solute) migration, 144, 384 particle retention, 234

Inner phase, 569 Interception, particle. See Retention Interfacial

equilibria, 85, 113, 144-145 polymerization techniques. See Membrane

formation Interferon, 678 Intermolecular interaction, 134 Intracellular organelles, 684 Ion exchange. See Membranes, ion-exchange

dialysis. See Dialysis resin regeneration, 221

Ion channels, 690 voltage- and time-dependent, 693

Ion pairs in carrier-mediated transport, 527 Ionic sites, flux of mobile, 192 Irradiation. See Track-etching Isomer separations, 697. See also Glucose Isopropanol-water separation, 418

K

Kedem-Katchalskyequations, 111-112, 141-142, 148, 165

Kel-F,393 Kraft black liquor, 300. See also Pulp and

paper industry Krypton. See Noble gases

L

Lag time, 63, 69, 95, 592 Lag coefficient, solute, 124 Laminate. See Membranes, composite Lateral intercellular spaces, 693 Lennard-Jones potential, 72 LHRH (luteinizing hormone-releasing

hormone) analog, 589 Limiting flux. See Concentration

polarization Lipids, 685, 702

polydiacetylene, 705 polymerizable, 703

Liposomes, 702-711 fusion, 710 mixed, 705 monomeric, 703 phase-separated, 705 polymeric, 703 stability, 703 uncorking, 705

725

Lubricating oils, 280

M

McCabe-Thiele diagram, 481 Macrocyclic compounds. See Carrier Mass transfer. See also Concentration

polarization; Transport coefficient, 142, 267, 381-386, 458, 628 considerations in module design, 458 Dittus-Boelter correlations, 383 Graetz/Leveque solutions, 383 in dialyzers, 626 in enzyme reactors, 681 in forced convection, 459 in free convection, 459 influence of membrane asymmetry, 463 mass transfer-heat transfer analogies,

371,458 resistances in hemodialyzers, 637

Matrix controlled release systems, 596 Membrane

characterization. See Cut-off; Permeability; Permeability, hydraulic; Pore size; Reflection coefficient; Rejection; Retention; Selectivity; Sieving coefficient; Solubility

classification (of), 9-36 cleaning, 281, 288, 327, 333 compaction, 325 configuration(s). See also Module(s)

fine-bore tubes, 10, 117 flat-sheet, 13, 318 hollow-fiber, 13, 117, 318, 323 spiral wound, 323 tubular, 318, 323

copolymer, 70, 79, 160 electrical resistance, 4, 16 electrode. See Electrode formation,

casting, 13 dynamic, 318 extrusion, 13 glass, 12, 14 ion exchange, 15, 16 interfacial polymerization, 34 phase inversion, 11, 18, 40, 228,

321-323 parameters determining structure and

formation, 23 pre-precipitation procedures, 24, 27 post-precipitation procedures, 24, 27

phase inversion precipitation. See also Phase separation

726

evaporation (controlled), 18, 27-32, 41, 50

glycerin, 26-28 immersion, 41, 48, 50 polymer concentration, 27 precipitant, 19, 24 rate, 24, 31 thermal, 41, 54 vapor phase, 41, 50 water, 20, 22, 23, 26, 28-30, 32, 53

plasma polymerization, 318 pressing and sintering, 8, 9 stretching, 10, 228 thermal inversion, 228 track-etching, 10, 11, 229

fouling, 146 in electrodialysis (scaling), 506 in membrane electrodes, 648 in microfiltration, 235 in reverse osmosis, 336 in ultrafiltration, 252, 255, 278-281,

288 minimizing its effects, 281, 336

material, 9, 256-261 mobile sites, 192 need for a better, 453 operating ranges, 256-261 porosity. See Porosity potential, 183. See also Electrical

potential reactors, 678, 681, 697 stability,

chlorine, 256-261, 327-329 operating ranges, 256-261, 323-331 pH, 256-261, 327

structures, 345 symmetry, 17 tortuosity, 101

Membranes, asymmetric. See also Ultrafiltration

carrier-mediated, 551 dynamically formed (secondary), 318, 369 effect of evaporation, 27 enzyme membrane reactor, 678 in pervaporation, 426 integral, 18

structure, finger, 20, 24, 26 structure, sponge, 20, 24, 26, 51 voids, 52

Loeb--Sourirajan, 18, 41, 251, 308, 316, 322,368,438

Prism™ gas separator, 391, 394, 444 plasma-polymerized, 318 reflection coefficient, 363 skin-type, 16, 40, 48, 51, 54

spatially variable, 103 uses, 17, 21 volume flux, 363

Membranes, biological, 683 asymmetry, 689 cell plasma membrane, 685-693 composition, 685 endo~helial, 132 epithelial, 684, 693 fluid mosaic model, 687, 702 fluidity, 688 functions, 695 structural characteristics, 688 transport mechanisms, 690

