AW101 Course Occupational Safety and Health 1(1)

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/ Page 1 of 225

INTRODUCTION What is occupational health and safety?

Occupational health and safety is a Discipline

with a broad scope involving many specialized

fields.

Should Aim at: The promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations. The Prevention among workers of adverse effects on health caused by their working conditions. The protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health.



INTRODUCTION

The placing and maintenance of workers in an occupational environment adapted to physical and mental needs.

The adaptation of work to humans. In other words, occupational health and safety

encompasses the social, mental and physical well-being of workers



HISTORY The role of occupational safety and health in

Malaysia has been in existence since 120 years ago , in the end of the 19 century.

Starting with the safety of the boiler and then into for machinery safety.

Followed by security industrial, industrial safety and health, and finally covering safety and health covering all sectors.

History, role and development department can explained in five eras.



HISTORY.. 1. Boiler Safety Era - before 1914 Occupational in Safety and Health duties are the first carried

out in Malaysia in the year 1878 , where Mr.. William Givan was appointed as Machinery Inspector.

He was assigned to check the safety of the boiler When is mainly used in tin mines.

At around the 1890s , the Perak state government has implemented inspection system by individuals, which a person qualifications in the field of steam boilers is licensed to be a boilers surveyor .

In 1892 there were 83 steam boilers in Perak. The Boiler Surveyor system was discontinued in 1900 as C. Finchman appointed as Inspector of boiler.

The first Legal boiler enacment is Selangor Boiler Enactment 1892 . Meanwhile in Perak , Legislation was first enacted in 1903 .

In 1908 the State's then-Federated Malay States legislation has their own boilers, and all the Examiners at that time known as The Inspector of boiler



HISTORY.. 2. Machinery Safety Era - 1914 to 1952 At 1st. January 1914, enactments of the steam boiler in the

Malay States was repealed and replaced with Machinery Enactment of 1913.

Enactment of 1913, inspectors were not only Inspection Of Steam Boilers , but also on other machinery , including internal combustion engines, water turbines and related auxiliary equipment installation.

At the same time the position of Boiler Inspector also abolished and replaced by The Inspectors of Machinery and Assistant Inspector of Machinery.

In 1932, Machinery Enactment of 1913 was repealed and replaced with Machinery Enactment of 1932.

Inspection and registration and inspection of the installation were enforced. The inspectors of machinery is in under the administration of the Mines Department (Machinery branch).

This was because most of the machinery concentrated in the mining sector at that time.



HISTORY.. 3. Industrial Safety Era - 1953 to 1967 Machinery Branch is under the Department of Mines until

1952. Branch Machinery (Machinery) has been separated from the Department of Mines and assumed the name of the Machinery Department.

Separation is necessary because most of the developed examination outside of the mining industry.

In 1953, all machinery used in the enactment has been repealed and replaced with Machinery Ordinace 1953.

With the enforcement of Ordinance 1953, the role of the examiner is not more focused on the safety of boilers or machinery, but also include the safety of workers in factories where machinery was used.

Ordinance 1953 has a shortfall in the health aspects workers even though there are regulations on safety, health and workers under theordinance, but its not fully enforced.



HISTORY 4. Industrial Safety and Health Era - 1970 to 1994 In 1967, the Factories and Machinery Act was approved

by Parliament. In 1970, the Factories and Machinery Act and eight

regulations made under it were enforced. Machinery Ordinance 1953 was repealed and the name

of the department was changed the Factories and Machinery Department.

The inspectors who enforce the Act called Inspector of Factories and Machinery.

This Act is designed to overcome lacking found in the Machinery Ordinance 1953, in terms of scope of coverage of workers, where workers in the workplace is no machinery are also covered.



HISTORY.. 5. Occupational Safety and Health Era -after 1994 The new legislation enacted Occupational Safety and

Health at 1994. Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514) has

been approved by the Parliament in 1993 and was gazetted on February 1994.

This legislation was made in view of the Factories and Machinery 1967 only covers occupational safety and health in the sector manufacturing, mining and quarrying and construction, which safety and health of workers in the other industries do not covered.

Workers engaged under the Factories and Machinery Act 1967 only 24% of the total workforce, while the Internal Security Act and Health Act 1994 cover 90% of energy work and would exempt those working on ships and military.



HISTORY.. 5. Occupational Safety and Health Era -after 1994

Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 is aimed to foster and promote safety awareness among health workers and also create organization with effective safety and health regulations.

This is done through self-regulation scheme that relevant to the industry or related organizations



IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY IN

WORKPLACE

Works plays a central role in peoples lives. Most workers spend at least 8 hours a day in workplace . (Plantation, office, factory etc.) Therefore, work Environments should be safe and healthy .

Every day Workers all over the world are Faced with multitude of Health Hazards , such as:

i. Dust iv. Gases ii. Noise v. Vibration iii. Extreme temperatures. Some employers assume little responsibility for the protection of workers health and safety. As a Result of the

hazards and a lack of attention given to health and safety, work-related accidents and diseases are common in all parts of the world.



MAJOR SAFETY TERMINOLOGIES

i. SAFETY The condition of being safe from undergoing or causing hurt, injury or loss. ii. HAZARD

A hazard introduces the potential for an unsafe condition, possibly leading to an accident. iii. RISK

The probability or likelihood of a Hazard resulting in an accident. iv. INCIDENT

Undesired circumstance that produces the potential for anACCIDENT.



MAJOR SAFETY TERMINOLOGIES

v. ACCIDENT An accident is an unplanned event, which could result in injury to persons, or in damage to plant and equipment or both.(James, D.W.B.,1983,5). vi. ACCIDENT COST

Accident cost includes medical Payments, Compensation, overtime for replacement workers, production delays, product or material damage, training of replacements, accident investigation cost, building or complex damages, equipment damages and business interruptions. (Boley, Jack W. 1977, 19).



TYPES OF ACCIDENTS The most frequent accidents in the workplace:

Fall and crushing

- wet or contaminated conditions - result in head injuries, broken bones and major fractures to limbs and even death where the fall is from height. Manual Handling

- activity that includes lifting, lowering, pushing, pulling, carrying, moving, holding or restraining an object, animal or person. - musculoskeletal disorders to backs, strains to hands, arms, feet, tendons and heart . Workplace Traffic Accidents

- Warehouse depot with heavy goods vehicles and any place of work where people can come and go in motorized vehicles. - struck by a moving vehicle, falling from, or materials falling from, a vehicle and the collapse or overturning of a vehicle.



