29
Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis St´ ephane Girard, Serge Iovleff To cite this version: St´ ephane Girard, Serge Iovleff. Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis. Workshop on principal manifolds for data cartography and dimension reduction, Aug 2006, Leicester, United Kingdom. <hal-00985337> HAL Id: hal-00985337 https://hal.inria.fr/hal-00985337 Submitted on 29 Apr 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destin´ ee au d´ epˆ ot et ` a la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´ es ou non, ´ emanant des ´ etablissements d’enseignement et de recherche fran¸cais ou ´ etrangers, des laboratoires publics ou priv´ es.

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Page 1: Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis · 2017-01-27 · Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006 1. Principal

Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal

Component Analysis

Stephane Girard, Serge Iovleff

To cite this version:

Stephane Girard, Serge Iovleff. Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal ComponentAnalysis. Workshop on principal manifolds for data cartography and dimension reduction, Aug2006, Leicester, United Kingdom. <hal-00985337>

HAL Id: hal-00985337

https://hal.inria.fr/hal-00985337

Submitted on 29 Apr 2014

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open accessarchive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come fromteaching and research institutions in France orabroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, estdestinee au depot et a la diffusion de documentsscientifiques de niveau recherche, publies ou non,emanant des etablissements d’enseignement et derecherche francais ou etrangers, des laboratoirespublics ou prives.

Page 2: Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis · 2017-01-27 · Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006 1. Principal

AUTO-ASSOCIATIVE MODELSAND GENERALIZED PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS

Stephane Girard⋆ INRIA, Universite Grenoble 1

Joint work with Serge Iovleff, Universite Lille 1

Page 3: Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis · 2017-01-27 · Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006 1. Principal

Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006

Outline

1. Principal Component Analysis, 2 points of view,

2. Generalized PCA, theoretical aspects,

3. Implementation aspects,

4. Illustration on simulated datasets,

5. Illustration on real datasets.

Stephane Girard 1

Page 4: Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis · 2017-01-27 · Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006 1. Principal

Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006

1. Principal Component Analysis

• Background: Multidimensional data analysis

(n observations in a p− dimensional space)

• Goal: Dimension reduction.

◦ Data visualization (dimension less than 3),

◦ To find which variables are important,

◦ Compression.

• Method: Projection on low d− dimensional linear subspaces.

Stephane Girard 2

Page 5: Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis · 2017-01-27 · Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006 1. Principal

Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006

PCA: Geometrical interpretation

Problem

• Let X be a centered random vector in Rp.

• Estimate the d− dimensional linear subspace d ∈ {0, . . . , p} minimizing the mean distance to X .

• Minimize with respect to a1, . . . , ad (orthonormal):

E

X −d

k=1

X, ak⟩

ak

2

.

Explicit solution

• a1, . . . , ad are the eigenvectors associated to the d largest eigenvalues of E [X tX ], the covariance

matrix of X .

• The ak ’s are called principal axes, the Y k =⟨

X, ak⟩

the principal variables.

• The associated residual is defined by

Rd = X −d

k=1

X, ak⟩

ak,

and it can be shown that∥

∥Rd∥

∥ ≤∥

∥Rd−1∥

∥.

Stephane Girard 3

Page 6: Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis · 2017-01-27 · Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006 1. Principal

Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006

PCA: Projection Pursuit interpretation

Equivalent problem

• Estimate the d− dimensional linear subspace d ∈ {0, . . . , p} maximizing the projected variance.

• Maximize iteratively with respect to a1, . . . , ad (orthonormal):

Var[⟨

X, a1⟩]

, . . . , Var[⟨

X, ad⟩]

.

Stephane Girard 4

Page 7: Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis · 2017-01-27 · Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006 1. Principal

Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006

Algorithm

• For j = 0, let R0 = X .

• For j = 1, . . . , d :

[A] Estimation of a projection axis.

Determine aj = arg maxx∈Rp

E

[

x, Rj−1⟩2

]

such that∥

∥aj∥

∥ = 1 and⟨

aj, ak⟩

= 0, 1 ≤ k < j.

[P] Projection.

Compute the principal variable Y j =⟨

aj, Rj−1⟩

.

[R] Linear regression.

Determine bj = arg minx∈Rp

E

[

∥Rj−1 − Y jx∥

2]

such that⟨

bj, aj⟩

= 1 and⟨

bj, ak⟩

= 0,

1 ≤ k < j. The solution is bj = aj, and let the regression function be sj(t) = taj.

[U] Residual update.

Compute Rj = Rj−1 − sj(Y j).

Stephane Girard 5

Page 8: Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis · 2017-01-27 · Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006 1. Principal

Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006

Algorithm output. After d iterations, we have the following expansion:

X =

d∑

k=1

sk(Y k) + Rd, (1)

with sk(t) = tak and Y k =⟨

ak, X⟩

, or equivalently

X =d

k=1

ak, X⟩

ak + Rd.