INDEX

Membranes, biosynthetic (biomembrane model), 697, 701. See also Liposomes; Monolayers; Multilayers

diagnostic agent and drug targeting, 698, 711

energy transduction, 697 limitations, 698 mimicking biomembrane functions, 702 reactors (catalytic devices), 697, 711 separations, 697

Membranes, composite. See also Gas separations and transport

apparent behavior in carrier-mediated membranes, 551

in pervaporation, 427 layered, 102 polymer, 97 thin-film, 34, 316,711

Membranes, dialysis, 142, 635. See also Biomedical applications

cellophane, 632 Cuprophane, 636 regenerated cellulose, 635

irreversible change upon drying, 635 saponified cellulose acetate, 635

Membranes, enzyme, 668, 672. See also Membrane reactors

Membranes, heterogeneous, heteroporous. See Membranes,

microporous; Porosity ion-exchange. See Membranes, ion­

exchange precipitate-based, 184

Membranes, homogeneous, 12-16, 117 glass, 13 metal, 13 polymer, 13 summary, 13

Membranes, inorganic, 241, 252, 254, 280, 289

INDEX

Membranes, ion-exchange, 13-16. See also Electrode, membrane; Electrodialysis

anionic, 14, 15, 199 bipolar, 221 cationic, 14, 15, 199 co-ion uptake, 174, 203 electrical resistance, 16 fixed ions. See Fixed-charge; Fixed ionic

sites heterogeneity, 175 heterogeneous, 200 hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance, 171 in gas separation by facilitated transport,

400 liquid, 183 mobility, 176, 193 selectivity, 15, 175 swelling, 204 summary, 13

Membranes, liquid, 14,396,567. See also Carrier-mediated transport; Facilitated transport; Membranes, ion-exchange

drawbacks of, 396 electrodes, 183, 191 emulsion, 14, 569 and facilitated transport, 14, 396 immobilized (supported), 14, 396, 573 mathematical transport models, 576 need for thinner, more stable, 453

Membranes, Loeb-Sourirajan. See Membranes, asymmetric

Membranes, microporous. See also Membrane formation; Microfiltration

anisotropic, 241 capillary-pore (track-etched), 9, 10, 141,

146 cellulosic, 11 glass, 12 historical, 40, 315 materials, 8, 9, 228 metal, 12 phase inversion, 9, 11 plugging, 235 pore size. See Pore size retention. See Retention sintered, 8-10 stretched, 9,10, 228 summary, 9 throughput, 235 tortuous-pore, 228 use in microfiltration, 3, 9, 238 use in liquid membranes, 573

Membranes, phase inversion. See Membrane formation; Membranes, asymmetric; Membranes, micro porous

Membranes, polycrystalline, 100 Membranes, polymer,

composites, 97 glass transition, 69, 79-82 glassy, 84, 93, 96 heterogeneous, 97 hydrophilic, 90, 96 hydrophobic, 90-93 hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance, 171 non-glassy, 74 non-uniform, 97 polycrystalline. See Membranes,

polycrystalline swelling, 86, 96, 163, 171

Membranes, protein, albumin, 671 enzymatic, 672 tanned, 671

Membranes, ultrathin, in gas separation systems, 394 in 02-N2 separations, 441 in recovering fermentation gaseous

product, 444 need for improvement, 453

Metal, 8 alloys, 12 ions, 571 oxides, 8 powders, 10

Methane, 444, 448, 513 N-Methyl pyrolidone, 27, 30, 31 Mica, muscovite, 146 Microfiltration, 225. See also Membranes,

microporous applications, 245, 508, 675 cross-flow, 239, 676 distinguished from reverse osmosis and

ultrafiltration, 226 plugging and fouling control, 235 equipment, 241 historical, 227 market, 226 summary, 3, 9"