TYPES OF ACCIDENTS.. Other Areas:

Struck by object in motion. Drowned, buried, enveloped in gas or airborne

particles. Fire plant and heavy machinery stabbed by sharp object. suffer burns or breathing problems - working with hazardous substances.



Most frequent modes of injury in

related fields, fatal and non-fatal



THE END.



TOPIC 2- Occupational Safety & Health Legislation



Contents OSHA 1994 philosophies & objectives Employers responsibility (Part IV, Sec 15-19 ) Employees responsibility (Part IV, Sec 24-27 ) Factory and Machinery Act 1967 OSH organizations

- Department of Safety and Health ( DOSH ) - National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) - Social Security Organization ( SOCSO )



OSHA 1994 philosophies &

objectives

# Responsibility to ensure safety and health at the workplace is on those who create the risk, and those who work with the risk

Self regulation Consultation Cooperation and worker participation Ensure the safety, health and welfare of the people at

work Protect others from the safety and health risks arising

from the activities of people at work Establishment of the National Council for OSH Other related matters



Objectives OSHA 1994

To secure the safety, health and welfare of persons at work against risks to safety or health arising out of the activities of persons at work; to protect persons at a place of work other than

persons at work against risks to safety or health arising out of the activities of persons at work;



Objectives OSHA 1994 to promote an occupational environment for

persons at work which is adapted to their physiological and psychological needs; to provide the means whereby the associated

occupational safety and health legislations may be progressively replaced by a system of regulations and approved industry codes of practice operating in combination with the provisions of this Act designed to maintain or improve the standards of safety and health.



REGULATION UNDER OSHA 94 Classification, Packaging and Labeling of

Hazardous Chemical Regulations 1997

Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazard Regulations 1996 ( CIMAH )

Employers Safety And Health General Policy Statement (Exception) Regulations 1995

Notification of Accident, Dangerous Occurrence, Occupational Poisoning and Occupational Disease

Regulations 2004 (NADOPOD)

Safety and Health Committee Regulations 1996 Safety and Health Officer Regulations 1997 Use And Standards Of Exposure Of Chemical

Hazardous To Health Regulation 2000 (USECHH)



Industrial Sectors That Are

Covered

MANUFACTURING MINING AND QUARRYING CONSTRUCTION AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES UTILITIES TRANSPORTATION, STORAGE AND

COMMUNICATIONS COMMERCIAL - Wholesale and retail HOTEL AND RESTAURANT FINANCIAL, INSURANCE, PROPERTIES AND

BUSINESS SERVICES PUBLIC SERVICES AND AUTHORITATIVE

BODIES



Employers Responsibility

Part IV

Section 15. General duties of employers and self-employed persons to their employees. Section 16. Duty to formulate safety and health

policy

Section 17. General duties of employers and self-employed persons to persons other than their

employees

Section 18. Duties of an occupier of a place of work to persons other than his employees Section 19. Penalty for an offence under section

15, 16, 17 or 18



Section 15. General duties of employers

andself-employed persons to their

employees.

(1) It shall be the duty of every employer and every self-employed person to ensure, so far as is practicable, the safety, health and welfare at work of all his employees.



Section 16. Duty to formulatesafety

and health policy

it shall be the duty of every employer and every self-employed person to prepare and as often as may be appropriate revise a written statement of his general policy with respect to the safety and health at work of his employees and the Organization And Arrangements for the time being in force for carrying out that policy, and to bring the statement and any revision of it to the notice of all of his employees.



Section 17. General duties of

employersand self-employed persons

to personsother than their employees

the duty of every employer and every self employed person to conduct his undertaking in such a manner as to ensure, so far as is practicable, that he and other persons, Not being his employees Ensure that so far as is practicable, a person other than his employees Who might be affected is not exposed to any health and safety risk. Provide informations about work activities carried out



Section 18: Duties of an occupier of

aplace of work to persons other than

hisemployees

(1) An occupier of non-domestic premises which has been made available to persons, not being his employees, as a place of work, or as a place where

they may use a plant or substance provided for their use there, shall take such measures as are practicable to ensure that the premises, all means of access thereto and egress there from available for use by persons using the premises, and any plant or substance in the premises or provided for use there, is or are safe and without risks to health.



Section 19: Penalty for an offence

undersection 15, 16, 17 or 18

liable to a fine not exceeding fifty thousand ringgit imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or

both.



Employees Responsibilities

Part IV

Section 24: General duties of employees at work Section 25. Duty not to interfere with or misuse

things provided pursuant to certain provisions Section 26. Duty not to charge employees for

things done or provided

Section 27. Discrimination against employee, etc.



Section 24: General duties of employees at work

(1) It shall be the duty of every employee while at work

(a) To take reasonable care for the safety and health of himself and of other persons who may be affected by his acts or omissions at work; (b) To co-operate with his employer or any other

person in the discharge of any duty or requirement imposed on the employer or that other person by this Act or any regulation made thereunder;



Section 24: General duties of employees at work

(c) to wear or use at all times any Protective equipment or clothing provided by the employer for the purpose of preventing risks to his safety and health;

(d) to comply with any instruction or measure on occupational safety and health instituted by his employer or any other person by or under this Act or any regulation made thereunder (2) A person who contravenes the provisions of this

section shall be guilty of an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a Fine not exceeding one thousand ringgit or to Imprisonment For a term not exceeding three months or to both.



Section 25. Duty not to interfere with

ormisuse things provided pursuant

tocertain provisions

A person who intentionally, recklessly or negligently interferes with or misuses anything provided or done in the interests of safety, health and welfare in pursuance of this Act shall be guilty of an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a Fine not exceeding twenty thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or to both.



Section 26. Duty not to

chargeemployees for things done or

provided

No employer shall levy or permit to be levied on any employee of his any charge in respect of anything done or provided in pursuance of this Act or any regulation made thereunder.The employer must not charge his employees for providing personal protective equipments or other requirements of the law. For example the employee cannot be required to pay for personal protective equipments (e.g. safety boots, goggles, face mask, gloves or safety helmet) and employees welfare facilities (e.g. first aid box).



Section 27. Discriminationagainst

employee, etc.

(1) No employer shall dismiss an employee, injure him in his employment, or alter his position to his detriment by reason only that the employee (2) No trade union shall take any action on any of its

members who, being an employee at a place of work

(3) An employer who, or a trade union which, contravenes the provisions of this section shall be guilty of an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding ten thousand ringgit or to a term of imprisonment not exceeding one year or to both.



