Axis Vm Step by Step

Step by Step

Tutorial for AxisVM 11

Author: Somogyi Zsolt

Edited by: Inter-CAD Kft.

2012 Inter-CAD Kft.

All rights reserved

All brand and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks.

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Step by step tutorial 3

TARTALOM

1. BEAM MODEL ....................................................................................................................... 5

2. FRAME MODEL ................................................................................................................... 23

3. SLAB MODEL ....................................................................................................................... 53

4. MEMBRANE MODEL ......................................................................................................... 93

4.1. START ............................................................................................................................... 93 4.2. GEOMETRY DEFINITION USING PARAMETRIC MESH ........................................................... 94 4.3. GEOMETRY DEFINITION USING DOMAINS ........................................................................ 100 4.4. DEFINE SUPPORTS AND LOADS ........................................................................................ 105

5. SHELL MODEL .................................................................................................................. 117

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1. BEAM MODEL

Objective

The objective of this design example is to determine the internal forces,

longitudinal reinforcement and shear links of the two-span continuous

reinforced concrete beams illustrated below.

The loads on the beams will be presented subsequently.

Cross-section of both spans is a 600 x 400 mm rectangle and designed

in accordance with Euro Code.

Start

Start AxisVM 11 by double-clicking the AxisVM11 icon in the

AxisVM11 folder, found on the Desktop or in the Start - Programs

Menu.

New

Create a new model by clicking on the New icon.

Click on Front View icon for the modeling view. In the dialogue

window that pops up, replace the Model Filename with Beam. Select the appropriate Design Code: Eurocode.

Click OK to close the dialog window.

Change view

The left-bottom corner of the main window shows the symbol of the

global coordinate system. The positive direction is marked by the

corresponding capital letter (X, Y or Z). The default view of a new

model is in X-Z plane.

It is important to note that unless changed the gravity acts along the Z direction.

Define of

Geometry

Select the Elements tab to bring up the Elements Toolbar.

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Draw objects

directly

Clicking on the draw objects directly icon shows following window:

Horizontal beam

Click on the Horizontal Beam icon, which is the second from left to

specify the axis of the two beams. The following window shows after

clicking:

Select Browse cross-section libraries and click on OK.

Cross-section

editor

The following window shows after clicking:


Rectangular

shape

The following window shows after clicking on Rectangular shape

icon:

Enter 60 for h (height) then click on place button. Click anywhere in

the window to place the shape.

The following window shows up afterwards:

By clicking on OK shows a dialog box asking for cross-sections name:

Click on OK to close window.

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The following message shows up:

Clicking on OK shows following window:

Roll down in the list of Materials by using vertical sliding bar (or roll

mouse wheel) and click on C25/30, then clik on OK.

Reference By leaving Local z Reference on Auto the beams local x axis will be in center of the beam and local z axis in vertical plane of the beam.

The following window will be displayed:

Beam polyline

Draw the continuous beams centre line! Press key x on your keyboard x coordinate will highlighted in the

Coordinates window. Type in 0 then press key y and type 0 then press

z and type 0 and press Enter.

Click on left d button on the Coordinates window to switch typing

from relative to global coordinates.


Relative

coordinate

system

Add next 2 nodes by pressing keys:

x 12 y 0 z 0 [Enter]


Then right-click and select Cancel from the quick menu:

You can change to the global coordinate values by pressing the d la-beled button on the left of the Coordinate Window. If d button is

down (pressed) it denotes relative coordinates.

(Hint: In the right column of the coordinate window you can specify

points in cylindrical or spherical coordinate systems). The origin of the

relative coordinate system is marked by a thick blue X (cross turned by

45 deg.).

Zoom

To bring up the Zoom Icon Bar, move the mouse on the Zoom icon in

the Icon bar (left side of the main window). It contains six icons. Lets

choose the third icon (Zoom to fit) from the Zoom Icon Bar, or press

Ctrl-W (or double-click on mouse wheel), which has the same effect.

An alternative way of zooming is to press the + or keys on your numerical keypad.

The following will be displayed:

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Geometry Check

Click the Geometry Check icon on the top of the desktop,

to check for geometric ambiguities. The program will ask for

the maximum tolerance (distance) for merging points.

After the geometry check a summary of actions appears.

Perspective

Chek the models location in space!

Click on the Perspective icon on the Icon bar (left side of the main

window).. If you want to rotate the view , click on the left mouse

button and hold to rotate the view.

You can also hold Alt + mouse wheel and rotate the view anytime.

Closing this palette the view mode is preserved.


Display Options

Click on Display Options icon for showing our models local coordinate system, node numbers, graphical symbols, etc. (For quick acces to these

settings click on the same icon in mouse right-click menu.)

On the Symbols tab Local Systems group check Beam box and on

Labels tab check Cross-Section Name in Properties group.

Close the window with OK button. The local system of the beam and

the cross-section is shown on the beam. If mouse is rolled over this

beam further properties show up.

After rolling the mouse over the beam info box shows up with beam

number, length, material type, cross-section name, self-weight and

reference.

Select view from perspective to X-Z plane.

Fit in window

Click on Fit in window function for best view.

Nodal support

Click on Nodal support icon and select central node, then click on OK

button. Window shows up where stiffness of the support in each

direction can be set. Select Global direction and set support stifness.

Rx, Ry, Rz are for translation stifnness in kN/m. Default value for these

stifnessse are 1E+10 kN/m for fixed and 0 kN/m for free to move in

subject direction. Rx is for translation stifness in x direction.

Rxx, Ryy, Rzz are for rotational stifnness in kNm/rad. Default value for

these stifnessse are 1E+10 kNm/rad for fixed and 0 kNm/rad for free to

rotate support about subject direction. Rxx is for rotational stifness

about x direction.

Set rotational stiffnesses to 0 and fix the support only in X and Z

dirrection.

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Click on OK to apply settings.

Select two end nodes and the same way create rolling vertical support

setting values as follow:

If everything is set correctly the translation support is a brown line and

rotational support is a orange line.

Loads

To apply loads and movements select Loads tab.


Loadcases and

Load groups

Various loads and movements should be separated into load cases.

Click on Loadcases and Load groups icon.

The following window shows:

Program automatically generates load case ST1 which is shown in top

left coner. Click on ST1and rename it to SELF WEIGHT. Then click on

OK button what closes the window and we can specify the self weight

load into SELF WEIGHT load case. Check if the SELF WEIGHT load

case is selectged in the status window which in top left corner

(default).

Display Options

Click on Display Options icon. Unselect Object contours in 3D and

Beam box on the Symbols tab in Local Systems group and on Labels

tab unselect Cross-Section Name in Properties group.

Self weight

Click on Self weight icon then select all elements with All ( )

button. After clicking on OK button both beams will have an offseted

blue dashed line indicaing that self weight was added indeed

(considering g=9.81 m/s2 gravity in negative Z direction).

Static load case

Open Loadcases and Load groups window again and click on Static

icon in New case top icon row. Create load cases with names LIVE 1,

LIVE 2, LIVE 3 and SUPPORT DISPLACEMENT. Click on LIVE 1 load

case then close with OK.

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Load along line

elements

After clicking on Load along line elements icon click on beam at left

hand side, then click on OK. Following window shows up:

Type in -17.5 into fields pz1 and pz2 then confirm with OK.


Loadcases and

Load groups

After clicking on down arrow next to Loadcases and Load groups icon

following list shows up:

List shows all load cases. The actual load case is highlighted. Select

load case LIVE 2 with mouse or arrow keys.

Same way apply -17,5 kN/m line load on both beams.

Support

Displacement

Change load case to SUPPORT DISPLACEMENT then click on Support

Displacement icon. Then select central support and click on OK. The

following window shows up:

Type in value 20 into filed ez.