Microsphere technique, 89 Middle molecule hypothesis, 635

727

Migration of suspended particles, 145, 384, 661. See also Inertial effects

Milk, 282, 295 Mitochondria, 696 Module(s). See also Membrane

configurations cellulose acetate membrane, 323 hollow-fiber, 466

in continuous columns, 490

728

in industrial-scale gas separations, 394, 509

in reverse osmosis, 331, 439, 470, 473 in ultrafiltration, 256, 270, 271, 276,

289 plate-and-frame, 467

in reverse osmosis, 331 in ultrafiltration, 270, 272 turbulence promoting, 271

spiral-wound, 466 in reverse osmosis, 331, 439 in ultrafiltration, 270-273 turbulence promoting, 282

thin channel, in ultrafiltration, 286 turbulence promoting, 282

tubular, 466 in reverse osmosis, 322, 323, 331 in ultrafiltration, 256, 270, 271, 278,

, 289

turbulence promoting, 282 Modules - concepts and design, 452, 466

comparisons for reverse osmosis, 333 flow patterns, 487 hybrid processes, 506 need for improvement, 452 optimization, 475 principal considerations in, 466

Molecular weight cut-off. See Cut-off Mobility,

general definition, 157 ionic, 177 solute, 7

Monolayers, 702-711 'mixed,705 phase-separated, 705

Monolithic devices, 592 dispersions, 595 matrix release mechanism, 603 solution systems, 593

Mosaic membrane, 13 Multilayers, Langmuir-Blodgett, 711 Multiple-effect evaporation desalination, 497 Multi-stage flash evaporation desalination,

497 Mylar™, 393, 510, 511 Myoglobin, 554

N

Nernst-Planck equation, 172, 176, 192 Neon. See Noble gases Nicolsky equation, 190

Nigiricin, 548 Nickel, 549, 640, 641 Nitrate removal from well water via

INDEX

combined membrane processes, 506 Nitrocellulose, 227 Nitrogen, 100, 160 Noble gases, 66, 72, 160 Nomex™, 22, 23, 25, 26-31 Non-equilibrium thermodynamics. See

Thermodynamic analyses Norethindrone, 611 Nucleation, 44, 45, 49 Nylon, 393, 510-511, 671

o

OcusereM , 585 Ohm's law, 6 Onsager reciprocity, 112, 132 Operating line, 481 Optical fibers, 649 Optimization, 457

gas separation, 159 Organ replacement, 698 Osmosis, electro-. See Electro-osmosis Osmotic monolithic release systems, 620 Osmotic phenomena,

in biological membranes, 694 in reverse osmosis, 368, 373, 450 osmotic flow, 111, 310 osmotic pressure, 165, 309

approximated by van't Hoff equation, 111, 141, 373

colloid, 694 theory. See Concentration polarization

swelling, 204 Osmotic pumping devices for controlled

release, 616 Oxygen, 393

carrier-mediated transport of, 440, 441, 524-526, 546, 574

'-enriched air, 391, 393, 440, 441 Oxygenation of blood, 653. See also

Biomedical applications

p

Palladium, 13 Partition coefficient. See Equilibrium

distribution coefficient Parylene, 510, 511 Peclet number, 114, 144-145 Permeability, hydrodynamic, 6 Permeability (coefficient), diffusive,

INDEX

asymmetric membrane, 363 gas, 63, 659 gas, temperature dependence, 71, 511 heterogeneous membrane, 97, 102, 103 hydraulic. See Permeability (coefficient),

hydraulic organic vapor, 72 oxygen, 393 solute, 111, 118, 165, 635

Permeability (coefficient), hydraulic, 110, 143,164,165,255,263,346,636

permeability ratio, 262 Permeation,

frame of reference, 74 from a liquid phase, 162 resistance, 102 steady state analysis, 63, 69 unsteady state analysis, 63, 69, 72

Pervaporatioq, 163, 403, 514 air-heated, 428 applications, 406 comparison with extractive distillation,

517 comparison with osmotic distillation, 428 continuous membrane column, 430 cross-flow, 421 effect of polymer matrix, 418 for separation of azeotropic mixtures, 415,