Factory and Machinery Act

1967

Applicable to manufacturing, mining, Quarry & construction

To limited in scope, to dependent on government

Only concerns with inspection by authorities No provision for protection



OSH organizations

- Department of Safety and Health ( DOSH ) - National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) - Social Security Organization ( SOCSO )



Department of Safety and Health ( DOSH )

Under Ministry of Human Resource Responsible for ensuring the safety, health and

welfare of people at work as well as protecting other people from the safety and health hazards arising from the activities Function to study and review the policies and

legislations of OSH. To enforce the following legislations:

i) OSHA 1994 ii) FMA 1967 iii) Part of Petroleum Act 1984



National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH )

Vision to be leading centre of excellence in occupational safety and health Mission to be the preferred partner in enhancing

occupational safety & health



Social Security Organization ( SOCSO )

Mission SOCSO is committed to ensure socio-economic security of all working malaysian citizens including their dependants through Schemes Of Social Security and enhance occupational safety and health awareness for employees well-being Vision ideal and excellent social security leader



SOCSO Protection Scheme

Employment Injury Insurance Scheme provides protection to employees who are involved in accidents arising out and in the course of his employment occupational disease and also commuting accident. Invalidity Pension Scheme

Provides twenty four (24) hours coverage for workers from invalidity or dies irrespective of the cause of death. The other objective is to ensure payments are made to workers and dependants when an unexpected incident occurs



S A F E T Y & H E A L T H C O M M I T T E E

3.1 UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPTS OF

SAFETY & HEALTH MANAGEMENT

3.2 UNDERSTAND THE ESTABLISHMENT

OF SAFETY AND HEALTH COMMITTEE

3.3 UNDERSTAND THE ROLES OF THE

MANAGEMENT

3.4 UNDERSTAND THE SAFETY

TRAINING




A Safety and Health Management System can be defined as the means by which an

organisation controls risk through the

management process.

The BSI define a OH&S management system as part

of the overall management system that facilities the

management of the OH&S risks associated with the

business of the organisation. This includes the

organisational structure, planning activities,

responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and

resources for developing and achieving, reviewing and

maintaining the organisations OH&S policy.



Health and safety objectives are a major part of a management system and are defined as the goals in

terms of H&S performance that an

organisation sets itself to achieve

and should be quantified wherever

practicable. OH&S Objectives should be set

annually. S A F E T Y & H E A L T H C O M M I T T E E



Examples of types of an OH&S objective include: The introduction of additional features into the

OH&S management system (e.g. permit to work systems for specific tasks, strategic OH&S safety training for supervisors etc.)

The improvement of existing features, or the

constancy of their application across the organisation (e.g. accident reporting, communication of standard procedures etc.).

The elimination or the reduction in frequency of

particular undesired incidents (e.g. reduce accidents by 20%, remove all hazardous material etc.)





SAFETY & HEALTH oA great concern to company oA greater concern to the employees

SO .Employees should share in the work of ACCIDENT PREVENTION.

YES ! http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/



WHY SAFETY & HEALTH

COMMITTEE ESSENTIAL ?

Management give their best effort to correct unsafe condition/practices but employees in a good position to observe the HAZARDS

An important source of help would be overlooked if employee Safety & Health committee were not included in the organisation




Objectives of OSHA

1994

to secure the safety, health and welfare of persons at work against risks out of the activities at work;

to protect person at a place of work other than

persons at work against risks out of the activities at work;

to promote an occupational environment for

persons at work which is adapted to their physiological and psychological needs

to provide the means to be progressively replaced by a system of regulations and approved industry codes.. to maintain or improve the standards of safety and health.




OSHA 1994

Spirit of OSHA 1994 oSelf Regulation oWorkers Cooperation & Consultation oAll economic activities except shipping and

armed forces Guiding principles oResponsibilities for OSH lies with those WHO

CREATE THE RISK and those WHO WORK WITH THE RISK

oConcept of so far as is REASONABLE/ PRACTICABLE




Every employer shall establish a Safety & Health Committee (SHC) at the place of work in accordance with this section if :-

o40 or more persons employed at the place of work or

oThe Director General directs the establishment of such a committee at the place of work




OBJECTIVES OF SHC

To fulfil the requirement of OSHA 1994

To promote consultation and cooperation between management and workers in upgrading safety & health at work

To provide a two-way communication channel or dissemination of information on safety & health issues

To enhance interest and motivation of all groups of management and workers at place of work in safety & health.




CHAIRMAN

MANAGEMENT REPRESENTATIVES

WORKERS REPRESENTATIVES

SECRETARY

MANAGEMENT REPRESENTATIVES

WORKERS REPRESENTATIVES




(cont) Chairman : Employer or his

authorised manager

Secretary : Safety & Health Officer Management

Representatives: Manager/Director/Supervisors

Workers Representatives: From section or process




Appointment

Chairman oEmployer or Authorised Manager shall be

chairman. Secretary oPerson employed as Safety & Health

Officer oIf no SHO, chairman may appoint another

person oor SHC may appoint by ballots ( sulit )

from members.




Appointment

Management Representatives : oAppointed by Employer oMin 2 persons ( < 100 employees ) oMin 4 persons ( > 100 employees )

Workers Representatives : oSelected by workers oAppointed by employer oMin 2 persons ( < 100 employees ) oMin 4 persons ( > 100 employees )



Appointment

Employees Representatives oNominated from employees oIf number exceeded the vacancies. ballot oIf no representatives, employer shall appoint oShall represent various section of work place oAny vacancy shall be replaced in the same

manner as the previous member. oDo not penalise workers who absent due to

their duties as SHC members





Removal of Committee member

Fail to attend 3 consecutive meetings Unsound mind Bankrupt No longer employed (employee rep) Convicted on a charge of:

Fraud, dishonesty or moral turpitude offence under law relating to OSH Other criminal offence

Incapable to carry duty as member




Part III ( OSHA 1994 )

Assist in development of Safety & Health rules and safe system of work

Review the effectiveness of Safety & Health Programmes

To investigate any safety & health matter brought to attention of employer.

Review Safety & Health policies and recommend to employer for revision of such policies.




Assist in development of rules and systems

Assist in development and review of safety & health programmes

Perform analysis of incident trends and

statistics Review and recommend amendments to

safety & health policies.




Perform inspections at work place and recommend preventive and corrective measures

Perform immediate investigation of accidents, near-miss accident, dangerous occurrence, occupational poisoning or occupational diseases occurred at workplace.




Investigates complaints of unsafe or unhealthy practices and report to employer with recommendations for corrective actions.