This equation can be rewritten as

F (X) = Rd (2)

where we have defined

F (x) = x −d

k=1

ak, x⟩

ak.

The equation F (x) = 0 defines a d− dimensional linear subspace, spanned by a1, . . . , ad.

Equation (2) defines a d− dimensional linear auto-associative model for X .

Stephane Girard 6

Page 9: Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis · 2017-01-27 · Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006 1. Principal

Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006

Goals of a generalized PCA

1. To keep an expansion similar to (2):

F (X) = Rd,

but with a non necessarily linear function F , such that the equation F (x) = 0 could model more

general subspaces.

2. To keep an expansion “principal variables + residual” similar to (1):

X =d

k=1

sk(Y k) + Rd,

but with non necessarily linear functions sk.

3. To benefit from the “nice” theoretical properties of PCA.

4. To keep a simple iterative algorithm.

Stephane Girard 7

Page 10: Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis · 2017-01-27 · Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006 1. Principal

Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006

2. Generalized PCA, theoretical aspects

We adopt the Projection Pursuit point of view. The steps [A] and [R] are generalized:

[A] Estimation of a projection axis.

Introduction of an index I which measures the quality of the projection axis. For instance:

• Dispersion,

• Deviation from normality,

• Clusters detection,

• Outliers detection,...

[R] Regression.

Estimation of the regression function from R to Rp in a given set:

• Linear functions,

• Splines, kernels,...

Stephane Girard 8

Page 11: Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis · 2017-01-27 · Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006 1. Principal

Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006

New algorithm.

• For j = 0, let R0 = X .

• For j = 1, . . . , d :

[A] Estimation of a projection axis.

Determine aj = arg maxx∈Rp

I(⟨

x, Rj−1⟩

) such that∥

∥aj∥

∥ = 1 and⟨

aj, ak⟩

= 0, 1 ≤ k < j.

[P] Projection.

Compute the principal variable Y j =⟨

aj, Rj−1⟩

.

[R] Regression.

Determine sj = arg mins∈S(R,Rp)

E

[

∥Rj−1 − s(Y j)∥

2]

such that Paj ◦ sj = IdR and Pak ◦ sj = 0,

1 ≤ k < j.

[U] Residual update

Compute Rj = Rj−1 − sj(Y j).

Stephane Girard 9

Page 12: Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis · 2017-01-27 · Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006 1. Principal

Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006

Remark: At the end of iteration j, the residual is given by

Rj = Rj−1 − sj(

Y j)

= Rj−1 − sj(⟨

aj, Rj−1⟩)

= Rj−1 − sj ◦ Paj

(

Rj−1)

=(

IdRp − sj ◦ Paj

) (

Rj−1)

=(

IdRp − sj ◦ Paj

)

◦(

IdRp − sj−1 ◦ Paj−1

) (

Rj−2)

= . . .

=(

IdRp − sj ◦ Paj

)

◦ . . . ◦(

IdRp − s1 ◦ Pa1

) (

R0)

=(

IdRp − sj ◦ Paj

)

◦ . . . ◦(

IdRp − s1 ◦ Pa1

)

(X) .

Auto-associative composite model.

Stephane Girard 10

Page 13: Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis · 2017-01-27 · Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006 1. Principal

Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006

Remark: The constraint Paj ◦ sj = IdR.

• Natural constraint.

y=P s(y)

s

a

a

s(y)

• Important consequence: At the end of iteration j, the residual is given by

Rj =(

IdRp − sj ◦ Paj

) (

Rj−1)

, and thus is projection on aj is

PajRj =(

Paj − Paj ◦ sj ◦ Paj

) (

Rj−1)

= (Paj − Paj)(

Rj−1)

= 0.

Thus, iteration (j + 1) can be performed on the linear subspace orthogonal to (a1, . . . , aj),

which is of dimension (p − j).

Stephane Girard 11

Page 14: Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis · 2017-01-27 · Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006 1. Principal

Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006

Goal 1. After d iterations:

• One always has an auto-associative model

F (X) = Rd,

with

F =(

IdRp − sd ◦ Pad

)

◦ . . . ◦(

IdRp − s1 ◦ Pa1

)

=1

k=d

(

IdRp − sk ◦ Pak

)

,

and Paj(x) =⟨

aj, x⟩

.

• The equation F (x) = 0 defines a d− dimensional manifold.

Stephane Girard 12

Page 15: Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis · 2017-01-27 · Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006 1. Principal

Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006

Goal 2. After d iterations:

• One always as the expansion “principal variables + residual” similar to (1):

X =

d∑

k=1

sk(Y k) + Rd,

and the functions sk are non necessarily linear.