452 historical review, 406 hybrid processes, 514 importance of selectivity, 452 influences on selectivity, 412 of liquid mixtures, 412 of pure liquid, 407 potential energy-conserving alternative to

distillation, 450 process design improvements, 428 role of phase change temperature drop,

420, 425, 426 solution-diffusion theory, 407 thermopervaporation, 429 vapor permeation, 431

pH resistance. See Membrane stability sensor, 648

Pharmaceutical industry, 297 Pharmaceutical sterilization, 245 Phase

diagram, 18, 19 inversion process. See Membrane

formation separation, 42, 43, 46-48, 51, 54, 705 transition, 705

Phenol, 571

Phenolsulfonic acid, 201 Phenomenological equations, 6, 157. See

also Fick's law; Fourier's law; Kedem-Katchalsky equations; Nernst-Planck equation; Ohm's law

counterion transport, 205 Phospholipids, 685 Phosphinic groups, 14 Phosphonates, 191 Phosphoric groups, 14 Photodiffusion, 561 Phthalates, 191 Picloram, 613 Piezodialysis, 13 Pilocarpine, 3, 585 Plant concepts and design. See Cascades;

Column, continuous membrane cascades vs. columns, 496

Plasma, 297, 298, 381, 659

729

Plasmapheresis. See Biomedical applications Plasticization, 81 Plasticizers, 160, 189, 191 Plugging. See Membranes, microporous Poiseuille flow, 123, 133,346,472. See also

Hagen-Poiseuille's law Polarization modulus, 371 Polyacrylamide, 145 Polyacrylamide gel, immobilization by, 670 Polyacrylic acid, 96, 318 Polyacrylonitrile, 93, 95, 22S, 256-261, 635,

636 Polyalkylmethacrylate, 91 Polyamide, 22S, 254, 256-261, 320, 32S, 607 Polyaminoacids, 60S Polyanhydrides, 60S Polybutadiene, 79, 101, 160 Polycaprolactone, 609, 614 Polycarbonate, 9, 11, 146, 22S, 237, 393,

607, 635 Polydiacetylene lipids, 705 Polydimethylsiloxane, 72, 99, 160 Polyelectrolyte complex, 254 Polyester, 11, 22S, 60S Polyethylacrylate, 79 Polyethylene, 9, 91, 100, 393, 410, 419, 514 Polyethylene/glassine laminate, 102 Polyethyleneimine, 34-36, 329 Polyethyleneteraphthalate, 91 Polyethylmethacrylate, 67, 72, 160 Polyglycolic acid, 609 Polyimide, 256-261, 510, 511 Polylactic acid, 609 Polymeric cell models, 711 Polymethylacrylate, 7S, 79 Polymethylmethacrylate, 89

730

Polyolefins, 256-261 Polyorthoesters, 607 Polyphosphonate, 414 Polyphenylene oxide, 576 Polypropylene, 91, 228, 510, 511 Polystyrene, 85, 145,393 Polysulfone, 22, 254, 256-261, 289, 509, 635,

674 Polytetrafluoroethylene, 8--10, 228, 670-671 Polyurethane, 91, 607

porous foams in cell entrapment, 674 porous membranes in immobilizing active

compounds, 674 Polyvinylchloride, 160, 189, 191, 228, 393,

593,671 Polyvinyl acetate, 76, 79, 91 Polyvinyl alcohol, 96, 670 Polyvinylidene chloride, 393 Polyvlnylidene fluoride, 228, 256-261, 510,

511,671 Pore configuration, 132, 144 Pore size,

bacterial grow-through, 231 bubble-point measurement, 227, 232 Einstein-Stokes radius, 263, 268 electron microscopy, 233, 262 mercury-intrusion porosimetry, 233, 264 thermoporometry, 262, 264, 265

Pore theory. See Transport, porous membranes

Porosity, heteroporosity, 141,349

, homoporosity, 348 operational criterion, 119

Potassium, 562 Precipitation. See also Membrane formation

incipient gel, 369 Preferential solvation, 415 Pressure-driven processes, 226, 313. See also

Transport, pressure-driven Pressure-retarded osmosis, 363, 446 Prism™ separator. See Gas separations Progestasert™, 588 Protein. See also Albumin; Antibodies;