Assists in the development of promotional and education programmes

Discusses reports and matters from the safety officer, enforcement officer, etc

Advises the employer on safety and health matters




INSPECTION OF WORKPLACE

Inspect at least once in every three months

Discuss the observation of the members during inspection

Record the details of such circumstances

in a report kept for such purpose Make recommendations to the employer

on the remedial measures to be taken on any matter.

Record the recommendations in the

report




Investigation into any

accident(According to SHC Regulation)

To inspect the place of work as soon as it is safe to do so.

SHO shall furnish the chairman of

committee with a report of his findings. Chairman shall as soon as practicable (ASAP)

convene a meeting of the committee to discuss the report.

If no SHO, employer or authorised manager

shall inform the chairman or the secretary.




Investigating an accident Chairman/secretary shall ASAP after the

committee has inspected the place of work convene a meeting to investigate into such

incident. In the meeting, the committee shall discuss

the cause of accident. And make

recommendations to the employer to prevent the reoccurrence of such incident




Investigating an accident SHO or Chairman ( if no SHO ) shall furnish

the employer or his authorised manager on

the recommendations. Employer or authorised manager shall ASAP

discuss the report or recommendations

with SHO or Chairman. SHO or Chairman shall record the decision

of the employer or his authorised manager




Investigating an accident Employer or authorised manager shall direct

any person employed to take such

action.. Employer shall keep a copy of the report for a

minimum period of SEVEN years.



Formulate own meeting procedures and terms of references

Frequency of meetings:

oDepends on nature of risk at workplace oAt least once a month for high risk workplace oOnce in three month for other workplaces oMore frequent meetings during initial period of

formation. In the event of an accident or any other

situations which calls for immediate attentions, meeting should be held immediately.




Agenda and minutes :

oEarly notice in writing and circulation of agenda attached.

oOnly matters pertaining to Safety & Health to

be discussed.

oMinutes circulated soon, not later than two weeks after meeting




Meeting Facilities :

EMPLOYER SHOULD :

oProvide suitable meeting room at the place of work.

oPermit member to attend meeting during

working hours.




Quorum oHalf of total number of members

Non member may attend oMay invite any person to discuss pertaining to

OSH matters or related to any accident occurred in the plant.





Safety and Health matters only oStrictly for Safety & Health matters in workplace

.

Minutes oCopy of every meeting shall be furnished to

every member and the employer within TWO WEEKS after the meeting.



Minutes

Shall be kept at place of work for minimum period of SEVEN years.

The employer should furnished the DOSH with a

copy of minutes if required.




TRAINING & INFORMATION

Employer to ensure

Committee members have basic understanding and knowledge on the function of the committee.

Provide training to the committee member.

Availability of an adequate document &

information for SHC oAct & Legislation oCode of Practices oTechnical Informations oOperational Information etc





EMPLOYER SHOULD NOT :

Disclose any information which would be prejudicial to national security.

Disclosure of information which contravene

with any law Disclose individual matters unless consented to

its disclosure Provide any information other than for Safety &

Health or welfare at work. Any information obtained by the employer for

legal matters.




PENALTY Any person who contravene any of the

provision of these regulation shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable to a fine not exceeding FIVE THOUSAND RINGGIT or imprisonment for a term not exceeding SIX

MONTHS or to BOTH




STRUCTURE OF COMMITEE

Joint management-worker committee at workplace

Company may form other committee to

supplement work of joint committee such as : oManagement committee to oversee work of

joint committee or subcommittee (permanent or ad-hoc)

oMust have clear communication channel between joint committee and other committee.



IN SUMMARYENSURING EFFECTIVE

COMMITEE

Basic knowledge and interest of members On going training and education of members Availability of relevant information to members Regularity and frequency of meetings Fast decision making and follow-up action Wide publicity of committee activities Recognition of members Leadership of chairman Stick to safety and health only





There are a number of strategies that can be used by organizations to ensure a healthy and safe workplace and ensure compliance with legal requirements.

For Example : Design Safe and healthy systems of work Exhibit Strong management commitment Inspect Workplace for health and safety problems Establish Procedures and controls for dealing with health and

safety issues Develop Training programs

Set up Health and safety committees Monitor Safety policies Draw up Action plan and checklist




Policy This is a statement of the principles governing decision-making. They can only be changed by the Management and are mandatory.

Procedur

e Describes the functional steps used to implement policies. Examples are those used by Safety & Health to promote adherence to management policy and are mandatory.

Guideline

s Describe specific aspects of working to the requirements of procedures where extended explanation is required and provided by Safety and Health. They contain recommended methods and statements with the objective of achieving certain standards or outcomes.




Safety

Handboo

ks and

Manuals

These documents can provide both procedural instructions and guidance on a specific subject. They are intended to describe a generic approach (e.g. Contractor Safety Handbook) and may describe activities which are routinely carried out as part of the normal functioning of the area (e.g. Laboratory or Workshop manuals). Safety

Managem

ent

This is a summary of the appropriate Safety and Health policies, procedures and guidelines which govern all aspects of task planning. It provides a framework within which tasks or activities can occur. Job

Safety

The area supervisor ensures that all task planning accords with a Safety Management Plan detailing applicable Safety and Health Policies, Procedures and Guidelines (including Handbooks and Manuals).



Enforcement the safety procedure

The action plan must be implemented in a way that is compatible with professional rules and practices as well as with existing procedures.

Follow-up the safety management

system

The effectiveness of the system implemented must be checked and follow-up, and if a new risk or hazard factor is identified there must be a response. Audits must be systematically carried out and

analysed in order to select corrective actions.




S A F E T Y & H E A L T H T R A I N I N G

YES! OF COURSE.. **Companies are legally responsible for providing the safety training mandated for their industry by OSHA. **



WHY SAFETY TRAINING

IMPORTANT ?

Safety training is the key element in the prevention of work-related injuries, illnesses and death.

When properly trained on safety procedures, employees will ounderstand the importance of workplace safety, oknow how prevent an incident in the workplace

by following workplace safety procedures, olearn how to respond quickly if presented with a

dangerous situation.





Different work environments require different types and levels of safety training.

For example :

oeye safety and heat stress training is pertinent to construction and other outdoor workers,

ofirst aid training is important for all work environments.

oOther types of safety training courses include workplace violence, respiratory protection, safety awareness, electrical safety and etc.