• For d = p, the expansion is exact: Rp = 0.

• We can still define principal axes ak and principal variables Y k.

• The residuals are centered: E[

Rk]

= 0, k = 0, . . . , d.

Stephane Girard 13

Page 16: Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis · 2017-01-27 · Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006 1. Principal

Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006

Goal 3. After d iterations, we have:

• Some orthogonality properties⟨

ak, aj⟩

= 0, 1 ≤ k < j ≤ d,⟨

ak, Rj⟩

= 0, 1 ≤ k ≤ j ≤ d,⟨

ak, sj(Y j)⟩

= 0, 1 ≤ k < j ≤ d.

• Since the norm of the residuals is decreasing, we can define, similarly to the PCA case, the

information ratio represented by the d− dimensional model as

Qd = 1 − E

[

∥Rd∥

2]/

Var[

‖X‖2]

.

One can show that Q0 = 0, Qp = 1 and (Qd) is increasing.

Remark. Except in particular cases, the non-correlation of the principal variables is lost:

E[

Y kY j]

6= 0, 1 ≤ k < j ≤ d.

Stephane Girard 14

Page 17: Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis · 2017-01-27 · Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006 1. Principal

Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006

Goal 4.

• We still have an iterative algorithm. It converges at most in p steps.

• Its complexity depends on the two steps [A] et [R].

[A] Estimation of a projection axis.

Determine aj = arg maxx∈Rp

I(⟨

x, Rj−1⟩

) such that∥

∥aj∥

∥ = 1 and⟨

aj, ak⟩

= 0, 1 ≤ k < j.

[R] Regression.

Determine sj = arg mins∈S(R,Rp)

E

[

∥Rj−1 − s(Y j)∥

2]

such that Paj ◦ sj = IdR and Pak ◦ sj = 0,

1 ≤ k < j.

• Note that the above theoretical properties do not depend on these steps.

Stephane Girard 15

Page 18: Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis · 2017-01-27 · Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006 1. Principal

Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006

3. Implementation aspects, step [A]

• Contiguity index. Measure of the neighborhood preservation. Points which are neighbor in

Rp should stay neighbor on the axis.

I(⟨

x, Rj−1⟩

) =

n∑

i=1

x, Rj−1i

⟩2/

n∑

k=1

n∑

ℓ=1

mkℓ

x, Rj−1k − R

j−1ℓ

⟩2

,

where M = (mkℓ) is the contiguity matrix defined by

mkℓ = 1 if Rj−1ℓ is the closest neighbor of R

j−1k , mkℓ = 0 otherwise.

• Optimization. Explicit solution.

[A] aj is the eigenvector associated to the largest eigenvalue of V ⋆j V −1

j , where

Vj =n

k=1

tRj−1k R

j−1k , V ⋆

j =n

k=1

n∑

ℓ=1

mkℓt(Rj−1

k − Rj−1ℓ )(Rj−1

k − Rj−1ℓ )

are proportional to the covariance and local covariance matrices of Rj−1.

Stephane Girard 16

Page 19: Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis · 2017-01-27 · Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006 1. Principal

Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006

Implementation aspects, step [R]

• Set of L2 functions. The regression step reduces to estimating the conditional expectation:

[R] sj(Yj) = E[

Rj−1|Yj

]

.

• Estimation of the conditional expectation.

◦ Classical problem since the constraints Paj ◦ sj = Id and Pak ◦ sj = Id, 1 ≤ k < j are easily

taken into account in the ak ’s basis. Step [R] reduces to (p− j) independent regressions from

R to R.

◦ Numerous estimates are available: splines, local polynomials, kernel estimates, ...

◦ For instance, for the coordinate k ∈ {j + 1, . . . , p}, the kernel estimate of sj(u) can be

written as

sjk(u) =

n∑

i=1

Rj−1i,k Kh(u − Y

ji )

/

n∑

i=1

Kh(u − Yji ) ,

where h is a smoothing parameter (the bandwidth).

Stephane Girard 17

Page 20: Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis · 2017-01-27 · Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006 1. Principal

Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006

4. First illustration on a simulated dataset

• n = 100 points in R3 randomly chosen on the curve x → (x, sinx, cos x).

• One iteration h = 0.3 → Q1 = 99.97%.

1

−0

−1

Z

−1 0 1Y

9.4

0.0

−9.4

X

Theoretical curve

1

−0

−1

Z

−1 0 1Y

9.0

−0.2

−9.4

X

+

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Estimated 1− dimensional manifold

Stephane Girard 18

Page 21: Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis · 2017-01-27 · Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006 1. Principal

Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006

Second illustration on a simulated dataset

• n = 1000 points in R3 randomly chosen on the surface

(x, y) → (x, y, cos(π√

x2 + y2)(1 − exp{−64(x2 + y2)})).