Load

Combinations

Activate Load Combinations function by clicking on its icon. The Table Browser shows up:

New Row

Create new ULS (ultimate limit state) load combination by clicking on

New Row icon. Load factors foe each load cases must be set.

Set load factors as follow:

SELF WEIGHT 1,35 [Enter];LIVE1 1,5 [Enter];LIVE2 0 [Enter];

SUPPORT DISPLACEMENT 1,0 [Enter]

Type in all these values, then create another ULS load combination

and type in:

SELF WEIGHT 1,35 [Enter];LIVE1 0 [Enter];LIVE2 1,50 [Enter];

SUPPORT DISPLACEMENT 1,0 [Enter]

The 3rd load combination is SLS Quasipermanent with following

factors:SELF WEIGHT 1,0 [Enter];LIVE1 0,6 [Enter];LIVE2 0,6 [Enter];

SUPPORT DISPLACEMENT 0 [Enter]

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Click on OK to finish.

Static Click on Static tab for running analysis:

Linear static

analysis

Click on Linear static analysis icon to run analysis.

Nodal DOF Degrees of freedom must be set before analysis. Program checks nodal

degrees of freedom and offers automatic settings:

Check Save model with these settings and these dialog box will not

appear in the next run. Accept the Beam with multiple support in

plane X-Z option and click on Yes to close.

Statistics The following message shows up after analysis:

Click on Statistics to see more information about the analysis:


Click on OK after analysis. Automatically Staic tab is activated with ez

vertical deformations from SELF WEIGHT load case as Isosurface 2D.

Result display

parameters

The following windows shows up after clicking on Result display

parameters icon:

Select SELF WEIGHT load case. If we leave Display shape on

undeformed the results are drawn to undeformed model. Select eZ

component and Diagram as display mode. Select Lines and Nodes for

Write Values to setting.

After click on OK the following diagram will be displayed:

Check and look through all deformations from all load cases. To do

this, click on list right next to Result display parameters icon. Select the

first load combination Co #1.

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Min, max values

To find minimal and maximal values click on Min, Max Values icon.

The following window shows up:

Select eZ and click on OK. After that new window shows up highest

negative deformation then after click on OK the highest positive

deformation. Click again on OK to close.

Click on the second list (next to load case list) and you can select from

several results: internal forces, stresses. Select internal forces My first

for 1st and 2nd load combination. (Co #1, Co #2)


Concrete design

For RC design click on R.C. Design tab:

Beam

reinforcement

design

Click on Beam reinforcement design icon then on All button and finally

OK. The following warning message shows up:

After click on OK window with Beam parameters shows up:

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Beam

Parameters

Select B500B rebar grade for longiutdal rebars and stirrups:

Set Concrete cover to 20mm and top longitudal rebars f to 20 mm:

To consider crack control check Increase reinforcement according to

limiting crack width checkbox:

After click on OK the follwing message shows up:

After click on OK the follwing window with results shows up:

Please note that in addition to My,Ed moment diagram (thin line) also

offseted moment diagram (thick line) which offests in accordance

with national design code.


Select Envelope Min, Max in list with load combinations:

Under My,Ed moment diagram there is a As required reinforcement di-

agram on top and bottom, Vz shear diagram and shear link spacing sw

diagram.

Requred reinforcement in tension is in blue and required

reinforcement in compression in red.

Check

Click on Check in Beam Reinforcement window:


This window shows needed number of rebar, actual crack width

considering needed number of rebar and number of rebar rows.

Click on OK to close the window.

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2. FRAME MODEL

Objective

Analyse the following frame and design column A1 and the pad

footing under.

Beams are IPE 400 rolled steel cross-section and columns HE 280 rolled

steel cross-section. Diagonals O 194 x 5 pipe cross-section. Material

grade is S 235 and designed according to Eurocode 2.

Start



Menu.

New



window that pops up, replace the Model Filename with FRAME. Select the appropriate Design Code: Eurocode.

Click OK to close the dialog window.

Default global Z direction is upward. This is important for gravity

direction.

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Define of

geometry

Select the Elements tab to bring up the Elements Toolbar.

Draw objects

directly


Click on column icon even if it is already selected.

The following window shows after clicking:

Select Browse cross-section libraries and click on OK. The following

window shows after clicking:

Roll down in the list of Cross-Section Tables by using vertical sliding

bar (or roll mouse wheel) and click on HE European wide flange

beams, and then click on HE 280 A . Close with OK.


The following message shows up:


Roll down in the list of Materials by using vertical sliding bar (or roll

mouse wheel) and click on S235, then clik on OK.

Set Height to 3,5 m in the displayed window:

Change view

Change view to top view (X-Y plane)!

Column

Click on Column icon below.

Click on these position in the graphical area:

(0,0) - (6,0) (0,5) (6,5) (0,10) (6,10)

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Change view

Change view to perspective! Change the values in window as follow:

H= 15 V= 320 P = 0

Horizontal beam

Click on Horizontal beam icon.

Load from

database

Click on Cross-section row in the window, then on Load from

database icon . Select IPE 400 from IPE European I-beams:


Click on OK to close window. The following window shows up:

Beam polyline

Click on Beam polyline icon then click on top of columns and draw the

beams. Draw the perimeter beams first then pree Esc to cancel

drawing. Draw central beam the same way. The following will be disp-

layed:

Beam

Click on beam icon in draw objects directly window.

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Load from

database

Click on Cross-section row in the window, then on Load from

database icon . Select ROR 193,70*4,5 form ROR European pipes (Pipe

shapes):

Click on OK to close window. The following window shows up:

Beam polyline

Draw polyline from bottom of A1 column to centre of beam in Y

direction:

Then draw other one into bottom of next column:


Press Esc to cancel and draw two braces on the other end the same

way:

Translate

Using function Translate copy the frame in Z direction. Click on

Translate icon then on All icon and OK. The follow window shows

up:

Select Consecutive method then click on OK to confirm. Click on

bottom of column A1 then on top of this column finally press Esc to

cancel.

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Geometry Check

Click the Geometry Check icon which is on Geometry tab:

User can set for the maximum tolerance (distance) for checking points

and show the mesh.

After the geometry check a summary of actions appears.

Fit in window

Select Fit in window from zoom functions for best view.


Rendered view

Select Rendered view from view options:


Display Options

Click on Display Options ,Symbols tab and unselect Object Contours

in 3D:

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Wireframe

Change back to Wireframe view:

Nodal support

Supports can be definied with nodal supports function on Elements

tab. Click on the icon, select bottom nodes of columns then confirm

with OK. The following window shows up:

Rotational stiffness set to 0 and translational stiffness leave on 1E+10.

Click on OK to confirm settings.

Loads To apply loads and movements select Loads tab.

Loadcases and

Load groups


Click on Loadcases and Load groups icon to add new load case. The




left coner. Click on ST1 and rename it to LIVE1. Click on OK to close

and select LIVE1 load case. The following will be displayed in the sta-

tus window:

Load along line

elements

Add line loads to all horizontal beams. 50 kN/m to beams at lower level

and 25 kN/m to beams at upper level . Activate the Load along line

elements function and select with selection rectangle the upper beams.

Confirm the selection with OK and the following window shows up:

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Set pZ1 and pZ2 to -25, then confirm with OK. The following will be

displayed:


Display Options

Click on Display Options icon, the following window shows up:

Select Labels tab and check the Load Value check box in Properties

group:

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Close with OK and the load values will be displayed:

Load along line

elements

Activate the Load along line elements function and select with selection

rectangle the lower beams, then confirm with OK and set pZ1 and pZ2

to -50.


Confirm loads with OK and the following will be displayed:

Loadcases and

Load groups

Click on Loadcases and Load groups icon!

New static load

case

Add new load case by clicking on Static icon in New case top icon row.