Back Safety Bloodborne

Pathogens Construction Safety Crane Safety DOT & Trucking Driving Safety Electrical Safety Emergency Planning EPA Ergonomics Eye Safety Fall Protection Fire Extinguisher

Use Fire Prevention First Aid Food Service Safety Forklift Safety Hand & Finger

Safety Hand & Power Tools HazCom HazMat

HAZWOPER Healthcare Hearing Protection Heat Stress Hotels / Hospitality Housekeeping Industrial Safety Kitchen Safety Laboratory Safety Ladder Safety Lead Safety Lockout / Tagout Machine Guarding Maintenance Safety MSDS Office Safety Off The Job Safety PPE Recordkeeping Respiratory Safety Retail Safety

Safety Awareness Safety Orientation Scaffolding Safety School & School

Bus Safety Shop Safety Solid Waste Specific Chemicals

& Gases Supervisor Safety Trenching &

Shoring Utilities & Public

Works Warehouse Safety Welding Safety Workplace Violence Workzone Safety S A F E T Y & H E A L T H T R A I N I N G



Any question..????



CHAPTER 4



ERGONOMICS-What is it?

Derived from two Greek words: Nomoi meaning natural laws Ergon meaning work Hence, ergonomists study human

capabilities in relationship to work demands



History As early as 18th century doctors noted that workers

who required to maintain body positions for long periods of time developed musculoskeletal problems.

Within last 20 years research has clearly established connections between certain job tasks and RSI or MSD.



Focus and Objectives of Ergonomics cont The focus is that people (their abilities and

limitations) and their requirements are considered when:

1.Objects, systems which people use and operate within are being designed and developed;

2.Procedures to carry out work are being developed; 3.Facilities which involve and affect people are being

evaluated.



Focus and Objectives of Ergonomics The objectives of Ergonomics are:

1.Enhance and optimize the effectiveness with which work and other human activities are carried out;

2.Also to maintain certain desirable human values in the process, e.g. health, safety;

3.Stimulate work interest and satisfaction.



Effects of poor Ergonomics Discomfort Accidents and injuries Fatigue Errors Illness Annoyance Productivity down



1.Static work: musculoskeletal effort required to hold a certain position, even a comfortable one.

Example: sit & work at computers; keeping head and torso upright requires small or great amounts of static work depending on the efficiency of the body positions we chose.

What two elements are at work?



Elements at work (cont) Force: amount of tension our muscles generate

Example: tilting your head forward or backward from a neutral, vertical position quadruples the amount of force acting on your lower neck vertebrae Increased force is due to increase in muscular

tension needed to support head in a tilted position



3 Main Ergonomic Principles: 1.Work activities should permit worker to adopt

several different healthy and safe postures. 2.Muscle forces should be done by the largest

appropriate muscle groups available 3.Work activities should be performed with joints

at about mid-point of their ROM (esp. head,trunk,UE)



The average person working at a keyboard can perform 50,000 to 200,000 keystrokes a

day

Overexertion, falls & RMI are the most common cause of workplace injury

An average of 125,000 back injuries due to improper lifting each year.

Muscles overuse results in tiny tears in the muscles and scarring; these contribute to

inflammation and muscle stiffness

FACTS http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/


A Bit of Anatomy !! Overuse and small repetitive movements ie:

cumulative trauma disorder (CTD), repetitive stress injury (RSI), musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) disturb balance of muscles, tendons, ligaments and nerves



What causes Nerve Compression or Entrapment?

1.Repeated motions 2.Tight muscles 3.Inflammation of surrounding tissues 4.Misalignment of the nerve



What are 4 Common Nerve injuries?

1.Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: brachial plexus compression due to muscle tightness side of neck from poor head position or slumped posture.

signs and symptoms (S/Sx): numbness/tingling in hand, made worse w/overhead activities or cradling phone between ear and shoulder



Nerve injuries (cont) 1.Radial tunnel syndrome: compressed radial nerve

@ outside of elbow d/t repetitive wrist & finger extension or turning of forearm

S/Sx: Sensations from elbow to base of thumb w/ wrist weakness a common sx



Nerve injuries (cont) 1.Cubital tunnel syndrome: ulnar nerve compression

inside of the elbow d/t repetitive bending of elbow or resting your elbow on a hard surface

S/Sx: numbness or tingling and inside of arm w/ tingling to ring & little fingers



Nerve injuries (cont) 1.Carpal tunnel syndrome: compression of

median nerve at level of carpal tunnel Where is carpal tunnel? Formed @ wrist by ligament over the carpal bones in hand S/Sx: numbness or tingling in thumb, index, or middle finger & of ring finger; often awakened @ night by hand falling asleep Sx increased by driving or attempting to hold objects; dropping objects is a common complaint



Tendons and Tendonitis Tendons are connective tissue that attach

muscle to bone; have little stretch or rebound Tendon overuse, static or prolonged

position=inflammation or tendonitis Tendons of wrist & hand very small; @ high risk

for injury w/ overuse Tennis elbow or lateral epicondylitis affects

finger extensor tendons outside of elbow Golfers elbow or medical epicondylitis affects

finger flexor tendons inside of elbow



What to do ??

1. 1.Warm up & stretch before activities that are

repetitive, static or prolonged 2.Take frequent breaks from ANY sustained posture

every 20-30 minutes 3.Respect pain- positions or stop painful activity 4.Recognize early signs of inflammatory process, & tx

early

PREVENT, PREVENT, PREVENT !!!



1.Maintain erect position of back

& neck w/ shoulders relaxed

2.Position equipment & work directly in front of and close

to your major tasks

3.Keep upper arms close to the body, elbows 90-100

degrees

4.Keep feet flat on floor, upper body weight resting on sits bones

5.Wrists as neutral as possible; safe zone for wrist

movement is 15 degrees in all directions

Maintain Neutral Posture



1.Avoid bending neck forward for prolonged periods of

time (*remember quadruple the force); use a copy holder

2.Avoid static positions for prolonged time; muscles fatigue---MOVE to circulation!

You talking to

me?



Modify Tasks: 1.Alternate activities frequently; rotate heavy &/or

repetitive tasks w/ lighter less repetitive ones. 2.If sx become worse REASSESS task setup &

look for alternative methods 3.Avoid repetitive or prolonged grip activities 4.Avoid pinching w/ wrist in flexion or wrist

deviation (bending to side) 5.Take frequent breaks to stretch & rest hands



Use the largest joints & muscles to do the job Use 2 hands to lift rather than one, even with

light objects and tasks. Avoid lifting w/ the forearm in full pronation (palm

down) or supination (palm up) Slide or push & pull objects instead of lifting Keep reaching to a minimum Carry objects close to body at waist level

Body Mechanics



Correct & Incorrect Techniques http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/


Good and Bad of TILT



Recommended Position FOR Computer user http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/


ERGO REMINDERS from Stretchbreak.com



Practice Wellness at Work and Home !