Enzymes; Immunoglobulins; Membranes, protein

integral membrane, 687 peripheral membrane, 687

Proton pump, 709 Pulp and paper industry, 300, 337 Purification, 274, 286-288 Pyridine, 418 Pyrogens, 297, 299

Q

Quarternary amines, 201

R

Radiation source. See Track-etching tracks. See Track-etching

Raoult's law, 481 Receptors, 650, 688-689 Red blood cells,

INDEX

behavior in shearing flows, 661. See also Migration of suspended particles

deposition, 661 membrane carrier for sugar transport, 526

Reflection coefficient, 165, 347, 363 Staverman filtration, 111, 141 Staverman osmotic, 111, 140, 145

Reflux, 481-496 Rejection (coefficient). See also Retention

sodium chloride, 27-34, 323, 355 solute, 114, 139, 265, 311, 326-331,

355-363 Relaxation time, 145 Reservoir systems, membrane-controlled,

590 Resistance coefficients, 124-125. See also

Frictional resistance Response, electrode, 188 Retention. See also Rejection

activity, 358 characteristics, 233 in reverse osmosis, 311, 354-360 in ultrafiltration, 351 mechanisms in microfiltration, 234 observed vs. real, 115, 351 organisms, 233

Reverse electrodialysis, 446 Reverse osmosis, 162, 166, 226, 307. See also

Concentration polarization applications, 336 combined with electrodialysis, 506 compared with other desalination

processes, 496 membranes, 21, 314-330 plant operation and layout, 333 potential energy-conserving alternative to

distillation, 450 power consumption in desalination, 504 solute retention. See Rejection summary, 3 water flux, 311, 324, 328

Reynolds number,

INDEX

particle, 122 pore/tube, 125, 371, 420, 459-461, 465

Ribonuclease, 148 Rose-Nelson osmotic pump, 616 Rubbe~ 79, 99, 393

butyl, 393 Rubidium, 548

s

Salt. See Desalination; Rejection Selectivity, 343. See also Electrode;

Membranes; Selectivity coefficient enhancement techniques, 439 in biosensors, 650 in pervaporation, 412 in reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration, 343 of carrier-mediated membranes, 540

Selectivity coefficient, 158, 190, 392 oxygen/nitrogen in polymers, 393

Selenoic groups, 14 Sensors, 181,648 Separation

factor, 158, 407, 480, 489 temperature dependence, 510

processes. See Carrier-mediated; Dialysis; Electrodialysis; Gas separation; Microfiltration; Reverse osmosis; Ultrafiltration

processes, comparisons, 2, 3 unit, 478

Separations. See also Gas separations meta]" ion, 571 organic' compounds, 570

Shell No-PeseM , 595 Sieving coefficient, 266 Silicone. See also Polydimethylsiloxane

carbonate, 444 rubbe~ 13, 91, 393, 509, 654

Silver halides, 185 Silver ions in facilitated gas separation, 400,

576 Sintered membranes, 8-10. See also

Membranes, microporolls Skin. See Membranes, asymmetric Slow release, 582 Sodium and potassium pump, 692. See also

Transport, active Sodium chloride. See Desalination; Rejection Solubility. See also Sorption

Flory-Huggins, 83 Henry's law. See Solubility coefficient Hildebrand-Hansen parameters, 413 organic vapor, 82

Zimm-Lundberg cluster theory, 84, 96 Solubility coefficient, 24, 63, 70, 94, 118,

158, 160, 391, 408 Henry's law, 82, 118, 138, 391, 408 molecular size dependence, 71 Noble gases, 72 temperature dependence, 71 water, 94

Solubility product, 187 Solute drag, 141

731

Solution-diffusion theory, 63,117,391,407, 509

Solvent drag, 694 Sorption. See also Solubility

anomalies, 84, 85 dual sorption theory, 93 equilibria, 96 Flory-Huggins, 94 gas, 66-72 glassy state, 85, 89 Langmuir, 93-96 time effects, 85 two-stage, 86 vapor, 72-89 water, 93

Sour gases, 450, 513, 575 Spinodal decomposition, 44, 45 Split-factor. See Cut-rate Sponge structure. See Membranes,

asymmetric, integral Stage(s), 478

equilibrium curve, 487 in separation processes, 393, 440

Stainless steel, 10 Stefan-Maxwell equations, 132 Steric partitioning coefficient. See