Name it as WIND. After confirming with OK all loads will disappear and Status window is showing load case: WIND.

Load along line

elements

Click on Load along line elements icon then select two columns in the

corner.

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Then apply 6 kN/m line load in x direction (pX1 and pX2). The same

way apply 12kN/m to the central edge column in x direction.



Load

Combinations

Create load combinations from load cases. Using load combinations we

can define load factors to load cases.

New Row

Create new ULS (ultimate limit state) load combination by clicking on

New Row icon.

Define following load factors: LIVE1 1,5 ; WIND 1,5

Type in the factors the click on OK to finish.

We have finished data input for analysis.

Display options

Click on Display options icon then on Symbols tab. Uncheck Node,

Cross-section shape and Loads check boxes then on Labels tab

uncheck Load Value checkbox.


Linear static

analysis

Click on Linear static analysis icon to run analysis. The following

window shows up:

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Statistics Click on Statistics to see more information about the analysis:

The following window shows up after analysis:

Static Click on OK after analysis. Automatically Static tab is activated with ez

vertical deformations for LIVE1 load case as Isosurface 2D view. To see

results of load combinations select combination Co #1 from drop-

down list.

Change results view from Isosurface 2D to Diagram:


Change view

Change to Z-X view plane!


Parts

Clicking on Parts icon shows the following window:

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New

Clicking on New icon shows the following window:

Type 1 into Part name data field, then click OK.

Select parts of the frame which will be in part name 1. The following

picture shows how to select beams on a right hand side with selection

rectangle:

After click on OK the following window shows up:

Click on OK to close and confirm. Part with name 1 is created.


Change view

Change to Z-Y view plane!

Result display

parameters

Click on Result display parameters icon, then check the Write values to:

Lines checkbox in the window.


Min, max values

To find location of max. deformation use Min, Max values function.

Clicking on icon shows following window:

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Select one of the deformation components. Confirm with OK shows

max. negative value and the location as well:

After click on OK shows the max. positive value and the location of

this value:

Select Beam internal forces Nx from list box in a toolbar:


The following Nx axial force diagram will be displayed:

With the same way show moments about local y My:

Show reactions Rz the same way:

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Steel design For check on column A1 click on Steel design tab:

Design

parameters

For definining design parameters click on design parameters, then

select column A1 and confirm selection with OK.

The following window shoes up:

Define Ky = 1.25 and c2 = 1.0, then confirm with OK.

Axial Force-

Bending-Shear

Select Analysis - Axial Force-Bending-Shear results from list box in

toolbar:


The following diagram will be displayed:

Efficiency Select Efficiency from the same list box. The following diagram will be

displayed:

Click on column A1 to show all checks on subject column:

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Az OK-ra klikkelve lphetnk ki a funkcibl.

R.C. design Click on R.C. design tab:

Pad footing

design

Pad footing below column can be designed with Pad footing design

function.

Click on icon then on nodal support and confirm with OK.

Footing design

parameters

Window with Footing design parameters shows up:

Select rectangular pad footing , C30/37 concrete , soil cover t[cm]=170

and max. pad width bmax[cm]=120.


Check on Calculate reinforcement on Reinforcement tab.

Soil database

User can read predefined soil characteristics from the soil databes

located on the Soil tab.

Clicking on Soil database icon shows following window:

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Click on Homogenous, coarse and medium sand in dry or damp

column, soild row and soil parameters will be shown in bottom left

corner:

Confirm selection with OK button.

Layer thickness

Type in layer thickness 4.0 m.

Add new soil

layer

Add defined soil layer to the soil profile with this buton.

Soil database

Click on soil database icon in Backfill options to define soil type for soil

fill above pads bottom level. Select Mixed Non-silty, sandy gravel in dry or damp column and solid row. Then confirm with OK. The

following window will be displayed:

After click on OK, type in name for specified soil profile:


Type in name : soil1 and save profile with OK. Program calculates pads required dimensions and reinforcement. The follwing message shows up:

Close the message with OK, the following window shows up:

Pads required dimensions are shown on plan and in info window.

Close the window with OK.

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3. SLAB MODEL

Objective

Calculate max. deflection, max. moment, and max. reinforcement of

slab shown below.

Define slab thickness to 200 mm using C20/25 concrete from norm

Eurocode 2.

Start



Menu.

New



window that pops up, replace the Model Filename with Slab. Select the appropriate Design Code: Eurocode.

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Change view

The left-bottom corner of the main window shows the symbol of the

global coordinate system. The positive direction is marked by the

corresponding capital letter (X, Y or Z). Global Z direction is always

upwards. It is important to note that unless changed the gravity acts

along the Z direction. Click on Change view and following row of icons show up:

Change view to top view (X-Y plane)!

Using geometry functions draw the slab.

Elements Select the Elements tab to bring up the Elements Toolbar.

Draw objects

directly


Slab

Select slab element even if it is already selected.


Material

database

The following window shows after clicking on OK:

Select C20/25 concrete and confirm with OK.


Type and

Thickness

Change type in Draw objects directly window from Shell to Plate and

thickness to 200 mm.

Complex slab

Click on Complex slab icon.

User can draw the slab directly or define the coordinates.

Use the global coordinates (d labeled button is not pressed).

Define coordinates of first point by pressing keys:

x 0 y 0 z 0 [Enter]

Relative coordi-

nate system

You can change coordinate system by pressing the d labeled button on the left of the Coordinate Window.

If d button is down (pressed) it denotes relative coordinates. X turns to

dX and so on indicating that we are defining relative ccordinates. The

relative point of origin is shown as thick blue X (cross turned by 45

deg.) Press d again for global coordinates.

Relative coordi-

nate system

Continue defining next point with relative coordinates.

Press following keys:

x 7.9 y 0 z 0 [Enter]

On computers where , is set as decimal separator type 7,9 instead of

7.9

Arc by three

points

Click on Arc by three points under Draw objects directly tool palette:

Press following keys to define next contour points:

x 0.5 y 3.4 z 0 [Enter]

x 0 y 6.8 z 0 [Enter]

Line

Click on Line under Draw objects directly tool palette:

Press following keys to define next contour points:

x -7.9 y 0 z 0 [Enter]

Then press [Enter] again to finish (close) contour definition.

Exit from Draw objects directly by pressing Esc.

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The following will be displayed in the main window:

To move the origin of the local coordinate system to the bottom left

corner of the slab. Move cursor over the bottom left corner of the slab

and press Insert.

Geometry Click on Geometry tab:

Create nodes

Click on Create nodes icon and type in the following:

x 6.4 y 2.2 [Enter]

x 0 y 2.4 [Enter]

Exit from Create nodes by pressing Esc.



Please note the thin red line which denotes

the domains contour. Moving the cursor over the contour of the domain shows

domains properties:

Fit in window


Mesh Click on Mesh tab!

Domain meshing

Click on Domain meshing then click on * to select all and confirm with

OK.

Then select quad mesh (in centre) and define Average mesh element

size to 0.65 m:

After click on OK the mesh is generated automatically.

Progress bar shows the meshing progress:

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Moving the cursor over the centre of

finite elements (red dot) shows finite

elements properties:

Refinement

Click on Refinement by bisection icon:

Domain

refinement

Then select following elements:


After click on OK the following will be displayed:

Display options

Switch on surface elements local coordinate systems!

Click on Symbols tab in the Display options, following window will be

displayed:

Check the Surface checkbox in the Local Systems group and confirm

with OK.

Surface properties are accesible after definition. When local

coordinates of the surface are shown, the red line denotes x direction,

yellow for y direction and green for z direction.

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Display Options

Switch off surface elements local coordinate systems the same way!

Elements Click on Elements tab!

Nodal support

Define nodal supports. Click on Nodal support icon then select

column central nodes and confirm with OK. The following window

shows up:

Calculation... Click on Calculation... button and he following window shows up:

Here you can calculate support stiffnes based on columns supports and dimensions.