Exercise

Nutrition Relaxation

Body Mind

Spirit



MOVE

BRE

AT

HE

STRETCH



An ounce of Prevention is worth a pound of cure !



Ergonomics in occupational health and safety 1. User



2. Machine http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/


3. Workplace



3. Environment http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/


4. Special questions



Indoor Air Quality

Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a term referring to the air quality within and around buildings and structures, especially as it relates to the health and comfort of building occupants



Indoor Air Pollution The National Health and Medical Research Council

(NHMRC- Australia) defines indoor air as air within a building occupied for at least one hour by people of varying states of health. This can include the office, classroom, transport facility, shopping centre, hospital and home.

Indoor air quality can be defined as the totality of

attributes of indoor air that affect a person's health and well being.



Sick building syndrome Condition associated with complaints of discomfort including headache; nausea; dizziness; dermatitis; eye, nose, throat, and respiratory irritation; coughing; difficulty concentrating; sensitivity to odors; muscle pain; and fatigue.



Sick building syndrome

The specific causes of the symptoms are often not known but sometimes are attributed to the effects of a combination of substances or individual susceptibility to low concentrations of contaminants.

The symptoms are associated with periods of

occupancy and often disappear after the worker leaves the worksite.



Cause of SBS Inadequate ventilation 52% Contamination from inside building 16% Contamination from outside building 10% Microbial contamination 5% Contamination from building fabric 4% Unknown sources 13%



Thermal Comfort Personal factors (health, psychology, sociology &

situational factors) Air temperature Mean radiant temperature Air movement / velocity (see wind chill factor) Relative humidity (see also perspiration) Insulative clothing Activity levels.



Sources of Indoor Pollutants Base on Specific Building Combustion activity Furniture Chemical Building materials Food Water Smoking activity Outdoor air pollution



Walkaround Inspection Potential Problem Areas Sample Collection



Contaminant Range Screening Method Validation Method

Bioaerosols 0-1,000 cfu/m3 Viable biological sampler

Carbon dioxide 0-2,000 ppm DT, IR Sampling bag, GC/TCD OSHA ID172

Carbon monoxide 2-50 ppm DT, meter Sampling bag, meter

Formaldehyde 0.04-1 ppm DT Coated XAD-2, GC/NPD OSHA-52

Nitric oxide 0-25 ppm DT TEA tube with oxidizer, DPP OSHA ID190

Nitrogen dioxide 0-5 ppm DT TEA-Molecular Sieve Tube, IC OSHA ID 182

Particulates 0-40,000 particles/cc

Light scattering meter

Pesticides (See OSHA Chemical Information Manual)

Ozone 0-0.1 ppm DT, Chemiluminescent meter

Radon 4-200 pCi/L Radon Cartridge, Electrect

VOC's (See OSHA Chemical Information Manual)



5.0 : INCIDENTS PREVENTION



Incident ? An abnormal event, not wanted, that result from

an abrupt, unexpected and accidental form that interrupts the normal continuity of the work (Baselga 1984).

Standard UNE 81900 explains an incident as undesired or unwanted that given rise to losses in the health of injuries of the worker.

An incident could have resulted in a serious accident or injury (Senecal & Burke).

An incident could result in damage to property or equipment and it could result in an employee needing first aid.



INCIDENTS

ACCIDENTS



Krause & Hidley (1992) found that the difference between inccident and accident:

1. needing only first aid verses a major medical intervention. 2. owed in a certain way, to the factor of luck near

miss. Conclusion : Incident is a fact or event not planned

nor wanted that will occasionally result in an unintentional injury or health related problems, will occasionally result in damages to property, products or to the enviroment, loss of production and/or an increase in legal responsibilities.



Types Of Incident Type 5

The incident can be handled with one or two single resources with up to six personnel.

Command and General Staff positions (other than the Incident Commander) are not activated.

No written Incident Action Plan (IAP) is required. The incident is contained within the first

operational period and often within an hour to a few hours after resources arrive on scene.

Examples include a vehicle fire, an injured person, or a police traffic stop.



Type 4

Command staff and general staff functions are activated only if needed.

Several resources are required to mitigate the incident.

The incident is usually limited to one operational period in the control phase.

The agency administrator may have briefings, and ensure the complexity analysis and delegation of authority are updated.

No written Incident Action Plan (IAP) is required but a documented operational

briefing will be completed for all incoming resources. The role of the agency administrator includes

operational plans including objectives and priorities.



Type 3

When capabilities exceed initial attack, the appropriate ICS positions should be added to match the complexity of the incident.

Some or all of the Command and General Staff positions may be activated, as well as Division/Group Supervisor and/or Unit Leader level positions.

A Type 3 Incident Management Team (IMT) or incident command organization manages initial action incidents with a significant number of resources, an extended attack incident until containment/control is achieved, or an expanding incident until transition to a Type 1 or 2 team.

The incident may extend into multiple operational periods.

A written IAP may be required for each operational period.



Type 2

This type of incident extends beyond the capabilities for local control and is expected to go into multiple operational periods. A Type 2 incident may require the response of resources out of area, including regional and/or national resources, to effectively manage the operations, command, and general staffing.

Most or all of the Command and General Staff positions are filled.

A written IAP is required for each operational period. Many of the functional units are needed and staffed. Operations personnel normally do not exceed 200 per

operational period and total incident personnel do not exceed 500 (guidelines only). The agency administrator is responsible for the incident

complexity analysis, agency administrator briefings, and the written delegation of authority.



Type 1

This type of incident is the most complex, requiring national resources to safely and effectively manage and operate.

All Command and General Staff positions are activated. Operations personnel often exceed 500 per operational

period and total personnel will usually exceed 1,000. Branches need to be established. The agency administrator will have briefings, and ensure

that the complexity analysis and delegation of authority are updated.

Use of resource advisors at the incident base is recommended.

There is a high impact on the local jurisdiction, requiring additional staff for office administrative and support functions.



Unsafe Act Performance of a task or other activity that is conducted in a manner that may threaten the health and/or safety of workers. Examples are : Operating without qualification or authorization. Operating equipment at unsafe . Failure to warn. Using defective equipment Working in hazardous locations without adequate

protection or warning. Wearing unsafe clothing. Taking an unsafe position.



Unsafe Conditions A condition in the work place that is likely to cause property damage or injury. Examples are : Defective tools, equipment, or supplies. Fire and explosion hazards. Inadequate supports or guards. Poor housekeeping. Hazardous atmospheric condition. Excessive noise. Poor ventilation.



Hazard ? Hazard

A source or a situation with a potential for harm to humans, property and damage of environment or a combination of these. Danger

Relative exposure to hazard. Risk

A combination of likelihood of occurrence and severity of injury or damage.