Equilibrium distribution coefficient, pore

Sterilization, 245, 289 Stokes' law, 66, 122 Stokes-Einstein equation, 66, 121, 351

generalized, 127 Stress

relaxation, 87 swelling, 86, 97

Stretched membranes, 9, 10 Structure of membranes. See Membrane

structures Styrene, 201 Styrene-ethyl benzene separation, 415 Sublayer, 48, 51, 54 Sugar transport, 692, 694. See also Glucose Sulfonic groups, 14, 190, 201 Surface. See also Interfacial

charge, 135, 688

732

recognition, 709 Sustained release, 582 Swelling. See also Membranes, ion

exchange; Membranes, polymer degree, 171 differential stress, 86 effects of, 163

Symport (co-transport), 692 Syneresis, 53 Synthesis gas , 441

T

Tapered system. See Concentration polarization, fluid management techniques; Stages

Temperature, drop, 420 effect of, 67, 77, 82, 280, 412

in facilitated transport, 543 Tetrahydrofuran, 191 Textile industry,

ultrafiltration applications, 280, 299, 300 desize liquors, 280

Thermodiffusion, 7 Thermodynamic analysis,

linear, non-equilibrium, 110, 165, 178 reverse osmosis, 166

Thermo-osmosis, 7 Thermophile, 674 Theuuwes osmotic pump, 617 Tight junctions, 693 Time lag. See Lag time Toluene

di-isocyanate, 34, 35 Tortuosity, 101, 113, 346, 636 Tortuous-pore. See Membranes, microporous Track-etching, 11. See also Membranes,

microporous (capillary pore) Transport. See also Carrier-mediated;

Facilitated transport active, 5, 6, 692 case I, 88 case II, 88, 97 case III, 86, 88 coefficients, global, 110, 129- 130, 135 coefficients, intramembrane, 112 combined diffusive and convective, 1l0,

164 diffusive. See Diffusion; Solution---diffusion

theory numbers, 189, 206 one-dimensional, planar, 125

'cylindrical, 117

passive, 4, 5 porous media, 149 porous membranes,

INDEX

configurational effects, 130-133, 144 frictional interaction theory, 346--349 hydrodynamic-based theory, 121

pressure driven liquid, 111, 164 Triethylphosphate, 53 Tubes, fine-bore, 10 Tubular-pinch effect, 384 Tungsten, 10 Turbulence promoters, 632. See also

Concentration polarization, fluid management techniques

u

Ultrafiltration, 21, 226, 249. See also Concentration polarization; Diafiltration; Membranes, asymmetric

applications, 252, 291 , 507, 675 colloidal suspensions, 384 commercially available membranes, 254 concentration polarization in, 252, 266,

274-285 historical , 251 membrane characterization, 256 membrane durability, 290

. operating costs, 290 operating modes, batch vs. continuous,

283- 288 operating objectives, 274 summary, 3

Uranium enrichment, 478, 550, 573, 640

v

Vaccines, 297 Vapor compression desalination, 500 Vapor sorption. S ee Sorption Vesicles, 698 Vinylpyridine, 201 Viruses, 12, 145, 678 Voids. See Membranes, asymmetric

(integra]) Volume, partial molar, 112 Volume regulation in cells, 690

w

Waste treatment, electrodialysis for, 218 oil/water emulsions, 293

INDEX

sewage, 299 water, 299- 300, 337, 571

Water. See also Dehydration; Desalination aggregates, 92 clustering, 91-96, 99 cohesive energy density of, 90 diffusion of, 91, 94 flux . See Reverse osmosis -glycerin mixtures, 27 hydrogen bonding of water molecules, 89 immobilization, 91, 93-96, 99 in polyacrylonitrile, 93 permeability of, 90 potable, 337 process, 337, 507 solubility of, 90, 95 splitting, 221 treatment. See Waste treatment

ultrapure, 245, 473 Whey. See Cheese whey

x Xenon. Sec Noble gases

y

Yield,480

z Zeta potential, 234 Zimm-Lundberg cluster theory. Sec

Solubility Zit'conium oxide, 318, 320 Zone theory. Sec Diffusion

733