New cross-

section

Clicking on New cross-section icon shows following window:

Rectangular

shape

Clicking on Rectangular shape icon shows following window:

Type in 30 into two top input fields (b[cm]= ;h[cm]= ), then click on

Place button and click anywhere in the window to place the new

cross-section.


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Click on OK and dialog box shows up whare you can type in new

cross-sections name:

Type 3 into L [m]= input field, then click on OK. Calculated values will

be automatically filled in the Nodal support window.

After click on OK nodal supports will be definied.



Line supports

To define line supports lick on Line supports icon, then select lines on

slabs perimeter. Select the two paralell edges and the one on left:

Confirm selection with OK and the following will be displayed:

Claculation Click on Calculation... button.

Set these values in the window: L [m]= 3 and d[cm]=30

To set End Releases to pinned, click on both icons:

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Confirm settings with OK and the calculated stiffness values will be

automatically filled in Line support window.

Click on OK to close the window and the following will be displayed:

Loads Next sted is adding loads on slab.Click on Loads tab:


Load cases and

Load groups


Click on Loadcases and Load groups icon to add new load case. The



left coner. Click on ST1 and rename it to SELF-WEIGHT, then clicking

on OK selects the SELF-WEIGHT loadcase. The Status window

informs us about the selected loadcase:

Self Weight

Click on Self Weight icon then select all

(*) . Confirming with OK applies self on

all selected elements. Thin dotted red

line indicates applied self weight:

Display options

Click on Display options then on Symbols tab in the Display options

window then uncheck Mesh and Surface centre in the Graphics

Symbols group. Close with OK.

New loadcase,

static

Open Loadcases and Load groups window and create new static

loadcase. Name it FINISHES, this loadcase will contain loads from slab

finishes. Close with OK.

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Distributed Load

on Domain

Define load corresponding to 10 cm thick layer of concrete say 2.5

kN/m2. Click on Distributed Load on Domain icon and the following

window shows up:

Type in -2.5 to pZ [kN/m2] field (negative value denotes opposite

direction to local direction).

Distributed

domain load

Define load by clicking on Distributed domain load , then click to the

area of domain. Close with close button.

Domain Line

Load

To define load from balustrade click on Domain Line Load icon and the


Type -1 into fields pZ1 and pZ2.

Arc by three

points

Select Arc by three points icon from bottom row, then click bottom,

central and top point of the curved edge. Then again on top point of

edge. Press Esc to exit.


Load value Switch on load intensity using

Numbering function in the

bottom right corner.

Click on Numbering icon and the


Check the Load Value and Units

checkbox.


New Loadcase,

static

Create new loadcase and name it LIVE.

Specify live load on slab in this loadcase. Define Distributed load on

Domain with pz=-1,5kN/m2 as shown previously.

Load

combinations

Loadcase are defined, now define two load combinations which we

will use for design and checking.

Click on Load combinations icon.

New Row

Create first load combination by clicking on New Row icon. Leave the

name on default Co#1. Select SLS Quasipermanent as type of load

combinaton.

Use following load factors for the new load combinaton:

SELF-WEIGHT 1,0

FINISHES 1,0

LIVE 0,3

68 AxisVM 11

New Row

Create the second load combination by clicking on New Row icon.

Leave the name on default Co#2. Select ULS as type of load

combinaton.

Use following load factors for the new load combinaton:

SELF-WEIGHT 1,35

FINISHES 1,35

LIVE 1,5

Click on OK to close the window.

We have finished with data input for slab design.


Linear static

analysis

Click on Linear static analysis icon to run analysis.

Degrees of

freedom

Set degree of freedom of models nodes. Program checks the model and offers one type in the dialog box:

Check the Save model with these settings checkbox and degree of

freedom settings will be saved. Click on Yes to confirm and close the

dialog box.

Analysis continus and the following progress bar shows up:


Click on Statistics to see more information about the analysis:

The top progres bar shows progress of the actual task. The progress bar

bellow is showing the total pogress.

Estimated Memory Requirement shows size of used virtual memory

for analysis. If the PCs memory size is smaller than this, error message

regarding size of virtual memory will be displayed.

Click on Messages to see the detailed list of analysiss messages.


70 AxisVM 11

Static After click on OK program automatically activates vertical deforma-

tions ez on Static tab in Isosurface 2D view of SELF-WEIGHT loadcase.

Select load combination Co#1 (SLS) to check service limit states:

Deformation values are negative because they are in opposite direction

of local z.

Min, Max Values



Select one of the deformation components. Confirm with OK shows

max. negative value and its location as well:



this value :

Colour legend The Colour legend window shows boundary values of each colour.

Adjust number of boundary values by moving the bottom edge of this

window:

Find areas with deflections larger than 2.1mm! Boundary values can be

changed by clicking on Colour legend window:

72 AxisVM 11

Click on a bottom value of the table on a left hand side. Change the

deafault value (-2,423) to 2,1.

Press [Enter] and Auto interpolate function calculates other boundary

values.


Area with deflection larger than 2,1mm is hatched.


Isoline See the results using Isolines. Click on arrow right to Isosurface 2D

title and select Isoline:

After selecting Isoline the following will be displayed:

Change view

Change view to perspective! Click on Setting Perspective View:

Change perspective values in window as follow:

Click on X in top right corner to close the window with perspective

settings.

Result display

parameters

To change to deformed shape click on Result display parameters icon.

Click on Deformed Display shape in Display Parameters window and

confirm with OK. The deformed shape will be displayed:

74 AxisVM 11

Change view

Change view to top view!

See the internal forces.

Select load combination Co#2 (ULS). Click on arrow next to ez [mm]

title and the following list of components will be displayed:

Select Surface Internal Forces mx. Isolines of mx moments will be displayed. The mx moments are moments in local x direction which

are used for design reinforcement in x local direction. The similar way

we can select moments in y direction, torsional moments and shear

forces.

Select Nodal Support Intenal Forces Rz which shows vertical reactions of the nodal support.


Result display

parameters

Click on Result display parameters icon and the following window

will be displayed:

Check the Write Values To Nodes checkbox and click on OK. The following vertical reactions will be displayed:

Select Line Support Intenal Forces Rz [kN/m] which shows vertical reactions of the line support. Click on Result display parameters icon

and the following window and check the Write Values To Lines checkbox and click on OK:

76 AxisVM 11

R. C. Design Click on R.C. Design tab. Here you can calculate required area of

reinforcement for surface elements (domains).

Reinforcement

parameters

Click on Reinforcement

parameters icon then select all

(*) and confirm with OK. The

following message shows up:

Close with OK and the

following window will be

displayed:


Set Exposition classes on Materials tab. Set XC1 for Top and Bottom

surface. Set Primary direction of reinforcement as x for Top and

Bottom surface on Reinforcement tab. Check Apply minimum cover

checkbox:


Change view to Isosurface 2D!

Now you can see axb [mm2/m] results, which is required amount of

reinforcemnt in local x direction at bottom of the slab. See

Reinforcement Values in the list of results where you can also select

required area of reinforcement for other directions.

Change boundary values to cross-sectional areas for specific spacings

(e.g 1005 mm2/m for T16@200)for each colour in the colour legend

window.Select axt [mm2/m] results, which is required amount of

78 AxisVM 11

reinforcemnt in local x direction at top of the slab.

Min, Max Values

To find location of max. req. area of reinforcement use Min, Max

values function. Clicking on icon shows following window:

Click on OK shows max. req. area of reinforcement and its location:

Click on OK to exit.

Reinforce with 0,3% using 12 diameter at 180 mm c/c bars

(628mm2/m) double reinforcement locally to 12 at 90 mm c/c (1257

mm2/m).