Classification & Potential Sources of Hazards

Classification Example of Hazards Mechanical - Sharp points & edges, overload. Electrical - Insulation damaged or cover broken Biological - Exposed, airborne/blood borne microorganism. Chemical - Expose to carcinogens chemical Ergonomics - Expose to unnatural postures Psychological- Stress or violent at workplace.



Hazard Identification

To keep workplace safe and healthy. -employers should make sure there are no hazards to which employees could be exposed. Employers should look for hazards in advance

as part of their risk management plan to prevent potential hazards.



The Process of Risk Management

Classify Activities (Work, Product, Services)

Identify Hazard

Assess The Risk

Risk Control

Review Risk Control



Identify Hazards 1.Walk around your workplace and look at what could

reasonably be expected to cause harm. 2.Ask your employees or their representatives what they

think. They may have noticed things that are not immediately obvious to you.

3.Check manufacturers instructions or data sheets for chemicals and equipment as they can be very helpful in spelling out the hazards and putting them in their true perspective.

4.Have a look back at your accident and ill-health records these often help to identify the less obvious hazards.

5.Remember to think about long-term hazards to

health (eg high levels of noise or exposure to harmful substances) as well as safety hazards.



Risk Assessment Is the process of evaluating the risk to safety &

health from hazards at work Types Qualitative Semi-quantitative Quantitative



How To Assess Risk 1) Look for the Hazards 2) Decide who might be harmed & how 3) Evaluate the risk and check what is done to prevent it from happening 4) Record finding 5) Review assessment and revise it if necessary



Types of Risk Assessment

Qualitative - (Use Risk Matrix) -table scales for likelihood and severity Fatality Major injuries Minor injuries First aid or near misses




Based on statistic Likelihood Very likely Likely Unlikely Highly Unlikely



Qualitative Risk Table Severity

Likelihood

V/Likely Likely Unlikely H/Unlikely

Fatality High High High Medium

Major Injuries

High High Medium Medium

Minor Injuries

High Medium Medium Low

First Aid/ N/misses

Medium Medium Low Low



Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment

Severity Categories 1. First Aid 2. Less than 4 days M/C 3. More than 4 days M/C 4. Fatality & Permanent Disability




Likelihood Occurrence 1. Yearly 2. Monthly 3. Weekly 4. Daily



Semi-Quantitative Risk Table LIKELIHOOD

S E V E R I T y

Yearly Monthly Weekly Daily

1 2 3 4

First Aid 1 1 2 3 4

< 4 Days MC 2 2 4 6 8

> 4 Days MC 3 3 6 9 12

Fatality & Permanent Disability

4 4 8 12 16



Quantitative Risk Assessment

In cases where hazards are numerous and complex

eg; Chemical process plant Should have Job Safety Analysis (JSA) describe job in less than 10 steps List things that can go wrong oeg; Changing a Car Wheel



Actions & Recommendations

EL- Eliminate SL- Substitute IS- Isolation EC- Engineering Control AC - Administration Control PPE- Personal Protection Equipment



Actions & Recommendations Eg; EL - stop work, cover hazard SL - use other route, other material.. IS - put up temporary barrier, EC - construct permanent wall,.. AC - put up notice, job rotation, PPE - gloves, respirator,



OBJECTIVE To identify types of Hazard in work area To make Risk Assessments To suggest Risk Controls to Organization To implementing Risk Controls To review Risk Controls



HIRARC

LEGAL ACCIDENT & NEAR MISSES

FEEDBACK & COMPLAIN

INSPECTION& AUDIT

SOP INTERNAL

AUDIT POLICY

SAFETY COMMITTEE

TRANING ERP

MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

HIRARC -Planning & Implementation http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/


Why Carry Out Risk Assessment

Gives organizations a more effective way of managing hazards

Requirement of the law e.g; - OSHA 1994, CIMAH Regulations 1996 & USECHH Regulation 2000 Requirement of OSH management system

standards

- MS 1722:2003 - OHSAS 18001 - ISO 14001



Why We Need OSH management system standard

Our Organization to be No. 1 Increase Return of Investment

- employees, money , time.. Safe work place



How To Start

Organization should have vision Commitment from management

- right people - resource - time



Should have internal audit Management committee to review reports External audit Specific organization policy- hazard specific Employees participation - meeting, training Safety as basic training

How To Start http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/


Why conduct a risk

assessment Human factorssave life, stop workplace injures,

illnesses and increase staff morale. Legal factorsmeet legislative requirements, OHS&W

and WorkCover. Financial factorsdecrease the risk of prosecution and

fines incurred, lower WorkCoverlevies, reduce absenteeism, increase potential for gaining shareholders and increase productivity.



Hazard Management

Process Identify the hazards

Assess the risks

Evaluate risks

Control the risks

Monitor and review



Introduction to HIRARC

Principles used in workplace to manage safety and health.

Section 15 (2)(a) of OSHA 1994: which reads the provision and maintenance of

plants and systems of work that are,so far as is practicable, safe and without risks to health



Definition Hazard

A source or a situation with a potential for harm to humans, property and damage of environment or a combination of these. Danger

Relative exposure to hazard. Risk

A combination of likelihood of occurrence and severity of injury or damage.



Overview Of HIRARC

Definition of Hazards Classification of Hazards Potential sources of Hazards Basic components of Risk Management



The Process of Risk Management

Classify Activities (Work, Product, Services)

Identify Hazard

Determine Risk Risk = Severity X Likelihood

Decide if Risk is Tolerable

Risk Control Action Plan

Review Risk Control



Source of Hazards (5M)

Man Unsafe act Machinery Installation, layout and design of

equipment Material Substance such as chemicals and gases

use in the workplace Method The way people carry out their work Media Workplace condition i.e; air quality,

ventilation, lighting, noise, vibration etc.



Classification & Potential Sources of Hazards

Classification Example of Hazards Physical - Noise, temperature to cool/hot,

overload. Biological - Exposed, airborne/blood borne

microorganism, virus. Chemical - Expose to carcinogens chemical Ergonomics - Expose to unnatural postures Psychological- Stress or violent at workplace.