• Two iterations: Q1 = 84.1% et Q2 = 97.6%.

1.20

0.35

−0.50

Z

−1

0

1

Y

0.5

0.0

−0.5

X

Theoretical surface

1.20

0.35

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Simulated points

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Estimated 2− dimensional manifold

Stephane Girard 19

Page 22: Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis · 2017-01-27 · Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006 1. Principal

Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006

1.20

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s1 (blue) and s2 (red)

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Residuals R1i

1.20

0.35

−0.50

Z

−1

0

1

Y

0.5

0.0

−0.5

X

++

+++++++

+++++++++++

+++

+++++++

++++

++

+++++++

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+++++++

+++

+++++

++++

+++++++++

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+++++++

+++++

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+++

++++++++

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+++

++++

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++++

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++++++

+++++++

++

+++++

+++++

+++++++++++++

+++++

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++++

++++++++++++

+++++

+++++++++++++

++

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++++

++++

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+++

+++++++++

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+++++++++

+++++++

+++

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++++

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+++

++++

++++++

++++

+++

+++

+++++++++++

++++

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+++++++++

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++++++++++++++++++

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++

++++

+++++++

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+++

++++

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+++++++++++++++++++

+++

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++++++++

+++++++++++++++++++

++++++++

+++++++

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++++++

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+++++++++++++

++++

++++++

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+++++++++++++++

++

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++++++++

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+++++++++++++++++++++

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+

Residuals R2i

Stephane Girard 20

Page 23: Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis · 2017-01-27 · Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006 1. Principal

Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006

5. First illustration on a real dataset

• Set of n = 45 images of size 256 × 256.

• Interpretation : n = 45 points in dimension p = 2562.

• Rotation : n = 45 points in dimension p = 44.

Stephane Girard 21

Page 24: Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis · 2017-01-27 · Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006 1. Principal

Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006

• Information ratio Qd as a function of d (blue: classical PCA, green: generalized PCA).

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100

10

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100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100

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Stephane Girard 22

Page 25: Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis · 2017-01-27 · Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006 1. Principal

Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006

• Projection on the 3 first PCA axes of the estimated manifolds

(dimension 1 & dimension 2).

830

55

−720

Z

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830

55

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Stephane Girard 23

Page 26: Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis · 2017-01-27 · Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006 1. Principal

Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006

Second illustration on a real dataset

• Dataset I, five types of breast cancer.

• Set of n = 286 samples in dimension p = 17816.

• Rotation : n = 286 points in dimension p = 285.

• Forgetting the labels, information ratio Qd as a function of d (blue: classical PCA, green:

generalized PCA).

Stephane Girard 24

Page 27: Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis · 2017-01-27 · Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006 1. Principal

Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006

Estimated 1− dimensional manifold projected on the principal plane.

-50000 -40000 -30000 -20000 -10000 0 10000 20000 30000 40000-50000

-40000

-30000

-20000

-10000

0

10000

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Stephane Girard 25

Page 28: Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis · 2017-01-27 · Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006 1. Principal

Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006

Estimated 1− dimensional manifolds projected on the principal plane, for each type of cancer.

-50000 -40000 -30000 -20000 -10000 0 10000 20000 30000 40000-50000

-40000

-30000

-20000

-10000

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

+

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Stephane Girard 26

Page 29: Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis · 2017-01-27 · Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006 1. Principal

Auto-Associative models and generalized Principal Component Analysis August 2006

References

• S. Girard and S. Iovleff. Auto-associative models, nonlinear Principal component analysis,

manifolds and projection pursuit. In A. Gorban et al (eds) Principal Manifolds for Data

Visualisation and Dimension Reduction, vol. 28, p. 205–222, LNCSE, Springer-Verlag, 2007.

• S. Girard and S. Iovleff. Auto-Associative Models and Generalized Principal Component

Analysis, Journal of Multivariate Analysis, 93, 21–39, 2005.

• S. Girard. A nonlinear PCA based on manifold approximation, Computational Statistics, 15,

145–167, 2000.

• B. Chalmond and S. Girard. Nonlinear modeling of scattered multivariate data and its

application to shape change, IEEE Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 21, 422–432,

1999.

• S. Girard, B. Chalmond and J-M. Dinten. Position of principal component analysis among

auto-associative composite models, Comptes-Rendus de l’Academie des Sciences, t. 326, Serie

I, 763–768, 1998.

• S. Girard, B. Chalmond and J-M. Dinten. Designing non linear models for flexible curves. In

Curves and Surfaces with Application in CAGD, A. Le Mehaute, C. Rabut, and L.L.

Schumaker (eds.), 135–142, 1997.

Stephane Girard 27