Max. required reinforcement value is (942mm2/m) what is less then

doubled reinforcement (1257 mm2/m).

To find the area which need double reinforcement set number of

isoarea values on Colour legend window to 3.

Click on Colour legend window and change boundary values to these

reinforcement values:


Click on OK and isosurfaces will be updated using new boundary

values:

Hatched area denotes that center of the slab doesnt need any top reinforcement in x direction. On the edge 12 @ 180 c/c reinforcement

is needed while around columns 12 @ 90 c/c reinforcement is

needed.

To design reinforcement above columns click on Static tab and select

Surface Internal Forces - mxD+ [kNm/m] results which considers also

mxy forces.

80 AxisVM 11

Section Line

Click on Section Line icon.

Click on New section plane button and type in column1:

Aftre click on OK define the section plane. First click on top nodal

support then on bottom nodal support

The following window will be diplayed:

Click on OK to see moments in x direction in plane section column1..

Change view

Change to side view (Z-Y plane)

and change results view from Isosurface 2D to Section Line then you

can see section of moment diagra:


Turn off sections! Click on Section Liness Planes speed button.

(bottom right corner)

Speed buttons Click on Numbering icon (see Speed Buttons)

and uncheck Write Values to Lines and Units

checkbox:

Change view to Perspective and Section Line

view to Isosurface 3D.

The following will be displayed which shows design moments in x

direction:

Change view

Change view back to Top View (X-Y plane)!

R.C. Design Click on R.C. Design tab!

Actual

Reinforcement

Click on Actual Reinforcement icon! The following window shows up:

82 AxisVM 11

Set x direction for Primary direction of reinforcement on top and

bottom surface on Parameters tab and check the Apply minimum

cover checkbox.

Set diameter to 12 for [mm]= and Spacing [mm] to 180 on

Reinforcement tab. Check the Calculate rebar positions checkbox then

select x Direction Top Reinforcement in top left box and click on Add button.


The same way define Bottom Reinforcement in x and also in y

direction. The following will be displayed:

Reinforcement

over an existing

domain

Click on Reinforcement over an existing domain icon then click

somewhere inside the domain. Click on Close button to exit.



Reinforcement

difference

Select Reinforcement difference / xb axa results component:

Change view to Isosurface 2D!

Check Write values to Surfaces checkbox in Numbering from Speed

Buttons The following will be displayed:

84 AxisVM 11

Only positive values denotes that bottom actual (defined)

reinforcement is sufficient in x direction for load combination Co #2.

Same applies for ya-aya component.

Change to xt-axt component:

Here you can see that values around nodal supports are negative, this

areas reinforcement has to be increased.

Actual

Reinforcement

Using Actual Reinforcement function increase reinforcement around

column in 2x2m square area!

Click on Actual Reinforcement icon and select Reinforcement tab.

Set 12 at 180 c/c check Calculate rebar positions then select x

direction / Top reinforcement and click on Add button.

Rectangular

reinforcement

domain

Additional reinforcement can be defined using Rectangular

reinforcement domain. Click on the icon then move the cursor over

lower nodal support

press Ins key to move the origin of the local coordinate system.


Type in the following sequence of keys :

x -1 y -1 z 0 [Enter]

x 2 y 2 z 0 [Enter]

Then press Esc twice to exit.


The xt axt results around lower nodal support are positive so actual (defined) reinforcement is sufficient above lower nodal support.

Translate

Click on Translate icon:

Then move the cursor over reinforcement domains contour and click on it to select. Confirm with OK to finish selection. In the Translate

window select Incremental Method and set N=1:

Close the window with OK and define translation vector by clicking

on lower then on upper nodal support.

86 AxisVM 11

This way you have copied the actual domain reinforcement, the

following will be displayed:

There arent any negative xt axt values so the actual (defined) reinforcement is sufficient at top in x direction.

Change to results to yt- ayt !

There are still negative values around nodal supports but now at top in

y direction. You need to increase the reinforcement in these areas.

Actual

Reinforcement

Press and hold SHIFT key then click then click on actual reinforcement

above columns then click on Actual Reinforcement icon.

Set x direction for Primary direction of reinforcement on top and bottom

surface on Parameters tab and check the Apply minimum cover

checkbox. Select Reinforecement tab and the following window shows

up:


Click on field under x direction - Top Reinforcement (12 mm / 180

mm) then on y direction - Top Reinforcement and finally on Add

button. The following settings will be displayed:

Click on OK to exit.This way we have defined the same actual

reinforcement in y direction as it is in x direction. The following will

be displayed:

The yt ayt results around nodal supports are now also positive, so the actual (defined) reinforcement is sufficient for all 4 components.

Ellenrizzk a szerkezet repedstgassgt a hasznlhatsgi hatrl-lapotra!

88 AxisVM 11

Crack widths Select load combination Co #1 (SLS), then select Cracking wk(b) result component which is showing crack widths in local x direction at

bottom surface of the domain (slab).


Domain is hatched what denotes that there are no cracks at bottom

surface of domain from load combination Co #1.

Select Cracking wk(t) result component which is showing crack widths in local x direction at top surface of the domain. Crack widths

above nodal supports is up to 11mm:


To determine the deflection of the cracked slab you need to run

Nonlinera static analysis of the load combination Co #1 (SLS).

Static To run the analysis click on the Static tab.

Nonlinera static

analysis

Click on Nonlinear static analysis icon and the following window

shows up:

Az OK-ra klikkelve megkezddik a szmts s a kvetkez ablak jele-nik meg:

Check Use reinforcement in calculation checkbox and select Actual

Reinforcement. Click on OK to run analysis.

Messages

Click on Messages to see more information about the analysis:

90 AxisVM 11

Iterations

Click on Iterations to see how the calculations are converging for each

increment:

After click on OK program automatically activates vertical

deformations ez on Static tab in Isosurface 2D view of load

combination Co #1 with nonlinear analysis. The following will be disp-

layed:

R. C. Design Click on R.C. Design tab.

Plate punching

analysis

To check shear punching click on R.C. Design tab and select load

combination Co #2 (ULS). Click on Plate punching analysis icon then

select upper nodal support and click on OK.



Material grades will be selected according to used types and other

values will be set in accordance with used design code.Click on OK to

close the window and the following check results will be displayed:

No punching reinforcement is necessary according to the check.

92 AxisVM 11

Result summary

Click on Result summary icon to see detailed results of the check:

Click on Close to exit from Punching analysis results and click on Close

to exit from Plate punching analysis.


4. MEMBRANE MODEL

4.1. Start

Objective The objective of the analysis is to determine the internal forces and

reinforcements of the following wall structure.

Assume wall thickness to be 200 mm, the concrete grade: C20/25, and

the reinforcement grade: B500A and designed in accordance with Eu-

rocode-2.

Start

Start AxisVM by double-clicking the AxisVM icon in the AxisVM fold-

er,

found on the Desktop, or in the Start, Programs Menu.

New



window that pops up, replace the Model Filename with Membrane1. Select the appropriate Design Code: Eurocode:

The first step is to create the geometry of structure.

Change view

In the lower left corner of the graphics area is, in blue colour, the

coordinate system beginning point marked with a blue X. The view

can be changed from the Icons Menu with the Views Icon. Move the

cursor over that icon and the following Icon bar is displayed:

Global Z direction is always upwards.

Change view to Front View (X-Z plane)!

94 AxisVM 11

4.2. Geometry definition using parametric mesh

Geometry If not already selected, click on Geometry tab:

Quad/Triangle

Division

The geometry of the wall is created with the Quad/Triangle Division

icon. Hold down the left mouse button to display the sub-menu. Click

on the first icon on the left.