KERJA DAN PERSEKITARAN

PENYAKIT

MENJADI LEBIH TERUK



WORK ENVIRONMENT

Adequate Access Refers to adequate access to, from and within the workplace

Air Conditioning Refers to uncontaminated air in the work space

Confined Spaces Means enclosed work space where people do not normally work (defined in standards)

Temperature Extremes: a) Heat This includes contact with hot objects, hyperthermia, fire (Not explosions) b) Cold This includes contact with cold objects and hypothermia

Lighting Refers to adequate illumination for the particular work being done

Mental Stress Includes bullying, workplace violence, shift work, excessive work loads

Dehydration Adequate water supply for the individuals while working



ENERGY Electrical

Includes contact with exposed wires and contact with high voltage Gravity

Includes falls, trips and slips of persons as well as objects falling, working at heights Kinetic Energy:

a) The body hitting objects Hitting objects with part of the body b) Hit by moving objects Being hit by moving objects but excluding falling objects c) Explosion An explosion may also include heat as a hazard d) Penetrating objects This includes all objects that can penetrate including needles

Vibration Includes vibration to parts or to the whole body

Acoustic/Noise Includes exposure to single, sudden sound or long term exposure

Pressure Pressure in hydraulic and pneumatic systems



HAZARD PHYSICAL NOISE TEMPERATURE COOL/HOT VIBRATION RADIATION EFFECT FROM ENVIRONMENT



HAZARD CHEMICAL CHEMICAL HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH



HAZARD BIOLOGICAL BACTERIA VIRUS FUNGUS ETC;



Repeated exposure to unnatural posture Wrong design workstation ,

tools and task

HAZARD ERGONOMIK http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/


HAZARD PSYCHOSOCIAL

STRESS SHIFT WORK SEXUAL HARASSMENT VIOLENT AT WORK ANAK BUAH TAK DENGAR KATA



Hazard Identification

To keep workplace safe and healthy. -employers should make sure there are no hazards to which employees could be exposed. Employers should look for hazards in advance

as part of their risk management plan to prevent potential hazards.



Methods of Identifying Hazards

Review of documents and publications Inspection and observation at the workplace Measurement of the atmosphere, monitoring the

environment or medical surveillance of workers Hazard Analysis job safety analysis (JSA)




All related statements should be made With no cost restrains Should be reviewed every 4 months Need management support



Risk Assessment

Is the process of evaluating the risk to safety & health from hazards at work

Types Qualitative Semi-quantitative Quantitative



How To Assess Risk

1) Look for the Hazards 2) Decide who might be harmed & how 3) Evaluate the risk and check what is done to prevent it from happening 4) Record finding 5) Review assessment and revise it if

necessary




Qualitative - (Use Risk Matrix) -table scales for likelihood and severity Fatality Major injuries Minor injuries First aid or near misses




Based on statistic Likelihood Very likely Likely Unlikely Highly Unlikely



Qualitative Risk Table Severity

Likelihood

V/Likely Likely Unlikely H/Unlikely

Fatality High High High Medium

Major Injuries

High High Medium Medium

Minor Injuries

High Medium Medium Low

First Aid/ N/misses

Medium Medium Low Low




Severity Categories 1. First Aid 2. Less than 4 days M/C 3. More than 4 days M/C 4. Fatality & Permanent Disability




Likelihood Occurrence 1. Yearly 2. Monthly 3. Weekly 4. Daily



Semi-Quantitative Risk Table LIKELIHOOD

S E V E R I T y

Yearly Monthly Weekly Daily

1 2 3 4

First Aid 1 1 2 3 4

< 4 Days MC 2 2 4 6 8

> 4 Days MC 3 3 6 9 12

Fatality & Permanent Disability

4 4 8 12 16



Quantitative Risk Assessment

In cases where hazards are numerous and complex

eg; Chemical process plant Should have Job Safety Analysis (JSA) describe job in less than 10 steps List things that can go wrong oeg; Changing a Car Wheel




EL- Eliminate SL- Substitute IS- Isolation EC- Engineering Control AC - Administration Control PPE- Personal Protection Equipment



Actions & Recommendations Eg; EL - stop work, cover hazard SL - use other route, other material.. IS - put up temporary barrier, EC - construct permanent wall,.. AC - put up notice, job rotation, PPE - gloves, respirator,



AW101 (TOPIC 7) OCCUPATIONAL FIRST AID

CONTENT : 7.1 Defihe First Aid 7.2 First Aid Equipment 7.3 Basic Rules Of First Aid 7.4 First Aid & Treatment 7.5 Practice of First Aid Equipment 7.6 Practice of Conducting CPR



7.1 FIRST AID

It is the provision of initial care for an illness or injury. It is usually performed by a non-expert person to a sick or injured person until definitive medical treatment can be accessed.

In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

requires all job sites and workplaces to make available first aid equipment for use by injured employees

different jobs have different types of injuries and different first-aid requirements.



The Aims of first aid can be summarized in three key

points: 1. 1.Preserve life - the overriding aim of all medical care, including first aid, is to save

lives

1.Prevent further harm - also sometimes called prevent the condition from worsening,or danger of further injury, this covers both external factors, such as moving a patient away from any cause of harm, and applying first aid techniques to prevent worsening of the condition, such as applying pressure to stop a bleed becoming dangerous.

1.Promote recovery - first aid also involves trying to start the recovery process

from the illness or injury, and in some cases might involve completing a treatment, such as in the case of applying a plaster to a small wound



7.2 FIRST AID EQUIPMENT @ KITS

first aid kit is a collection of supplies and equipment may be made up of different contents depending on who has assembled the kit and for what purpose.

It may also vary by region due to varying advice or

legislation between governments or organisations

Standard kits often come in durable plastic boxes, fabric pouches or in wall mounted cabinets



7.2.2 FIRST AID EQUIPMENT

Glove

Scissors

Tweezers

Roller Bandage

Thermometer

Anticeptic wipes @ gauze

Antibiotic Ointment packets (approx. 1g) Alcohol



Cont.7.2.2 FIRST AID EQUIPMENT

Jodine

Triangular Bandage

Adhesive Tape

Aspirin

Adhesive tape (cloth) 1

Adhesive Bandage

Aspirin(chewable) 81mg



7.2.3 APPLICATION OF FIRST AID EQUIPMENT

Triangular Bandage Application ~ to hold Broken arm bone

Glove Application ~ wear it during works with body liquid or any chemicals First aid equipments as earlier action to safe the life

Bandage application ~ to stop bleeding

Anticeptic wipes @ gauze ~ to clean up injured area

~ to avoid broken @ injured movement



7.3 BASIC RULES OF FIRST AID

It is recommended that all kits are in a; i. clean ii. waterproof container to keep the contents iii. safe and aseptic

Kits should also be checked regularly and restocked if any items are damaged or expired out of date.

In general, the type of first aid facilities required in a workplace are determined by many

factors, such

Documents

AW101 Course Occupational Safety and Health 1(1)