To create the upper part enter N1=20, N2=8 :

Close the dialog window with Ok. Now you have to specify the cor-

ners of the Quad. They can be specified graphically or by entering the

coordinates. Enter them with coordinates :

To enter the first corner, type in the following sequence of keys:

x 0 y 0 z 3 [Enter] Specify the relative coordinates of the next corners in a similar way.



x 0 y 0 z 3 [Enter]

x -12 y 0 z 0 [Enter]

Exit from drawing quads by pressing Esc.


Quad/Triangle

Division

The haunches are created in a similar way. Click on Quad/Triangle Di-

vison icon. Enter the following values: N1=3, N2=6 :

Close the dialog window with Ok. Now you have to specify the corners

of the walls left haunch.



x 0 y 0 z -6 [Enter]

x 1 y 0 z 0 [Enter]

x 0,8 y 0 z 3 [Enter]

x -1,8 y 0 z 0 [Enter]

Exit from drawing quads by pressing Esc.


Mirror

Create the other haunch by mirroring the first one with respect to the

centre of structure (X=6). Click on the Mirror icon.

The Selection bar is displayed:

Select with a selection window all nodes of the haunch.

The selected elements will be highlighted:

96 AxisVM 11

Finish the selection with Ok and the following dialog will be displayed:

Set Mirror: Copy, Nodes to connect: None, check Copy elements. Now

you have to specify the mirror plane. First select any central point, then

select any point vertically above or below it.



The geometry of the wall has been successfully created.

Zoom

Let's zoom to the structure. Move the cursor over the Zoom icon and

the Zoom Icon bar pops up:

Fit in window

Click on the Fit In Window icon.

Geometry

Check

In the top Icon bar click on Geometry Check icon to check for possible

duplicate entries. The following window will be displayed:

In the dialog window specify the Tolerance for merging the nodes. If

the distance between two nodes is less than this value then these nodes

will be merged. Check Geometry Check checkbox only and set

Tolerance[m] = 0.001.

Click on OK and a check summary is displayed when completed:

98 AxisVM 11

Elements The next step is to create the finite elements. Click on Elements tab.

Surface

Elements

Click on Surface Elements icon. After selecting All (* button) elements

and confirming with OK the following dialog window is displayed:

Set the type of the element to Membrane (plane stress).

Material Library

Import

Click on Material Library Import icon. The following dialog window is

displayed:

Select C25/30 from the list, then confirm with Ok.

Thickness Type in the Thickness edit box 200 [mm], then close the dialog win-

dow with Ok.


Display

Options

To view the local coordinate system of the surface elements click on

the Display Options icon on the icons menu on the left side. The fol-

lowing dialog window is displayed:

Check the Surface checkbox in the Local Systems panel group. Accept the change with Ok.

If the Mesh, Node, Surface Centre is switched on among the Graphics

Symbols in the Display Options, you can see that the program uses 9-

node membrane elements. These 9 nodes are the 4 corners, 4 mid-

points and the centre point of surface element. If you move the cursor

over the surface centre symbol (a filled square), a hint window is dis-

played with the properties of the surface element: its tag, material, thickness, mass and references, as shown on the next picture:

The red line shows the x axis of the local coordinate system, the yellow

one the y axis and the green one the z axis.

100 AxisVM 11

4.3. Geometry definition using domains

Define of

Geometry

Elements If not already selected, click on Elements tab. The Geometry toolbar

will be displayed:

Draw objects

directly


Domain

Click on domain icon! The following window shows up:

Material

database



Type Change type in Draw objects directly window from Shell to

Membrane (plane stress) and thickness to 200 mm (20 cm).


Complex slab


User can draw the slab directly or define the coordinates.

Define coordinates of first point by pressing keys:

x 0 y 0 z 0 [Enter]

You can change to the global coordinate values by pressing the d la-beled button on the left of the Coordinate Window.

If d button is down (pressed) it denotes relative coordinates. X turns to

dX and so on indicating that we are defining relative ccordinates. The

relative point of origin is shown as thick blue X (cross turned by 45

deg.)

Continue defining next points of the domain with relative coordinates.

Press following keys:

x 1 y 0 z 0 [Enter]

x 0,8 y 0 z 3 [Enter]

x 8,4 y 0 z 0 [Enter]

x 0,8 y 0 z -3 [Enter]

x 1 y 0 z 0 [Enter]

x 0 y 0 z 6 [Enter]

x -12 y 0 z 0 [Enter]

x 0 y 0 z -6 [Enter]

Exit from Draw objects directly by pressing Esc twice.

102 AxisVM 11


Translate

Click on the Translate icon!

Select the top horizontal line and finish the selection with Ok. Choose

Incremental from the Method panel, N=1, Nodes to Connect: None,

then close the dialog window with Ok. Now specify the translation

vector. Click on any empty place in the Graphics Area, then type in the

following sequence:

x 0 y 0 z -0,75 [Enter]


It is easy to observe the symbol of the domain - a blue line on the inner

contour of the domain. Moving the cursor over it shows a hint window

with the properties of the domain:


Click on Mesh tab for meshing:

Domain

Meshing

Click the Domain Meshing Icon. Select the domain with the All but-

ton (*) and finish the selection with Ok. The following dialog window

will be displayed:

Type in 0.7 [m] for the Average mesh element size. After closing this

dialog window with Ok the automatic mesh generation is started. The

progress of mesh generation is shown in a window.

104 AxisVM 11

After the mesh generation is completed, the following will be dis-

played:

If you move the cursor on the surface centre symbol (a filled square), a

hint window is displayed with the properties of the surface element:

it's tag, material, thickness, mass and references as shown in the next

drawing.


4.4. Define supports and loads

Line Support

To create the supports click on the Line Support icon and select the

bottom lines of the haunch with a selection box.

Finish the selection with Ok.

To define a pinned support use the following settings:

After closing the window with OK you can see this :

You have finished with finite element definition.

106 AxisVM 11

Loads Click the Loads tab:

Surface Edge

Load

Assume a 50kN/m vertical distributed load. Click on the Surface Edge

Load icon, then select the second line from top (created with the

translate command if defined using domain):

Finish the selection with Ok, and type in: a py [kN/m] = 50 :

Press Ok and the load is applied.

The following drawing is displayed:


Static The next step is the analysis and post processing. Click on Static tab:

Linear Static

Analysis

Click on Linear Static Analysis icon. The model will be saved with its

current name.

Nodal DOF To proceed with the analysis you must set degrees of freedom (DOF).

The program checks the model and offers a DOF setting:

Check the Save model with these settings checkbox and degree of

freedom settings will be saved. Accept the Membrane in plane X-Z

setting and close with Yes button.

Analysis continus and the following progress bar shows up:

Messages,

Statistics

Click on Messages and Statistics to see more information about the

analysis.

The following window will be displayed after analysis:

108 AxisVM 11

After click on OK program automatically activates vertical

deformations ez on Static tab in Isosurface 2D view .

Display options

Switch off Loads in Display options on Symbols tab for clarity.

Fit in window

Click on Fit in window function for better view.

The following will be displayed :

Select Surface Internal Forces nx by clicking on arrow next to eZ[mm] on Static tab:

The nx diagram are the local normal forces in the membrane.

Min, Max Values




Select one of the surface force components. Confirm with OK shows

the max. negative value and its location as well:


this value.



window:

110 AxisVM 11

Colour legend Find areas with surface forces over -100 kN/m! Boundary values can

be changed by clicking on Colour legend window. Click on a bottom

value of the table on a left hand side. Change the deafault value (-

291,86) to 100:

Press [Enter] and the Auto interpolate function calculates other

boundary values.


Areas with surface forces over -100 kN/m are hatched.


Isoline See the results using Isolines. Click on arrow right to Isosurface 2D

title and select Isoline:

After selecting Isoline the following will be displayed:

View the internal forces of the supports. Select Line Support Internal

Forces Rz in the Result Component combo box.

Result Display

Parameters

Click on Result Display Parameters icon, and check the Lines check-

box in the Write Values To panel and set the Display Mode to Dia-

gram:

Close the dialog window with Ok and the values of vertical support

forces will be displayed on the screen:

112 AxisVM 11

R.C. Design The next step is to calculate the reinforcement. Click on R.C. Design

tab:

Reinforcement

Parameters

Click on Reinforcement Parameters icon, and select all surface ele-

ments with All (*) button. Complete the selection with OK, and the

following dialog window is displayed:

Close the dialog box with OK and the following will be displayed:

Close the dialog window with OK and the axb diagram is displayed:


The area of reinforcement in the x direction is the sum of the axt and

axb values.

114 AxisVM 11

blank page


5. SHELL MODEL

Objective Determine the specific forces and the amount of reinforcement for the

shown reservoir filled with water.

Thickness of the walls and the raft is 250 mm; ribs on the upper edge

are 30x60. The structure is made of C25/30 concrete and B500B rebar.

Use Euro code 2 for design.

Start



Menu.

New



window that pops up, replace the Model Filename with reservoir. Select the appropriate Design Code: Eurocode:

116 AxisVM 11

Settings Click Settings / Options / Grid & Cursor in the menu.

Replace each value under Cursor Step to 0.2:

This way you made sure that the mouse cursor moves in 0.2 m steps so

you can avoid geometric imperfections while drawing the model.

Define of

Geometry

Now you create the geometry using enhanced editing functions.

Elements Select the Elements tab to bring up the Elements Toolbar.

Draw objects

directly


Domain

Click on domain icon! The following window shows up:


Material

database



Thickness Set Thickness mm] to 250

Complex slab


User can draw the contour directly or define the coordinates.

Draw the wall of the reservoir in X-Z plane!

Change view

Change view to Front View (X-Z plane):

Choose the global origin as the first point of the

polygon. It is at the bottom left where the hori-

zontal and the vertical brown lines (representing

the global X and Z axes) are intersecting. The

blue X shows the current origin of the actual co-

ordinate-system.

Relative coordi-

nate system

You can change to the relative coordinate values by pressing the d la-beled button on the left of the Coordinate Window. If d button is

down (pressed) it denotes relative coordinates.

Move the mouse cursor to the following locations and click once to en-

ter each vertex: 11.0 right and 0.2 down, down 0.4, right 1.0, up 3.6, left

12.0, down 3.0 (or by keyboard: x 11 z 0,2 [Enter] z 0.4 [Enter] x 1 [Enter] z 3.6 [Enter] x 12 [Enter] z 3 [Enter]).

Double-click at the last vertex to quit the drawing function.


118 AxisVM 11

Change view

Change view to Perspective:

After changing values in window as follow:

H= 30 V= 320 P = 0

Click on X at top right corner to close the Perspective window.

Mirror

Create the wall on other side by mirroring the first one with respect to

the centre of structure (Y=4). Click on the Mirror icon.

The Selection bar is displayed:

Select the domain with the All button (*) and finish the selection with

Ok. The following dialog window will be displayed:

Select Mirror: Multiple and Nodes to Connect: All

Then close with OK.


Define the plane of mirroring. Type in the following sequence of keys :

x 0 y 4 z 0 [Enter]

x 1 y 0 z 0 [Enter]

Press Esc to exit.


Fit in window

Click on Fit in window function for better view.

Numbering

Click on Numbering icon in the bottom right corner

and the following check boxes will be displayed:

Here you can turn numbering on or off. Turn on the

check box before Node and node numbers appear im-

mediately.

Translation

(move)

To shape up the grip slope move the line between Node 3 and 4 down

by 0.2 m.

Paralell move of

line

Drag a selection rectangle around Node 3 and 4:

All elements within the rectangle will be selected (Node 3, Node 4 and

the line between them).

Move the cursor onto the selected line and start dragging it.

120 AxisVM 11

Select the Paralell move of line icon from the Icon bar on the left and

choose the first icon from the fly out toolbar.

Now you have to specify the translation vector.

To specify the exact distance type in the following:

X 0 Y 0 Z -0.2 [Enter]

Geometry Select the Geometry tab to bring up the Geometry Toolbar.

Geometry Check

Click the Geometry Check icon which is on Geometry tab, the following

window shows up:

User can set for the maximum tolerance (distance) for checking points

and show the mesh.

Check the Select unattached nodes or lines checkbox and click on OK.

After clicking OK a check report message will be displayed:

Elements Clicking the Elements tab you can specify the element types, material

properties, cross-sections and references determining local systems of

the elements:


Reference point

The local system of finite elements can be set by references. In this ex-

ample a reference point is used to define the orientation of the local Z

direction of the domains and a reference plane to define the in-plane X

and Y axes.

Click the reference point icon then click the centre point of the line be-

tween Node 5 and 11. To locate the centre point move the cursor along

the line and check if the cursor shape changes from / to . Press Esc to exit from function.

Numbering

Move the cursor over the Numbering icon on the speed button toolbar.

Turn on the Reference checkbox. Now an R2 label appears beside the reference symbol.

Reference plane

To set the local system of domains create a reference plane. Click the

Reference plane icon on the Elements toolbar. You need three points to

define the plane.

Click Node 6, then click anywhere on the line between Node 1 and 2

finally click on Node 2.


Press Esc to exit from function.

Domain

Define a domain to create structural surface elements.

Click the Domain icon. The Selection palette appears. Click on the fol-

lowing lines to select domain contours:

12 6; 12 8, following 2 lines 8-2 and 6-2 are automatically selected.

8 - 7;1 - 7, following 2 lines 1 - 2;2 8 are automatically selected.

11 - 10;10 - 4 following 2 lines 4 - 5;5 - 11 are automatically selected.

122 AxisVM 11

Click OK on the Selection palette. The Domains dialog will be dis-

played:

Thickness Enter 250 mm(or 25 cm) into the edit field Thickness[mm].

Reference Set the Local x Reference to R3:

Close the window with OK button.

You will see a green contour along the domain boundary showing the

shape of the domain. The colour depends on the element type. Shell

domains always have a green contour.

Local systems A Gyorspalettn a jobb oldalrl 4. ikonra klikkelssel kapcsoljuk be a

Loklis rendszerek szimblumot.

Turn on the display of the local systems by clicking on the Local sys-

tems speed button in the bottom right speed button toolbar.


Domain

Define a domain to create structural surface elements. Click the Do-

main icon. The Selection palette appears.

Click on the following lines to select domain contours:

7 9 ; 9 3, following 2 lines 3 1and 1 7, are automatically selected.

Click OK on the Selection palette. You get to the Domains dialog.

Choose Shell as element type, 250 mm as Thickness, R3 as Local x Ref-

erence, R2 as Local z Reference and click OK.

Domain

Define a domain to create structural surface elements. Click the Do-

main icon. The Selection palette appears. Click on the following lines to

select domain contours:

9-10; 10-4, following 2 lines 4-3and 3-9, are automatically selected.

Click OK on the Selection palette. You get to the Domains dialog.

Set 250 mm as Thickness and leave references on Auto and click on

OK.


124 AxisVM 11

Speed buttons Turn off Numbering / Node and Local systems using speed buttons.

Line elements

To define ribs on the upper edges click on Line elements on the Ele-

ments toolbar. The Selection palette appears. Click on the 4 edges. Click

OK on the Selection palette. You get to the Line elements dialog:

New Cross-

Section

Click on New Cross-Section icon to define new cross-section. The



Rectangular

shape

To define a 30 x 60 rectangular shape click on Rectangular shape icon

.The following window shows up:

Type 300 into the b[mm] edit field and 600 into h[mm] then click the

Place button. You get back to the main window. Click anywhere to place the shape. The following will be displayed:

The cross-section 1st and 2nd principal direction, centre of gravity and

other cross-section parameters are displayed within the property info

window. Click More parameters if you want to see all parameters calcu-

lated automatically by a finite element analysis of the cross-section.

Click OK to close the Cross-section change default name of cross-

section if required. Click on OK again to confirm.

126 AxisVM 11

Bottom rib

Set the excentricity to Bottom rib then confirm settings with OK. Rib

centrelines are displayed as blue lines and the contour of actual cross-

section is shown in yellow.

Move the cursor over a rib and wait for the tooltip to appear displaying

element properties:

Rendered view

A bal oldali ikonsoron fellrl a negyedik ikon az brzolsi md. V-lasszuk ki a jobboldali Ltvnyterv funkcit!

Move the cursor over the View mode icon on the left Icon bar. A fly out

toolbar appears. Select the third icon to choose Rendered view.

This way you can check element definitions.

Rotate view

Click the Rotate view icon on the Zoom toolbar at the bottom left cor-

ner of the main window. Drag the model to rotate it. A special Rotation

toolbar appears. You can control the way view rotation works by se-

lecting from the options.


View undo

Select View undo from the Zoom toolbar to restore the previous view.

Fit in window


Wireframe

Select Wireframe from the view mode fly out toolbar.


Surface support

To define supports for the structure click the Surface support icon on

the Elements toolbar. The Selection palette appears. Click on the two

horizontal domains. Click OK on the Selection toolbar. The following

window shows after clicking:

Change Rx and Ry to 1E+3 and click OK.


Loads To define loads click the Loads tab:

Load cases and

load groups

To define load cases and load groups click Load cases and load groups

icon on the Loads toolbar. The following window will be displayed:

128 AxisVM 11

Click on the selected load case ST1 to rename it to Self-Weight. Click

OK to close the dialog.

Self weight

To define self weight, click on Self weight icon. On the Selection pal-

ette click the Select all (*) icon or press grey * on the keyboard. Click

OK to close the Selection palette.

Dashed lines along the domain contours represent the self weight.

Moving the cursor to a domain you get a tooltip like this:

Static Load Case

To create another load case click the Load cases and load groups icon on

the Loads toolbar and click the Static button in the New Case group

box.

Enter Water as the name of the new load case in the tree view. Click OK to close the dialog.

Fluid loads

To define the water load click the Fluid loads icon. On the Selection

palette click the Select all (asterisk) icon or press grey * on the key-

board. Click OK to close the Selection palette. The following window

will be displayed:


To define water level 30 cm under the top edge of the reservoir change

Z1 [m]=3.000 to 2.7, and set the bottom pressure value p(Z2) [kN/m2]=

35 (pressure is in the negative local z direction) and click OK.


Load

combinations

To create load combinations click the Load combinations icon. You get

to the load combinations table in the Table Browser:

New row

To create new combinations click the New row icon. Leave the name

on default Co #1 then select (user defined combination) . Then enter 1.35 into the Self Weight column and 1.00 into the Water column. Use

[Tab] or [Enter] to jump to the next cell. Click OK to close the dialog.

130 AxisVM 11

Speed buttons Using the speed button and turn off Supports, Reference and Object

contours in 3D from the Graphic symbols fly out.

Mesh To create finite element mesh click the Mesh tab.

Speed buttons Using the speed button turn off Load display.

Domain Meshing

Click on the Domain meshing icon. On the Selection palette click the

Select all (*) icon or press grey * on the keyboard. Click on OK to close

the Selection palette. Select rectangular mesh type (in centre) and set

Average Mesh Element Size to 0.600 m.

Click on OK to close the dialog. You get a visual feedback on the mesh-

ing process:


After completing you get the following:

Green points at the centre of surface elements are the symbols of shell

centre points. Moving the mouse over a centre point you get a hint

with the elements properties:

Speed buttons Turn off Nodes, Surface centre and Domains in the Graphic Symbols

then turn off also the Mesh Display.

This way we have finished modelling and model can be analysed.

Static To run the analysis and display the results click the Static tab.

Linear analysis

Click on Linear static analysis to run the linear analysis.

You get to the dialog which gives you a feedback on the process of the

analysis. Click Details to know more about it.

The following progress bar shows up:

132 AxisVM 11

Messages and

Statistics

Click on Messages and Statistics to see more information about the

analysis:

The Estimated Memory Requirement shows the necessary amount of

memory to run the analysis. If this value is higher than the available

physical memory AxisVM uses the hard disk to swap memory blocks

during the calculation. If the system of equations fits into the physical

memory the calculation is considerably faster.

The following window shows up after analysis:

After click on OK the Static tab is activated with ez vertical

deformations for Self Weight load case as Isosurface 2D view.

Numbering Click the Numbering speed button and turn on Write Values to Surfaces

and Min./Max. only.

To see the result for the Water load case click

on the dropdown button of the combo box

displaying Self Weight and select Water:

You can change the result component the

similar way, select eY.


Parts

To hide the front wall of the reservoir create a part. Click the Parts icon

on the Icon bar on the left. You get to the Parts dialog:

New

Define a part containing everything but the front wall click on New

icon and specify the name as 1:

Click on OK then select all (*) on the Selection palette.

After this Remove selection icon (-) will be activated.

Change view

Change to Z-X view plane (front view)!

Press and hold wheel of the mouse pan the view so the right part of

model is fully visible. Use the botom slider if your mouse doesnt have a wheel button.

Using selection rectangle unselect the wall on right hand side from the

selection:

134 AxisVM 11

Click on OK on the Selection palette then close the Parts dialog win-

dow with OK.

View Undo

Undo the view (or select Perspective view by [Ctrl+4]) and you will

see that the front wall is hidden.


Min, max Values

To determine the extreme values of the horizontal displacements click

the Min, max Values icon. Clicking on icon shows following window:

Select one of the deformation components. Click on OK to show max.

negative value with its location:

Click on OK to show max. posititive value with its location:


Select the load combination (Co #1) and the eR resultant displacement!

136 AxisVM 11

Display

Parameters

Click on the Display Parameters icon, set Display Shape to Deformed,

Display Mode to Diagram and Scale By to 2 :

Close the window with OK!

Hidden line re-

moval

Go to the bottom of the screen, turn on the Mesh Display speed button

and change the display mode on the Icon bar to Hidden line removal :

Rotate view

Click the Rotate view icon on the Zoom toolbar at the bottom left cor-

ner

of the main window. Drag the model to rotate it and check the

deformed shape. A special Rotation toolbar appears. You can control

the way view rotation works by selecting from the options.


Press Esc to exit.

View undo

Select View undo from the Zoom toolbar to restore the previous view.

Result Display

Parameters

Click on Result Display Parameters icon and change Display shape to

Undeformed , Display Mode to Isosurfaces 2D and Scale to 1.

Using the speed button turn off Mesh display.

Change result component to Surface Internal Forces mxD+



window, set it to 22:


Change result component to Surface Internal Forces myD-

Section Lines

To see section of myD- diagram click on Section Lines icon on the Icon

bar. The following window will be diplayed:

138 AxisVM 11

To define a new section plane click the New section plane button in the

dialog. The following message box will be diplayed:

Type in 1 as the name of the section plane and confirm with OK, then

close the window with OK.

Change view

Select the X-Z view (Front view) from the fly out toolbar or press

[Ctrl+1]:

A section plane can be defined by two points in side, front of top view.

Being

in front view click the rib at 6.0 m (e.g. typing: x 6 [Enter]) and enter

the second point somewhere under the first on a vertical line (e.g. typ-

ing: z 3 [Enter]). You get back to the Section Lines dialog. Click on OK.

Change view

Select the Z-Y view (side view) from the fly out toolbar or press

[Ctrl+3]. Change Display Mode to Section Line.

Number

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